Article(id=1198277729612300478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)03-0031-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1643644800000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763621273662, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1687622400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763621273662, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763621273662, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621273662, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198277724201644449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763621272373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621583776, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198277732074356943, articleId=1198277729612300478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Influences of Slag Amount on Yield of Rare Earth in Refining Process, columnId=1187100781414069182, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the external refining process, the elements of oxygen and sulfur are enriched in slag. In the process of smelting rare earth steel, the yield of rare earth is influenced. The reason is that the rare earth element Ce added with alloy reacts with the elements of O and S in slag to form compound so that a lot of rare earth elements remain in slag as well as just a small amount of them are into the link of pouring with liquid steel because of the active chemical property of rare earth elements. In the paper, the relation between refining slag amount and yield of rare earth element Ce is discussed through contrast test and analyzing the existence forms of rare earth element in refining slag. The results showed that the rare earth Ce in refining slag existed in the compound forms of oxides, sulfides and oxysulfides as well as the amount of refining slag affected the yield of rare earth Ce, which could provide the theoretical basis for improving it in industrial production process.

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炉外精炼过程中,炉渣中富集氧、硫元素。在稀土钢冶炼过程中,因稀土元素活泼的化学性质,随合金加入的稀土Ce元素与炉渣中O、S元素作用形成化合物而大量留存于炉渣内,只有少部分稀土元素随钢水进入浇注环节,因此影响稀土收得率。文章对稀土元素在精炼炉渣中存在形式进行分析,通过对比试验讨论了精炼炉渣量与稀土元素Ce收得率之间关系,结果显示稀土Ce在精炼炉渣中以氧化物、硫化物以及硫氧化物复合形态存在,同时精炼炉渣量对稀土Ce收得率产生影响。讨论结果为工业生产过程提高稀土Ce元素收得率提供理论依据。

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张 胤(1985-),男,河北省张家口市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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张 胤(1985-),男,河北省张家口市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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张 胤(1985-),男,河北省张家口市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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编号 原工艺组 试验组
C P S C P S
1# 0.13 0.011 0.034 0.11 0.015 0.020
2# 0.07 0.011 0.062 0.10 0.012 0.042
3# 0.16 0.012 0.033 0.09 0.016 0.028
4# 0.12 0.024 0.021 0.12 0.015 0.031
5# 0.09 0.011 0.023 0.09 0.018 0.043
平均值 0.11 0.014 0.035 0.10 0.015 0.033
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试验钢水终点化学成分(质量分数)%

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编号 原工艺组 试验组
C P S C P S
1# 0.13 0.011 0.034 0.11 0.015 0.020
2# 0.07 0.011 0.062 0.10 0.012 0.042
3# 0.16 0.012 0.033 0.09 0.016 0.028
4# 0.12 0.024 0.021 0.12 0.015 0.031
5# 0.09 0.011 0.023 0.09 0.018 0.043
平均值 0.11 0.014 0.035 0.10 0.015 0.033
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试样编号 Ce
1# 0.001 9
2# 0.001 6
3# 0.002 2
4# 0.001 6
5# 0.001 4
平均值 0.001 7
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原工艺组钢中Ce含量(质量分数)%

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试样编号 Ce
1# 0.001 9
2# 0.001 6
3# 0.002 2
4# 0.001 6
5# 0.001 4
平均值 0.001 7
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试样编号 CaO S TFe SiO2 MgO Ce Al2O3 R
1# 59.77 1.11 0.56 18.33 4.90 0.25 15.33 3.3
2# 58.24 1.04 0.57 18.76 5.01 0.24 15.32 3.1
3# 55.02 0.84 0.56 19.72 5.09 0.17 14.10 2.8
4# 59.13 1.08 0.66 18.71 5.15 0.21 17.98 3.2
5# 55.38 0.69 0.58 20.52 6.62 0.22 16.13 2.7
平均值 57.51 0.95 0.59 19.21 5.35 0.22 15.77 3.0
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原工艺组精炼离位炉渣成分(质量分数)%

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试样编号 CaO S TFe SiO2 MgO Ce Al2O3 R
1# 59.77 1.11 0.56 18.33 4.90 0.25 15.33 3.3
2# 58.24 1.04 0.57 18.76 5.01 0.24 15.32 3.1
3# 55.02 0.84 0.56 19.72 5.09 0.17 14.10 2.8
4# 59.13 1.08 0.66 18.71 5.15 0.21 17.98 3.2
5# 55.38 0.69 0.58 20.52 6.62 0.22 16.13 2.7
平均值 57.51 0.95 0.59 19.21 5.35 0.22 15.77 3.0
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试样编号 Ce
1# 0.002 2
2# 0.002 3
3# 0.002 6
4# 0.002 4
5# 0.002 7
平均值 0.002 4
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试验组钢中Ce含量(质量分数)%

