Article(id=1198277730895757509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)03-0083-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683648000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763621273968, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1687622400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763621273968, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763621273968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621273968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198277724201644449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763621272373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621583776, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198277731122249926, articleId=1198277730895757509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research and Design of Hot Metal Balance and Equipment Alarm System, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The metering data of energy is the basis for quantitative management of enterprise energy and realizing cost accounting as well as the important guarantee for establishing scientific and effective energy management system. The prediction model of priority and state for weighing apparatus is established as well as the optimal strategy of metering equipment is formulated through the technical researches of hot metal balance and early warning of equipment as well as analyzing the process flow related to hot metal balance between iron-making and steel-making processes. Moreover, the system based on visual data is designed for intelligent identification and judgment of relevant data of equipment, realizing automatic adjustment of metering device priority, early warning of anomaly, improving accuracy of metering data as well as eliminating metering objections scientifically and effectively so as to provide technical supports for hot metal balance between iron-making and steel-making processes, reduce the costs of per ton of steel, improve product quality and benefits as well as help the fine management of each factory and mine.

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能源计量数据是企业能源量化管理、实现成本核算的基础,是建立科学有效的能源管理体系的重要保障。通过开展铁水平衡及设备预警技术研究,对炼铁、炼钢工艺间铁水平衡关联的工艺流程进行分析,建立衡器优先级和衡器状态预测模型,制定计量设备的优选策略,设计出基于可视化数据的系统。对设备相关数据进行智能识别和判断,实现计量设备优先级自动调整,异常预警提示,提高计量数据的精准性,科学有效地解决计量异议,为炼铁、炼钢工艺间铁水平衡提供技术支持,降低吨钢成本,提高产品质量和提高效益,同时助力各厂矿的精细化管理。

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高士臣(1967-),男,河南省汤阴县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事自动化仪表研究与应用工作。

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高士臣(1967-),男,河南省汤阴县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事自动化仪表研究与应用工作。

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高士臣(1967-),男,河南省汤阴县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事自动化仪表研究与应用工作。

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铁水平衡及设备报警系统的研究与设计
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高士臣 , 岳彩芹 , 康杰 , 李丽 , 丁弘敏
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023,49(3): 83-87
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023, 49(3): 83-87
铁水平衡及设备报警系统的研究与设计
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高士臣, 岳彩芹, 康杰, 李丽, 丁弘敏
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司计量中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 高士臣(1967-),男,河南省汤阴县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事自动化仪表研究与应用工作。

Research and Design of Hot Metal Balance and Equipment Alarm System
Shi-chen Gao, Cai-qin Yue, Jie Kang, Li Li, Hong-min Ding
Affiliations
  • Measurement Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-06-25
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能源计量数据是企业能源量化管理、实现成本核算的基础,是建立科学有效的能源管理体系的重要保障。通过开展铁水平衡及设备预警技术研究,对炼铁、炼钢工艺间铁水平衡关联的工艺流程进行分析,建立衡器优先级和衡器状态预测模型,制定计量设备的优选策略,设计出基于可视化数据的系统。对设备相关数据进行智能识别和判断,实现计量设备优先级自动调整,异常预警提示,提高计量数据的精准性,科学有效地解决计量异议,为炼铁、炼钢工艺间铁水平衡提供技术支持,降低吨钢成本,提高产品质量和提高效益,同时助力各厂矿的精细化管理。

铁水  /  计量设备  /  设备优先级  /  设备故障预警

The metering data of energy is the basis for quantitative management of enterprise energy and realizing cost accounting as well as the important guarantee for establishing scientific and effective energy management system. The prediction model of priority and state for weighing apparatus is established as well as the optimal strategy of metering equipment is formulated through the technical researches of hot metal balance and early warning of equipment as well as analyzing the process flow related to hot metal balance between iron-making and steel-making processes. Moreover, the system based on visual data is designed for intelligent identification and judgment of relevant data of equipment, realizing automatic adjustment of metering device priority, early warning of anomaly, improving accuracy of metering data as well as eliminating metering objections scientifically and effectively so as to provide technical supports for hot metal balance between iron-making and steel-making processes, reduce the costs of per ton of steel, improve product quality and benefits as well as help the fine management of each factory and mine.

