Article(id=1198277727494173108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)03-0076-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681315200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763621273158, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1687622400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763621273158, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763621273158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621273158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198277724201644449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763621272373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621583776, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279030370829085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198277724201644449, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198277727695499707, articleId=1198277727494173108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Study on Numerical Calculation and Simulation Analysis of Vortex Street Coefficient for Vortex Flow Meter, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the field of space launch, the filling system of liquid oxygen relates to whether launch mission is successful or not, so the measurement of flow velocity for liquid oxygen is crucial. The vortex flow meter is often used as its measuring instrument due to its advantages such as stable performances and wide ranges. It is found that the vortex street coefficients of vortex flow meter show different characteristics at low and high flow velocities through experimental simulation so that the precision of vortex flow meter is poor at low flow velocities. In order to explore the change characteristics of vortex street coefficient for vortex flow meter at low and high flow velocities, the simulation experiment of vortex street flow field with flow velocity of 1.0~10.5 m/s at inlet is carried out as well as the relational graph of vortex street frequency and inlet velocity is obtained. Moreover, the fitting curve of vortex street frequency and vortex street coefficient is obtained through fitting curve. Finally, it is found that the fluid flow velocity obtained by curve fitting is more accurate through calculating flow velocity with the obtained vortex street coefficient curve and average coefficient.

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在航天发射领域,液氧的加注系统关系到发射任务能否圆满完成,所以对于液氧流速的测量至关重要。而涡街流量计由于其性能稳定、宽量程等优点常作为液氧流速的测量仪器。经过试验仿真发现涡街流量计在低流速和高流速下涡街系数呈现出不同的特性,导致涡街流量计在低流速下其精度较低。为探究涡街流量计在低流速和高流速下其涡街系数的变化特性,对入口速度为1.0~10.5 m/s流速的涡街流场进行仿真试验,得到涡街频率和入口速度的关系图,并通过拟合曲线得到涡街频率和涡街系数的拟合曲线,最后利用得到的涡街系数曲线与平均系数进行流速的计算发现,通过曲线拟合后得到的流体流速更为精确。

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亢 勇(1969-),女,北京市人,副研究员,现从事信息化自动控制相关专业工作。

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亢 勇(1969-),女,北京市人,副研究员,现从事信息化自动控制相关专业工作。

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亢 勇(1969-),女,北京市人,副研究员,现从事信息化自动控制相关专业工作。

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涡街流量计涡街系数数值计算与仿真分析研究
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亢勇 1 , 张宝军 2 , 郑伟斌 3 , 李崧岳 3 , 张红星 1 , 赵泽岭 3 , 王新华 3
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023,49(3): 76-82
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023, 49(3): 76-82
涡街流量计涡街系数数值计算与仿真分析研究
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亢勇1, 张宝军2, 郑伟斌3, 李崧岳3, 张红星1, 赵泽岭3, 王新华3
作者信息
  • 1 航天低温推进剂国家重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢管有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 北京工业大学材料与制造学部智能机械研究院,北京 100124
  • 亢 勇(1969-),女,北京市人,副研究员,现从事信息化自动控制相关专业工作。

Study on Numerical Calculation and Simulation Analysis of Vortex Street Coefficient for Vortex Flow Meter
Yong Kang1, Bao-jun Zhang2, Wei-bin Zheng3, Song-yue Li3, Hong-xing Zhang1, Ze-ling Zhao3, Xin-hua Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Space Cryogenic Propellant, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2 Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 Institute of Intelligent Machinery, Faculty of Materials and Manufacture, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2023-06-25
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在航天发射领域,液氧的加注系统关系到发射任务能否圆满完成,所以对于液氧流速的测量至关重要。而涡街流量计由于其性能稳定、宽量程等优点常作为液氧流速的测量仪器。经过试验仿真发现涡街流量计在低流速和高流速下涡街系数呈现出不同的特性,导致涡街流量计在低流速下其精度较低。为探究涡街流量计在低流速和高流速下其涡街系数的变化特性,对入口速度为1.0~10.5 m/s流速的涡街流场进行仿真试验,得到涡街频率和入口速度的关系图,并通过拟合曲线得到涡街频率和涡街系数的拟合曲线,最后利用得到的涡街系数曲线与平均系数进行流速的计算发现,通过曲线拟合后得到的流体流速更为精确。

