Article(id=1198277728731492824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)03-0088-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682870400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763621273453, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1687622400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763621273453, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763621273453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621273453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198277724201644449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763621272373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621583776, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198277728966373852, articleId=1198277728731492824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Causes and Treatment Methods for Heating of Generator Carbon Brush, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the operation of generator set in a plant, there is the problem that the current of exciting carbon brush for generator is unbalanced as well as the current and temperature of carbon brush are high. The factors for unbalance of current for carbon brush are such as the low quality of carbon brush itself, mixed application of multiple-model carbon brushes and increase of contact resistance during operation of carbon brush through analysis. As a result, such improvement measures as replacing high-quality carbon brush with the same model and batch, adjusting spring pressure of brush holder for carbon brush as well as strictly implementing assembly process of carbon brush. Moreover, the corresponding preventive measures are put forward. After the improvement, the problem of unbalance of current for exciting carbon brush of generator is obviously improved.

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某厂发电机组在运行过程中出现发电机励磁碳刷电流不均衡问题,碳刷电流和温度均偏高。经分析,造成碳刷电流不均衡的因素有碳刷自身品质不高、多种型号碳刷混用、碳刷运行过程中接触电阻增加等。对此,采取了更换高品质的同一型号同一批次碳刷、调整碳刷刷握弹簧压力、严格执行碳刷装配工艺等改进措施,并提出相应防范措施。改进后发电机励磁碳刷电流不均衡问题得到明显改善。

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苗德雨(1999-),男,内蒙古包头市人,助理工程师,现从事发电机检修工作。

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苗德雨(1999-),男,内蒙古包头市人,助理工程师,现从事发电机检修工作。

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苗德雨(1999-),男,内蒙古包头市人,助理工程师,现从事发电机检修工作。

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发电机碳刷发热的原因及处理方法
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苗德雨 , 张红强 , 赵丽敏
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023,49(3): 88-91
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023, 49(3): 88-91
发电机碳刷发热的原因及处理方法
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苗德雨, 张红强, 赵丽敏
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢集团电气有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 苗德雨(1999-),男,内蒙古包头市人,助理工程师,现从事发电机检修工作。

Causes and Treatment Methods for Heating of Generator Carbon Brush
De-yu Miao, Hong-qiang Zhang, Li-min Zhao
Affiliations
  • Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Group Electric Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-06-25
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某厂发电机组在运行过程中出现发电机励磁碳刷电流不均衡问题,碳刷电流和温度均偏高。经分析,造成碳刷电流不均衡的因素有碳刷自身品质不高、多种型号碳刷混用、碳刷运行过程中接触电阻增加等。对此,采取了更换高品质的同一型号同一批次碳刷、调整碳刷刷握弹簧压力、严格执行碳刷装配工艺等改进措施,并提出相应防范措施。改进后发电机励磁碳刷电流不均衡问题得到明显改善。

发电机  /  碳刷  /  发热现象  /  处理方法

During the operation of generator set in a plant, there is the problem that the current of exciting carbon brush for generator is unbalanced as well as the current and temperature of carbon brush are high. The factors for unbalance of current for carbon brush are such as the low quality of carbon brush itself, mixed application of multiple-model carbon brushes and increase of contact resistance during operation of carbon brush through analysis. As a result, such improvement measures as replacing high-quality carbon brush with the same model and batch, adjusting spring pressure of brush holder for carbon brush as well as strictly implementing assembly process of carbon brush. Moreover, the corresponding preventive measures are put forward. After the improvement, the problem of unbalance of current for exciting carbon brush of generator is obviously improved.