hot metal  /  metering device  /  device priority  /  early warning of equipment failure
高士臣, 岳彩芹, 康杰, 李丽, 丁弘敏. 铁水平衡及设备报警系统的研究与设计. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (3) : 83 -87 .
Shi-chen Gao, Cai-qin Yue, Jie Kang, Li Li, Hong-min Ding. Research and Design of Hot Metal Balance and Equipment Alarm System[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (3) : 83 -87 .
计量作为钢铁企业的重要环节,是提高产品质量的重要保障,计量数据的实时性、准确性及公正性,是企业进行量化管理的重要手段[1]。计量数据的采集与应用,延伸至工艺和生产的每一个环节,让计量数据参与到生产经营的每个环节,可以提高产品质量和提高效益,让计量数据更好地为企业服务[2]
包钢股份经过多年发展,拥有多座炼铁高炉以及炼钢、薄板等多条生产线。在高炉到产线之间铺设钢轨,采用鱼雷罐车运输铁水,铁水从高炉出铁口,途径计量中心衡器,到最终收铁单位倒罐站接铁,整个过程要经过多个衡器称重。目前,系统间数据传输尚未打通,衡器称重时采用电话沟通、手工录入的方式来确认炉别、铁次、罐号及收货单位等信息,称重数据的记录与管理存在较大误差的可能性。
采用在鱼雷罐上安装特制二维码的方式,系统自动识别二维码获取铁水鱼雷罐罐号,实现铁水运输当前铁次、炉别、计划信息、计量信息等数据的实时跟踪,同时打通ERP、高炉生产管理、计量称重等相关系统,实现信息共享,最终实现铁水运输业务的全程数字化、自动化、智能化管理[3]。在加强业务协同、提高工作效率的同时,以自动计量、全面数据管理的方式为生产、决策提供数据支持,并进一步强化铁水计量监管能效,有效降低企业管理成本。
(1)构建包钢股份铁水平衡系统,实现基础设置、铁水数据报警、铁水数据分析、衡器分析、铁水平衡报表、铁水平衡看板等功能,形成一套完整的铁水平衡闭环管理。
(2)通过安装硬件设备,实现对经过炼铁多个高炉出铁口、制钢一部、制钢三部、钢管公司、稀土钢板材厂、薄板厂倒罐站、计量中心动态衡器等鱼雷罐罐号自动识别。
(3)打通ERP系统、高炉生产管理系统、计量称重系统,实现铁水平衡数据从ERP制定计划、高炉生产、高炉调度、高炉出铁称重、计量中心称重、倒罐站称重、收货确认的全流程的标准化、数字化、自动化。
(4)运用大数据挖掘技术,综合铁水计量设备的历史数据,建立衡器状态预测模型、衡器优先级模型及故障预警知识库,采用深度学习算法对过磅信息、设备优先级管理等给与全面分析与评估,实现铁水计量设备的动态运行分析、故障预警和诊断[4],同时可降低铁水计量异议率。
系统包含基础设置、铁水平衡数据、铁水数据报警、铁水数据分析、衡器分析、铁水平衡报表、铁水平衡看板。总体架构如图1所示。
系统技术框架如图2所示,主要包括二维码编码及解码模块、图像采集模块、二维码检测识别模块、实时显示模块和存储模块。系统设计方案如下,首先,设计具有较强容错能力和较高区分度的鲁棒二维码编码机制;其次,对鱼雷罐编号,根据设计的编码机制对各个编号生成唯一二维码,将生成的二维码印制在耐热材料上,并固定到对应鱼雷罐特定位置;再次,利用布设的摄像机采集到达此处的鱼雷罐的图像;最后,从图像中检测出固定在鱼雷罐上的二维码,并识别出鱼雷罐编号[5]
针对衡器计量过程常出现数据缺失、离群等异常现象,采用一种基于超参数优化随机森林的数据清洗方法。
(1)构建基于孤立森林的异常数据识别模型,采用多重二分法对样本点进行分区和评分,实现对数据中离群点的识别和剔除。数据异常值得分计算如下:
$S\left(h_{i j}, u\right)=2^{\frac{E\left(h_{i j}\right)}{C(u)}}$
$C(u)=2(\ln (u-1)+a)-\frac{2(u-1)}{u}$
式中,C(u)为训练集中所有数据的平均路径长度;a为欧拉常数;E(hij)为数据hijn棵孤立树中的平均路径长度,u为训练数据。
S(hij,u)的值趋近于0.5时,即样本hij的路径平均长度与树的平均路径长度相近时,不能明显区分出该数据是否为异常值;当S(hij,u)的值趋近于0时,判定该数据为正常数据;当S(hij,u)的值趋近于1时,判定该数据为异常值。根据每个数据的异常值评分,选择将其保留或从数据集中剔除。
(2)针对异常值剔除后的数据集,搭建超参数优化的随机森林回归模型,采用遗传算法对随机森林中n_estimators、max_depth、min_samples_leaf以及min_samples_split共计4个参数进行联合寻优,以可决系数作为目标函数返回值,实现缺失值的补偿和对数据变化趋势的拟合预测。
(3)利用超参数优化的随机森林回归模型对异常值剔除后的数据集进行补偿,通过均方根误差RMSE、平均绝对误差MAE和可决系数R2分析数据清洗结果的准确性。
基于衡器历史运行数据搭建衡器状态预测模型,即实时数据-衡器状态的输入-输出序列训练模型,该模型以测量的衡器实时数据为输入,衡器状态为输出,将训练完成的衡器状态预测模型进行保存。以实时衡器相关数据为输入,该模型就会输出预测的衡器状态,即该衡器是否为故障,并对衡器预测结果进行评估,同时采用实时数据对模型进行不断的修正。
NARX神经网络(基于带外源输入的非线性自回归神经网络,Based on the nonlinear autoregressive with exogeneous inputs neural network)是一种用于描述非线性离散系统的模型,加入了延时和反馈机制,增强了对历史数据的记忆能力,是一种动态神经网络。
此网络采用动态循环结构,输入为上一刻数据得到的输出与此刻输入,目的是为了寻找数据间时序关系。由于时序网络计算较为复杂,占用内存较多,计算时间较长,故使用的层数和节点数都较少。
神经网络算法可以在问题内部规律难以描述的情况下,通过对样本的学习训练,获取数据之间隐藏的函数关系,具有良好的抗噪声,以及充分逼近任意非线性函数的能力。针对衡器状态预测模型,其输入是传感器测量,输出是衡器状态,其内部规律很难根据物理建模写出相关表达式直接描述,因此建立神经网络模型,其结构如图3所示。
通过使用海量历史数据,如衡器状态相关数据(传感器输出、衡器计量)对模型进行训练,训练好的模型可以精确地描述衡器状态和传感器输出的内部规律。将实时的传感器数据接入训练好的模型,就可以得到未来的衡器状态。
算法的主要原理是:定义损失函数,它将通过比较模型的预测输出和预期输出来确定模型的性能,进而寻找优化方向。再通过训练迭代更新神经网络中各个参数,让损失函数(目标函数)值不断逼近全局最小。最小的损失函数对应的参数模型,就对应输入输出的内部规律。
使用静态梯度下降算法对此网络进行训练,使用sigmoid激活函数,对每个神经元的输出进行了归一化,提高计算速度;选择合适的学习率来控制模型学习进度,其取值大或小会对学习的准确性和速度产生影响。
基于历史运行数据,通过实时数据-衡器优先级的输入-输出序列训练模型对衡器实时数据进行分析,各个衡器的优先级别排序为输出。将衡器的实时数据接入训练好的模型,就会得到各个衡器的优先级排序,模型算法如下。
采用基于预测融合算法的集成学习构建预测模型。核心思想主要是对每个衡器的预测算法进行一次预测,训练第二层的预测算法去再次进行预测,并生成最终的预测结果。以各个衡器的预测结果作为特征,将专家经验的反馈数据作为训练样本,形成了第二层预测模型的训练集合,然后根据衡器预测数据对于第二层输出预测的权重大小确定各个衡器的优先级别排序,具体流程如图4所示。