数值分析  /  涡街流量计  /  涡街系数  /  曲线拟合  /  流速下限

In the field of space launch, the filling system of liquid oxygen relates to whether launch mission is successful or not, so the measurement of flow velocity for liquid oxygen is crucial. The vortex flow meter is often used as its measuring instrument due to its advantages such as stable performances and wide ranges. It is found that the vortex street coefficients of vortex flow meter show different characteristics at low and high flow velocities through experimental simulation so that the precision of vortex flow meter is poor at low flow velocities. In order to explore the change characteristics of vortex street coefficient for vortex flow meter at low and high flow velocities, the simulation experiment of vortex street flow field with flow velocity of 1.0~10.5 m/s at inlet is carried out as well as the relational graph of vortex street frequency and inlet velocity is obtained. Moreover, the fitting curve of vortex street frequency and vortex street coefficient is obtained through fitting curve. Finally, it is found that the fluid flow velocity obtained by curve fitting is more accurate through calculating flow velocity with the obtained vortex street coefficient curve and average coefficient.

numerical analysis  /  vortex flow meter  /  vortex street coefficient  /  curve fitting  /  lower limit of flow velocity
亢勇, 张宝军, 郑伟斌, 李崧岳, 张红星, 赵泽岭, 王新华. 涡街流量计涡街系数数值计算与仿真分析研究. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (3) : 76 -82 .
Yong Kang, Bao-jun Zhang, Wei-bin Zheng, Song-yue Li, Hong-xing Zhang, Ze-ling Zhao, Xin-hua Wang. Study on Numerical Calculation and Simulation Analysis of Vortex Street Coefficient for Vortex Flow Meter[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (3) : 76 -82 .