generator  /  carbon brush  /  heating phenomenon  /  treatment method
苗德雨, 张红强, 赵丽敏. 发电机碳刷发热的原因及处理方法. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (3) : 88 -91 .
De-yu Miao, Hong-qiang Zhang, Li-min Zhao. Causes and Treatment Methods for Heating of Generator Carbon Brush[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (3) : 88 -91 .
现代化的发电机滑环、碳刷大多采用模块化装配的结构,并且是由一个固定的刷架和一个可活动的刷盒组成,这样可以使发电机的操作和维修更加便利,但是在发电机运行时经常发生滑环过热的情况,特别是在夏天,有些碳刷会因为过热而破裂,对机组的经济性和安全性产生很大的影响。认真分析滑环、碳刷产生过热的原因,找到正确的解决办法,就能防止过热现象的发生[1]。本文针对检修过程中遇到的发电机组碳刷电流不均衡问题进行分析和处理,供同类机组处理相关问题借鉴。
该发电机组采用自并励式静态励磁方式,型号为M701S(DA),额定功率为137.6 MW,额定容量为161.883 MVA,功率因数为0.85,额定励磁电流为1 435 A,碳刷的规格为100 mm×38 mm×25 mm。在汽轮发电机上使用时,每个刷架正负极各有8只刷握,每个电极刷握分8排排列,每只刷握中安装3只碳刷,共有48只碳刷,正负极各24只。碳刷的恒压弹簧压力值为12~15 N。当前,137.6 MW发电机组主要为自并励式静态励磁方式,其原理是将外界激励功率经滑环和碳刷导入到发电机的转子绕组,形成转动磁场,在定子绕组产生电位,再经电枢响应,将机械能转化为电能。滑环以3 000 r/min的转速高速转动,线速度达到60~70 m/s,与固定于刷架上的碳刷相接触。
一般情况下,运行时碳刷与滑环接触面接触良好,各个碳刷运行工况相近,每个碳刷的电流大小接近,刷体平均温度较低,碳刷电流相对平衡。
该发电机组在运行时出现励磁碳刷电流不均衡、温度较高的现象,个别碳刷存在卡涩、温度过高、轻微火花现象,电流分布不均匀,电流最高超过90 A,最低小于10 A,有电流直接从刷握流过,更换了2只较短的碳刷后,对其余电流低的碳刷接触面用砂纸打磨后,电流恢复正常,火花消失。但运行一段时间后电流又变小,碳刷有火花,其中有2只碳刷温度最高达到200 ℃,更换了部分弹簧后,继续打磨碳刷的表面,火花消失,但运行不久后,反复出现温度升高的问题。碳刷电流不均衡影响了机组的安全稳定运行。
通过分析发现该发电机组励磁碳刷的型号不统一,分别为上海摩根琪尔E61和上海摩根琪尔LFC554两种,见图1。不同型号的碳刷硬度不同,导致碳刷机械磨损程度不同;不同型号的碳刷电阻系数不一样,运行中造成了碳刷温升相差大,个别电流超标,而且磨损增大。刷体与刷辫的接触电阻大造成碳刷温度高。由于碳刷过热导致弹簧退火,使弹簧压力减小,造成部分碳刷电流减小。持续的个别碳刷温度过高可能造成碳刷表面灼烧,导电能力下降,产生间歇性打火,碳刷与集电环接触面产生火花,严重时可能造成环火事故等现象,影响发电机的工作性能和寿命,见图2
发电机转子正负极滑环和刷架之间有数十个碳刷并联工作,每个电极各碳刷并联工作。碳刷工作时发热由3部分构成:碳刷本身电阻产生的发热功率是W1=I2R1,I代表经过碳刷的电流,R1代表刷体电阻;因碳刷与刷架和滑环间接触电阻的存在,生成的发热功率为W2=I2R2,R2代表碳刷的接触电阻(包括刷辫与刷体连接电阻、刷辫与刷架接触电阻、刷体与滑环接触电阻);碳刷与滑环之间的滑动摩擦力引起的发热功率W3=Fv,F代表碳刷弹簧的压紧力,v代表碳刷与滑环相对运动的速率。碳刷的总发热功率W=W1+W2+W3=I2R1+I2R2+Fv。在运行过程中,碳刷相对于滑环的相对运动速度是恒定的,若弹簧为恒压式,则其压紧力F将保持不变,若为非恒压式弹簧,则F会随着碳刷体的磨损而逐渐减少,因此磨擦发热并不会导致碳刷过热。在某些运行工况下,IR1,R2的数值会发生显著变化,当I2R1+I2R2的发热功率超过碳刷的可承受范围时,会导致碳刷过热的现象产生,甚至可能出现碳刷烧毁的现象,从而危及发电机的安全运行。因此,在运行过程中,必须对IR1,R2进行严格的控制,以确保它们处于正常的范围内。
根据并联电路原理,在发电机励磁电流保持不变的情况下,流经每只碳刷的电流与其支路电阻(R1+R2)成反比。这是因为每个电极滑环上的碳刷都以并联方式运行,使得电流在不同碳刷之间分流,电流流经每只碳刷的支路电阻越大,其流经电流就越小,反之亦然。因此,支路电阻的增加会导致每只碳刷的电流减小,而支路电阻的减小则会使每只碳刷的电流增加。由于弹簧压力变化、碳刷质量差异、安装等原因会引起刷体长短不一、碳刷接触面形成气膜和跳动等现象使碳刷电阻发生变化,将会使碳刷电流发生变化。而发热功率与电流的平方成正比,随着电流的增大碳刷会出现温度过高的现象。
造成碳刷温度过高的主要原因有以下几点:
(1)通风不良。导致通风不良的因素包括但不限于冷却风道的堵塞、集电环表面通风沟和通风孔的堵塞,以及循环风扇风量的降低。其中集电环表面积灰是引起风机故障最主要原因之一。当集电环表面温度升高时,碳刷的磨损和碳粉的积聚将进一步加剧,可能导致集电环表面的散热通道被堵塞、通风不良的问题[2]