图4中的二层预测模型可以使用常用的预测算法,如SVM、随机森林、最大熵等。
图5为鲁棒二维码编码原理图,数字为可人工读出的编号,用于人工判断验证系统检测结果,也可在构建深度神经网络训练数据集进行人工标注时提供基准值。图中四个边角由大的空心正方形包围小的黑色实心正方形用来定位二维码,正方形区域内可布设n×n个圆点,每个圆点可能取值为0或1,其中1用黑色实心圆点表示,0用空白表示。
考虑到加注铁水后,鱼雷罐的温度较高,二维码的温度与鱼雷罐的温度有一定差异,有助于快速定位二维码位置;同时为了便于全天候工作,采用可同时采集红外图像和普通可见光图像的多光谱摄像机构建图像采集系统。
首先对采集到的图像数据进行预处理,依次进行空间域平滑和形态学处理,对噪声进行抑制。其次,利用深度学习技术设计了深度神经网络,并利用Pytorch语言编程实现该网络。采集贴有特制二维码的鱼雷罐图像,构建数据集。并利用裁切、旋转、拼接等技术,对数据集进行增广。参照图像中可人工读出的编号,对数据集中的二维码进行标注,用增广后有基准值的数据集对所设计的深度神经网络进行训练。再次,利用训练好的深度神经网络模型对图像中的二维码进行检测,当检测到有鱼雷罐经过时,深度神经网络模型可以实时地从图像中将鱼雷罐上的二维码检测出来,并进行定位,为后续识别二维码提供准确的识别区域。最后,结合二维码的设计原理和解码算法,对检测到的二维码进行精确解码,得到最终的识别结果。
实时显示系统能够单画面或多画面显示实时视频图像,支持单画面、4画面、9画面、16画面等不同的画面显示方式。对于单画面显示,能够在实时视频图像中利用线框将检测到的二维码及编号进行突出显示。系统还支持录像回放功能,对硬盘录像机以及视频记录设备进行回放,还包括对视频图像的处理、下载等功能。同时支持画面录像时的即时回放,若发现有异常行为,值班人员可以立即回放刚才发生的情景录像。
数据存储部分主要对采集的视频、图像数据、标注检测结果的数据以及日志文件进行存储。其中将采集的原始视觉数据和标注检测见过的视觉数据都以高度结构化的高压缩率的视频形式存储。
过磅数据实时跟踪功能是动态显示每罐铁水在全流程设备上的过磅数情况,包含罐号、铁次、发货单位、收货单位、出铁和接铁皮重、毛重,当称重数据超过对应设定的有效测量范围时,以红色显示[6]
实时获取传感器的数据,基于衡器状态预测模型和衡器优先级别模型,对衡器的实时数据进行分析,可实现以下功能:
(1)实现衡器状态的实时检测。高炉铁水需要通过铁水秤、计量秤及倒罐站秤进行称重。由于衡器设备及各种原因,测量出来的重量可能存在误差甚至错误。对衡器相关参数进行实时分析,及时发现不良称重数据、不良衡器状态,进行衡器状态报警,以便对衡器设备故障的进行排除。
(2)实现衡器优先级别的判定。根据历史数据和技术专家的经验,用A、B、C或1、2、3级来标定不同衡器每次称重的选择级别,实现对铁水秤、计量秤及倒罐站秤等衡器的优先级选择,级别高的衡器会优先被选择使用进行铁水称重。
通过对钢铁企业工艺流程进行分析研究,建立数学模型,制定计量设备的优选策略,对设备相关数据进行智能识别和判断,有效计量设备等级自动调整,异常计量设备自动切换并预警提示,实现计量数据准确性的智能识别和判断。实现铁水计量设备动态运行分析、故障预警和诊断,提高计量数据的精准性,铁水计量异议率小于1%,为公司精益化管理助力。
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2023年第49卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-10
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司计量中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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