涡街流量计是一种相对新型的速度型流量仪表,在过去几十年中发展迅速。由于其性能稳定、压力损失比低、量程比宽等优点,广泛应用于化工、石油、天然气和石油产品等珍贵材料的流量测量。对于目前工业领域常用的涡街流量计,在流量测量过程中容易受到各种外部干扰,从而影响其测量精度和测量范围,这在小流量测量中尤为突出。根据涡街理论,涡街流量计的量程比可以达到1000∶1,但是在实际测量中发现,其量程比仅能达到10∶1。这其中主要包含两个原因:一方面涡街流量计在较低的入口流速下,发生体后产生的涡街流速变化较小,导致压力变化幅度较低,容易导致涡街传感器受到周围环境振动或者阀门开关操作等一系列因素产生的振动干扰,使得信噪比过低而检测不出涡街信号;另一方面在高流速和低流速下,涡街流量计的涡街系数并非是固定的,在高流速下涡街系数较为稳定,但是在低流速下涡街系数变化较大[1-2]。解决这两个受限的因素是提高涡街流量计测量精度的主要手段。本文主要研究低流速下涡街系数的非线性问题。
在研究涡街流量计方面,2011年,印度A. Venugopal、 Amit Agrawal、 S.V. Prabhu[3]利用k-ε RNG模型对各种钝体形状进行了试验和数值研究,以确定可用于涡流流量计应用的适当形状;从信号幅度和斯特鲁哈尔数的恒定性来看,梯形发生体是所有研究的发生体中最好的。2015年,S. Hariri和S.H. Hashemabadi[4]对工业涡轮流量计进行了三维的仿真模拟,仿真结果表明,涡街系数在高流速下趋于稳定。2017年,土耳其谢尔坎·雅格穆尔用试验和数值方法研究了涡流流量计中常用作涡街发生器的等边三角形圆柱体周围的流动结构[5],并建议将LES湍流模型应用于此类发生体周围的流动,该模型通常用于涡流流量计的设计,以产生涡流脱落。2018年,谢斯塔科夫研究了流量计方程,发现斯特努哈尔数的关系变得非线性,而且每个发生体的曲线形状不同,只能通过检测特定的发生体来验证,并进一步选择了能够将小流量下的计量误差从3%降至0.5%的转换函数[6]。2019年,印度理工学院机械科学学院布拉格等人[7]研究强调了圆形管对二维钝体脱落特性的影响,讨论的重点是与涡街流量计相关的设计问题,研究结果表明:斯特鲁哈尔数与雷诺数关系的非线性是由于从层流到湍流的过渡,在过渡区可以采用互相关技术和收缩锥设计,以扩大较低的工作范围。2006年,黄咏梅[8]在总结国内外对涡街流量计的研究提出一种利用发生体上下游压差和涡街频率结合计算流量的算法创新。2008年,邢娟[9]等人利用流量计校准装置,通过控制试验压力发现气体密度变化对涡街系数影响可忽略不计。2008年,浙江大学孙志强、张洪健、周洁敏等人[10]基于一种新的数学测量模型和气流试验结果,对涡街流量计的不确定度进行了评估,结果表明,在所研究的流量中,被测涡流流量计的最大不确定度小于基准值的6.0%;此外,较高的测量不确定度发生在较低的流速下,当流速大于一定值时,不确定度似乎是恒定的。2010年,浙江大学孙志强和张洪健[11]研究了涡街流量计用于测量气液气泡流的流速和体积空隙率的可行性,研究了涡街流量计在这种流动条件下的性能,研究发现当体积空隙率在0~25.90%范围内,雷诺数在9.47×104和20.44×104时,涡流流量计的流量计系数保持恒定。2011年,孙志强[12]为了提高涡街流量计的测量下限,引入了会聚-发散结构,研究发现:与传统涡流流量计相比,通过会聚-发散结构可以实现高达51%的测量下限扩展;具有梯形钝体的会聚-发散涡街流量计具有较大的Strouhal数和较小的压力损失;结果表明:会聚-发散涡街流量计提供了一种特别适合测量低速流体的替代装置。2012年乔金龙等人[13]与2022年李靖等人[14]利用涡街流量计监测不同介质的流体发现气体和液体在测量时需要标定不同的仪表系数。2015年,宋佳忆等人[15]利用应力式涡街流量计模型进行模拟仿真,仿真提取涡街频率的原理是通过监测点单元提取涡街流量计旋涡发生体后面一段距离压力点的压力时域信号并通过傅里叶变换得到涡街频率,从而依据流体流量与涡街频率的关系得出被测流量,研究表明对涡街流量计传感器的研究采用FLUENT数值仿真是可行的。2019年崔本廷等人[16]利用非线性的修正方法提高了涡街流量计的全量程的测量精度。2020年司欣格等人利用k-ε模型研究不同尺寸参数的三角形发生体对涡街流场特性的影响[17]。2022年为研究尺寸误差对超声波流量计测量精度的影响,吕承泽等人[18]采用数值模拟与试验测量相结合的方法,就不同尺寸偏差对流量计计量精度的影响进行了系统研究,试验证明,正向尺寸偏差和负向尺寸偏差导致的测量结果大为不同。
目前对涡街流量计的研究表明,利用仿真对涡街流量计的性能研究是可行的,但是大多数的研究只是为了探究各种变量对涡街流量计性能的影响,并未提出解决涡街流量计在不同流速下的测量精度问题。所以本研究利用仿真软件仿真的结果,提出涡街频率与入口流速进行曲线拟合,以解决涡街流量计在高流速和低流速下的精度问题。通过对传统的平均涡街系数和拟合后的涡街系数进行流体流速的计算发现,拟合后的涡街系数在高流速和低流速下都有更高的测量精度。