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试样编号 Ce
1# 0.002 2
2# 0.002 3
3# 0.002 6
4# 0.002 4
5# 0.002 7
平均值 0.002 4
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试样编号 CaO S TFe SiO2 MgO Ce Al2O3 R
1# 57.50 1.02 0.60 16.58 7.73 0.34 13.54 3.47
2# 57.97 0.93 0.52 15.46 7.37 0.37 13.21 3.75
3# 54.95 0.81 0.55 15.98 7.64 0.25 11.41 3.44
4# 58.25 0.87 0.59 17.30 8.17 0.31 13.88 3.37
5# 50.49 0.43 0.62 19.37 7.28 0.21 9.34 2.61
平均值 55.83 0.81 0.58 16.94 7.64 0.30 12.28 3.33
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试验组精炼离位炉渣化学成分(质量分数)%

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试样编号 CaO S TFe SiO2 MgO Ce Al2O3 R
1# 57.50 1.02 0.60 16.58 7.73 0.34 13.54 3.47
2# 57.97 0.93 0.52 15.46 7.37 0.37 13.21 3.75
3# 54.95 0.81 0.55 15.98 7.64 0.25 11.41 3.44
4# 58.25 0.87 0.59 17.30 8.17 0.31 13.88 3.37
5# 50.49 0.43 0.62 19.37 7.28 0.21 9.34 2.61
平均值 55.83 0.81 0.58 16.94 7.64 0.30 12.28 3.33
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CaO F MnO S TiO2 SiO2 MgO TFe FeO P2O5 Ce Al2O3
55.72 1.31 0.16 0.76 0.59 22.24 5.97 0.7 0.82 <0.050 0.197 12.84
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含稀土精炼炉渣化学成分(质量分数)%

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CaO F MnO S TiO2 SiO2 MgO TFe FeO P2O5 Ce Al2O3
55.72 1.31 0.16 0.76 0.59 22.24 5.97 0.7 0.82 <0.050 0.197 12.84
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精炼过程炉渣量对稀土收得率的影响
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张胤 1, 2 , 张顺 3 , 刁望才 1 , 张怀军 1 , 曹瑞峰 3 , 韩春鹏 1
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023,49(3): 31-35
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023, 49(3): 31-35
精炼过程炉渣量对稀土收得率的影响
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张胤1, 2, 张顺3, 刁望才1, 张怀军1, 曹瑞峰3, 韩春鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发企业重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 张 胤(1985-),男,河北省张家口市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

Influences of Slag Amount on Yield of Rare Earth in Refining Process
Yin Zhang1, 2, Shun Zhang3, Wang-cai Diao1, Huai-jun Zhang1, Rui-feng Cao3, Chun-peng Han1
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Steel Products Research & Development, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 Steel-making Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-06-25
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炉外精炼过程中,炉渣中富集氧、硫元素。在稀土钢冶炼过程中,因稀土元素活泼的化学性质,随合金加入的稀土Ce元素与炉渣中O、S元素作用形成化合物而大量留存于炉渣内,只有少部分稀土元素随钢水进入浇注环节,因此影响稀土收得率。文章对稀土元素在精炼炉渣中存在形式进行分析,通过对比试验讨论了精炼炉渣量与稀土元素Ce收得率之间关系,结果显示稀土Ce在精炼炉渣中以氧化物、硫化物以及硫氧化物复合形态存在,同时精炼炉渣量对稀土Ce收得率产生影响。讨论结果为工业生产过程提高稀土Ce元素收得率提供理论依据。

稀土  /  精炼炉渣  /  收得率

In the external refining process, the elements of oxygen and sulfur are enriched in slag. In the process of smelting rare earth steel, the yield of rare earth is influenced. The reason is that the rare earth element Ce added with alloy reacts with the elements of O and S in slag to form compound so that a lot of rare earth elements remain in slag as well as just a small amount of them are into the link of pouring with liquid steel because of the active chemical property of rare earth elements. In the paper, the relation between refining slag amount and yield of rare earth element Ce is discussed through contrast test and analyzing the existence forms of rare earth element in refining slag. The results showed that the rare earth Ce in refining slag existed in the compound forms of oxides, sulfides and oxysulfides as well as the amount of refining slag affected the yield of rare earth Ce, which could provide the theoretical basis for improving it in industrial production process.