(2)机械故障。机械故障表现为多种情况,包括刷辫部分断裂、紧固螺钉松动、刷握变形、以及刷握固件变形导致刷架上的刷握位置偏移等。这些故障可能会导致碳刷的工作性能下降,甚至引发电机的运行不稳定和损坏。因此,在日常运行中,及时检查和维护碳刷及其固定部件是十分重要的[3]
(3)碳刷研磨和维护不当。如果不同种型号的碳刷或者刷盒掺杂使用,可能会出现电流在碳刷和刷盒之间有分布不均匀的现象,从而导致碳刷过热、烧坏引线,造成事故发生。另外,碳刷维护不恰当时,也会造成碳刷的过热。在更换碳刷时,没有对新碳刷进行认真的抛光和研磨处理,会导致刷盒中间的间隙差出现过小或过大的可能,没有在规定范围内的间隙差会导致碳刷卡涩,无法上下自由移动或晃动过大,无法与滑环接触面有效吻合。碳刷长度不统一,也可能会引发电流分布的不均,从而导致碳刷发热。滑环、碳刷如果没有定期检查和护理,清除滑环、碳刷上的灰尘,导致碳粉及碳灰的大量堆积,会造成碳刷出现打火发热现象。如果没有定期测量碳刷电流的工作状况,在发电机运行时,当部分碳刷电流变大没有及时处理时,碳刷承受的电流密度会相对较大,特别是在高负荷运行状态下,电流密度可能会进一步增加,如果电流密度超过碳刷的额定承受范围,就会导致碳刷过热。
经上述原因分析,采取以下措施,处理碳刷电流不均衡问题。
(1)保持通风冷却效果良好。需要定期使用干净、干燥的压缩空气对碳刷、刷架和滑环之间的接触面进行清洁和护理,以确保其良好的接触状态。此外,还应清除滑环外罩的灰尘,定期检查和疏通滑环小孔,以及清理进风口滤网,以保证进风的清洁。这些措施能有效降低碳刷的发热情况,提高发电机的性能和可靠性。
(2)更换碳刷。检修时将碳刷更换为相同规格的同一型号同一批次的上海摩根NCC634型碳刷,NCC634电阻率为18 Ωmm2/m,肖氏硬度为20,接触压降为2.50 V,磨擦系数为0.29,额定电流密度为10 A/cm2,允许圆周速度为81 m/s,运行后发现碳刷电流偏差较小。当运行过程中碳刷磨损到一定程度时,需要及时更换新的碳刷,并且最好全部更换成新的碳刷。如果没有及时全部更换,新的碳刷和旧的碳刷混合使用,会造成电流分布不均匀,从而引发事故造成危险。对于大型机组的不停机更换碳刷,在满足每8个小时并且是低负荷的条件下,刷架上只能允许更换1~2组碳刷。同时,允许每次更换每台电机的每个刷杆的20%,且每次的间隔时间为1~2周。需要等待每次更换的碳刷充分磨合后,再逐步更换其余的碳刷,以保证机组正常连续运行。通过这样的更换策略,可以确保碳刷在工作时维持良好的性能和稳定性,从而保证发电机组的正常运行。新换的碳刷需要在专用的模具上磨出与旧碳刷一样的弧度,并确保产地、厂家和品牌的一致性。若在大修时一次更换的碳刷过多,则应充分盘车使碳刷表面形成氧化膜[4]
(3)严格执行碳刷装配工艺。将碳刷的恒压弹簧进行更换,使每个碳刷的弹簧压力保持在12~15 N。将电流出现偏高或偏低的碳刷刷架及刷握进行更换,调整刷握下边缘与滑环的间隙为2~3 mm。距离过小会发生碰撞,易受损,距离过大碳刷跳动产生火花。
采取以上措施后发电机重新运行,碳刷电流不均衡现象得以改善,碳刷电流分布均匀,无打火现象,刷体温度控制在80 ℃以下。选择新旧两组碳刷的电流和温度进行对比,结果见图3,图4。由图3可见,旧碳刷的最大电流和最小电流相差约70 A,电流分布极不均衡,新碳刷电流波动较小,稳定在40~60 A。
图4可见,旧碳刷的温度大多处于80 ℃以上,最高达到133 ℃,新碳刷温度均在80 ℃以下,大多数控制在60 ℃作左右,较为安全稳定。
经分析,碳刷自身品质不高、多种型号碳刷混用、碳刷运行过程中接触电阻增加等情况会造成碳刷电流不均衡、碳刷温度高的现象。针对该现象采取更换高品质的同一型号同一批次碳刷、调整碳刷刷握弹簧压力、严格执行碳刷装配工艺等改进措施,并定期进行保养维护,使碳刷电流趋于稳定,温度控制在80 ℃以下。为了保证发电机组长期稳定安全运行,有效提高工作效率,出现电流和温度异常情况时必须及时查明发热的原因,并采取相应的措施进行解决。本文通过对发电机碳刷过热原因及解决办法进行阐述,为发电机的持续稳定运行提供参考,确保发电机碳刷运行良好。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
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冯上青. 发电机励磁碳刷过热原因分析及预防[J]. 电力安全技术, 2011, 13(5):25-28.
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刘向祖, 赵文东, 王志云. 发电机集电环发热现象及处理方法[J]. 河北工业科技, 2008(3):132-133,147.
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2023年第49卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-01
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    内蒙古包钢集团电气有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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