涡街流量计是测量在涡街发生体后某点的压力变化。该变化产生的原理是由于流体在绕过特定形状的物体(即涡街发生体)时,流体会在涡街发生体两侧重复的脱落处产生旋转方向相反、排列距离相同的两列旋涡,并经过非线性作用后发展成卡门涡街。涡街流量计的传感器通过测量的压力的时域关系变化,利用傅里叶变换得到频谱图,并结合该图获得峰值频率。
大量的试验证明,涡街流量计的入口流体速度v、涡街发生频率f、涡街发生体特征宽度d有以下关系:
$f=S t \frac{v}{d}$
式中:f为涡街发生频率;St为斯特劳哈尔数,无量纲,是雷诺数的函数;v为涡街流量计入口流速;d为涡街发生体特征宽度。
在涡街发生体形状、大小固定以及管道直径D不变的条件下,涡街两侧的平均流速v和管道的平均流速v1的关系为:
v1=k·v
将公式(2)带入(1)中得到:
f=St·k·v1
在一定的雷诺数范围内,斯特劳哈尔数St为常数,所以管道平均流速和涡街频率在一定的雷诺数范围内,成正比关系。
v1=k1·f
根据公式(4)可知在通过一定手段得到涡街发生频率后可以计算出涡街流量计的入口流速。
本次仿真试验利用COMSOL仿真软件对涡街流量计的流域进行绘制,并通过仿真软件自带的网格划分工具根据物理场进行网格划分。该流域的管道直径为50 mm,长度为200 mm,涡街发生体的迎面宽度为10 mm。图1为T形发生体示意图。
通过软件自带的网格划分工具,选择根据物理场划分,单元大小选择细化,得到图2的网格划分图。
可以看到,网格在管道的管壁和发生体周围网格尺寸很小,这是由于黏性力的作用下,流体在壁面垂直方向的流速变化梯度较大,因此需要更加细化的网格划分。
在对流场仿真时需要设置涡街流场的参数,参数如下:
(1)仿真模型选择:湍流,k-ε。
(2)求解器:瞬态求解器(输出时步:rang(0,0.001,0.5))。
(3)流体属性:仿真软件材料库Oxygen[liquid,O2]。
(4)边界条件:入口1选择管道左边界,入口流速公式为:
U_mean·y·(H-y)/H2·step1[t(1/s)]
式中:U_mean为入口平均流速,H为管道直径。
出口1选择管道右边界,边界条件选择压力边界,压力为静压0 Pa。
涡街流量计通过压力传感器测量发生体后一定距离的某一点的压力时域变化,进而获得涡街脱落频率。同样的,在利用COMSOL仿真软件对涡街流场进行仿真后,为监测发生体后面某一点的压力时域变化,先在几何图形处添加要监测的点,再在研究处直接更新解,即可在一维图组内绘制点图,通过选择要监测的点得到该点在时域的压力变化,最后通过流体的表面图和涡街时域图观测该模型是否可行。图3为仿真速度平面图,图4为压力时域图。
图3图4可以看到在涡街发生体后,发生体两侧交替产生涡街,符合卡门涡街产生的规律,同时涡街的压力信号也符合常规的正弦曲线。
通过对发生体为T形的涡街流量计进行不同入口流速的仿真试验,对发生体后某一点进行压力点的监测,之后利用MATLAB对同一点不同入口流速的压力时域图进行傅里叶变换,并求出各个入口流速下的峰值频率,之后利用峰值频率和流速求出该T形涡街流量计的涡街系数,其结果如图5所示。可以发现在T形涡街流量计得到的涡街信号在入口流速为2~10 m/s之间其涡街系数变化较小,基本在九个系数的平均值0.025 3附近,但是在1 m/s时,该涡街系数达到了0.028 6。说明涡街流量计在较高流速下,涡街系数趋于稳定,所以在较高的入口流速下,涡街流量计通过涡街频率测量的涡街流速的精度较高,即误差较小。所以涡街流量计在测量流速较高的流体的速度较为可靠。而当流速在1 m/s时,由于该点的涡街系数相较于平均系数偏差过大,将会导致在该流速下计算得到的流速与实际值误差较大。
为验证上述研究,在相同的涡街模型下,对入口流速为1.5~10.5 m/s(间隔为1 m/s)再次进行仿真试验,之后再在相同的取样点监测压力的变化,得到时域图。并再次用相同的方法获得各个流速下的涡街频率,同时利用该涡街频率和之前仿真得到的平均涡街系数计算得出流体的入口速度,与仿真的实际入口流速进行比较。图6为误差-入口流速关系曲线。