rare earth  /  refining slag  /  yield
张胤, 张顺, 刁望才, 张怀军, 曹瑞峰, 韩春鹏. 精炼过程炉渣量对稀土收得率的影响. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (3) : 31 -35 .
Yin Zhang, Shun Zhang, Wang-cai Diao, Huai-jun Zhang, Rui-feng Cao, Chun-peng Han. Influences of Slag Amount on Yield of Rare Earth in Refining Process[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (3) : 31 -35 .
炉外精炼工序重要任务之一是脱除钢水中硫元素,而脱硫反应机理为增加炉渣量提高精炼炉渣硫容量,控制较低炉渣氧化铁含量,使用高碱度炉渣,控制精炼温度加强脱硫热力学反应条件。随精炼过程进行,炉渣中富集大量O、S元素,在稀土Ce合金加入过程,合金最先与炉渣接触,并进入钢包钢液-炉渣界面,在O、S作用下,活泼的稀土元素会率先与O、S结合后形成稀土Ce氧化物、稀土Ce硫化物,在钢包底吹氩气搅拌作用下,氩气泡上升携带夹杂物一起上升至钢渣界面,在夹杂物自身的浮力和钢液运动作用下被渣层捕捉,并受炉渣吸附作用进入到精炼炉渣中从而达到去除钢液中夹杂物的目的[1]。稀土Ce元素与钢中O、S元素化学反应如式(1)、(2)所示。
CeS(S)=[Ce]+[S]ΔGθ=-721 130+294.0T
Ce2O3(S)=2[Ce]+3[O]ΔGθ=-1 888 940+676.95T
由反应(1)、(2)可知,稀士元素的脱氧、脱硫和共同脱硫氧的能力都是非常强的。就脱氧而言,稀士比强脱氧剂Al、Mg、Ti等元素脱氧能力还要强,与Ca接近[2]。因稀土加入总量一定,进入炉渣的稀土元素越多,就会造成钢液中稀土含量降低,从而影响稀土合金收得率。
为明确精炼炉渣量对稀土元素收得率的影响,在工业生产中进行相关试验,利用X衍射分析仪对含稀土精炼炉渣进行物相分析,明确稀土元素在精炼炉渣中的存在形式。
炼钢体系已规模化生产稀土钢,为论证炉渣对稀土收得率的影响,选定稀土结构钢进行试验,并确定稀土加入量。生产工艺为KR-BOF-LF常规生产工艺,稀土合金选用Ce含量30%的铈铁合金,加入量为0.18 kg/t,在100%收得率情况下,理论钢水稀土含量为0.005 0%。
选定论证对象后,制定对比试验计划。试验方案为原工艺组按原生产工艺在精炼进行造渣生产,渣量为10 kg/t,精炼结束后,投放Ce含量30%的稀土合金18 kg(稀土收得率100%情况下,钢水稀土含量0.005 0%),对精炼钢水、炉渣进行取样,分析其稀土元素含量;试验组按控制精炼造渣量方法进行生产,渣量为5 kg/t,精炼结束后,投放Ce含量30%的稀土合金18 kg(稀土收得率100%情况下,钢水稀土含量0.005 0%),对精炼钢水、炉渣进行取样,分析其稀土元素含量。
采集试验钢种数据,生产工艺路线为KR-BOF-LF-CCM。钢种生产不经过VD工艺,稀土加入时机为LF喂丝工艺结束后,软吹操作结束进行浇注。对两组试验进行样本采集,分析了加入18 kg稀土铈铁合金后,炉渣性能变化原因。两组试验分别进行5炉连浇方式生产,转炉终点钢水成分如表1所示。
表1所示转炉终点钢水成分显示,转炉生产工艺相对稳定,对后续试验造成的影响可忽略不计。
原工艺组采用造渣量10 kg/t工艺生产并加入18 kg稀土铈铁合金。分别对LF离位钢水、炉渣进行取样,并检测稀土Ce元素含量。钢水稀土元素含量数据如表2所示。
原工艺组5炉钢水精炼工序稀土合金加入量相同,LF造渣渣量采用原工艺方案10 kg/t。检验离位钢水中稀土Ce元素含量分布为0.001 4%~0.002 2%,平均含量为0.001 7%,以平均含量计算收得率为34.0%。离位炉渣成分检验结果如表3所示。
原工艺组渣样中,R分布为2.7~3.3,平均为3.0;S含量为0.69%~1.11%,平均为0.95%;渣中铁含量为0.56%~0.66%,平均为0.59%;渣中Ce含量分布为0.17%~0.25%,平均为0.22%。炉渣稀土含量与钢水稀土含量变化趋势如图1所示。
通过原工艺组生产试验数据分析,炉渣稀土含量与钢水稀土含量接近反比趋势。理论中已说明,因稀土元素化学性质活泼,易与高氧势、高硫含量炉渣结合而进入炉渣中,炉渣量越大,其对稀土元素吸附能力及稀土氧、硫化合物溶解度越高,从而降低稀土元素在钢水中的存留量。原工艺组炉渣中S元素与钢水Ce元素含量对比变化趋势如图2所示。