图6可以看到T形涡街流量计在入口流速为2.5~10.5 m/s时,误差在0.025 1以下,甚至最低的误差可以达到0.01,但是在1.5 m/s时误差达到0.064,比中高流速的误差多出一倍以上。而导致涡街流量计在低流速下有较高的误差的原因主要是由于涡街系数在低流速下与平均涡街系数偏差较大,进行傅里叶变换时,获得的频率分辨率为5 Hz,在中高流速下峰值频率较大,可忽略不计,但是在低流速下,该频率分辨率带来的误差将会被放大。
从4.1节分析来看,涡街流量计低流速下的误差主要由涡街系数和频率分辨率决定,所以要提高涡街流量计的精度,要么通过改变涡街流量计的入口流速[6,10,12],要么提高傅里叶变换的频率分辨率。但是第一种方法在提高流速的同时,也会导致涡街流量计在高流速时,斯特劳哈尔系数非常值而损失涡街流量计高流速的测量精度;第二种方法要想获得更高的频率分辨率需要增加涡街信号的测量时间,这会导致涡街流量计的实时性不高,是我们不希望的。
为此,本研究提出利用仿真得到的涡街系数和流体流速的关系,利用一元多项式进行曲线拟合,通过该拟合曲线得到不同的涡街频率下的涡街系数。再通过该拟合曲线计算出流体流速。本次的曲线拟合基于最小二乘法进行,利用MATLAB将入口流速为1~10 m/s下的涡街系数和流体流速进行多次项曲线拟合。可以看到该曲线与仿真得到的折线有较高的重合度。之后将曲线除以相对应的涡街频率,即可得到拟合后的涡街系数,其结果如图7所示。
为验证该拟合曲线是否可以提高T形涡街流量计在低流速下的计量精度,通过仿真模拟入口流速为1.5~10.5 m/s(间隔为1 m/s)涡街流场特性。从而得到各个流速下的涡街信号,再通过傅里叶变换获得不同流速的涡街频率。将该频率带入得到的涡街系数拟合曲线,获得计算的涡街流速,并得到不同实际入口流速的误差,见图8
通过观察图8可以看出拟合之后涡街流量测量的误差除了4.5 m/s之外都比平均涡街系数求得的误差小,而且在流速为1.5 m/s时利用拟合测量的误差减少了将近三分之一。而平均涡街系数得到的平均误差为0.016 3,拟合得到的测量误差为0.009 7。所以拟合后的涡街系数不论是在高流速还是在低流速,其测量误差相比传统的计算方法有很大的减小,同时整体的误差也比传统计算方法小。所以利用多次项曲线拟合涡街系数从而达到提高涡街流量计的测量精度的方法是可行的。
针对涡街流量计在高流速和低流速下的计量精度呈现出差异的问题,本研究提出了根据涡街流场仿真结果,对涡街频率和入口流体速度进行多次项的曲线拟合,以得到拟合后的涡街系数。通过对仿真结果分析,所得结论分述如下。
(1)利用仿真软件,对T形发生体涡街流量计进行不同入口速度的流场仿真。通过对计算的入口流速和实际入口流速比较发现,传统的涡街流量计的计量方法在低流速下与实际流速偏差较大,而导致该误差的主要原因有低流速下的涡街系数偏差较大和频率分辨率两个方面。
(2)为降低涡街流量计的计量误差,利用多次项曲线拟合涡街系数。通过误差分析可以看到,不论高流速还是低流速,拟合后的涡街系数使得涡街流量计在计量流体流速的精确度有了很大的提高,特别是低流速下的流速测量。
(3)在不增加涡街信号取样时间的条件下,曲线拟合后的涡街系数可以降低频率分辨率对涡街流量计带来的误差的影响。
(4)利用涡街频率和流体速度的拟合曲线,对涡街系数进行修正,为提高涡街流量计计量精度提供了新的方法。
  • 某部队科研计划项目“流量计系统性能分析研究”(02023A16670)
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2023年第49卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2023-04-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-13
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某部队科研计划项目“流量计系统性能分析研究”(02023A16670)
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    1 航天低温推进剂国家重点实验室,北京 100094
    2 内蒙古包钢钢管有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 北京工业大学材料与制造学部智能机械研究院,北京 100124
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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