试验工艺组采用造渣量5 kg/t工艺生产,并加入18 kg稀土铈铁合金。分别对LF离位钢水、炉渣进行取样,并检测稀土Ce元素含量。钢水稀土元素含量数据如表4所示。
试验组5炉钢水精炼工序稀土合金加入量相同,LF造渣渣量采用试验方案5 kg/t,检验离位钢水中稀土Ce元素含量分布为0.002 2%~0.002 7%,平均含量为0.002 4%,以平均含量计算收得率为48.0%。离位炉渣成分检验结果如表5所示。
试验组渣样中,R分布为2.61~3.75,平均为3.33;S含量为0.43%~1.02%,平均为0.81%;渣中全铁含量为0.52%~0.62%,平均为0.58%;渣中Ce含量分布为0.21%~0.37%,平均为0.30%。炉渣Ce含量与钢水Ce含量变化趋势如图3所示。
通过试验组生产数据分析,炉渣Ce含量与钢水Ce含量接近反比趋势,这一趋势与原工艺组试验结论相同,对理论进行了印证。试验组炉渣中S元素与钢水Ce元素含量对比变化趋势如图4所示。
通过原工艺与试验组两组数据分析,在保证转炉终点钢水成分、精炼后炉渣成分基本稳定、精炼离位炉渣中全铁含量均值无明显变化前提下,转炉终点成分、炉渣成分波动对稀土收得率影响可忽略。
在试验条件基本相同的情况下,变量只有精炼炉渣量由10 kg/t降低至5 kg/t,随炉渣量降低,炉渣对稀土元素的溶解度下降,同时对两组数据炉渣中Ce含量对比可知,试验组炉渣Ce含量高于原工艺组,因试验组炉渣量减少,相对进入炉渣中稀土Ce元素含量提高,因此渣样成分检测中炉渣Ce含量升高。对比两组钢水Ce元素检验可知,炉渣量减少,钢水中Ce含量由0.001 7%提高至0.002 4%。
选取试验组含稀土精炼炉渣进行岩相及XRD衍射物相分析,以确定稀土Ce元素在精炼炉渣中的存在形式,精炼渣化学成分如表6所示。
岩相分析中,精炼渣主要由镁蔷薇辉石、硅酸二钙和玻璃相等矿物组成。硅酸二钙呈粒状,褐色,粒径在50~100 μm;镁蔷薇辉石也呈粒状,色浅,可见菱形轮廓,粒径在25~50 μm。金属铁较多(白色圆点),粒径5~10 μm,从岩相分析中未见典型稀土化合物物相。如图5所示。
对渣样进行X衍射分析,结果如图6所示。
由X衍射分析结果可知,渣样常规成分CaSO4、MgO、Ca3(SiO4)O含量占比较大,占总量的89%,以CaO、CaS、CaSiO3、MgO形式存在于渣样中。含稀土元素化合物占比为11%,其中以氧化铈、硫化铈、氧硫化铈形式存在于渣中,并且渣样中氧化铈以CeO2、Ce7O12两种形式留存于渣中。通过渣样XRD
分析,稀土Ce与渣中O、S接触后,形成相应化合物并组成新复合化合物。
(1)稀土元素易与高氧势、高硫含量炉渣结合而进入炉渣中,炉渣总量越大,其对稀土元素吸附能力越强,并且渣中稀土氧、硫化合物溶解度提高,从而降低稀土元素在钢水中的存留量。
(2)试验中炉渣量降低50%,其对稀土元素化合物溶解度降低,直接结果为稀土元素Ce在钢中的存留量由平均0.001 7%提高至0.002 4%,效果明显。
(3)在两组炉渣成分检测值对比分析中,炉渣全铁含量基本相同,因此,炉渣氧化性对稀土含量影响未做相应分析。炉渣S含量与钢中Ce含量接近反比关系,即渣中S含量越高,钢中Ce含量越低,因此,在炉渣氧化性条件基本相同的条件下,提高钢水洁净度,减少钢水中S元素同时降低炉渣S含量,可提高稀土元素在钢水中的存留量。
(4)稀土Ce元素与精炼炉渣中氧、硫元素结合,形成氧化铈、硫化铈、氧硫化铈等复杂化合物留存于炉渣中。
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刘芳. 稀土元素在钢中行为的热力学分析[D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2009.
2023年第49卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2022-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-01
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发企业重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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