Article(id=1198267811928834075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)01-0061-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669824000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763618909102, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1677254400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763618909102, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763618909102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763618909102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198267803028521972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763618906981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763619307448, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198269482767581847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198269482771776152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198267812276961315, articleId=1198267811928834075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research on Distribution of Inclusions in Rail of Baotou Steel, columnId=1198265195702354688, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Varieties and Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the paper, it is introduced the detection analysis on non-metallic inclusions in rail head. In order to scientifically characterize the quantity, size and distribution of inclusions, the new method for detecting inclusions is explored. A new vertical detection surface is added by taking the sample position with the K method for cleanliness of oxide in the EN 10247—2017 standard, that is, such two sampling methods as vertical plane and inclined plane are adopted separately. The quantity, size and distribution of inclusions in rail head are statistically analyzed with fully automatic optical microscope as well as the compositions of typical inclusions are analyzed with scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy. The distribution and sources of inclusions in the rails of Baotou Steel are comprehensively analyzed, which provide technical support for further improving and controlling the cleanliness of rail steel.

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文章对钢轨轨头内部的非金属夹杂物进行了检测分析。为科学表征夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布,探索了夹杂物检测的新方法,参考EN 10247—2017标准中的氧化物洁净度K法取样位置的同时,新增加了一个垂直方向的检测面,即分别采用了垂面和斜面两种取样方法,通过全自动光学显微镜统计分析了轨头内部夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布,并利用扫描电镜及能谱仪对典型夹杂物进行了成分分析,较为全面地分析了包钢钢轨中夹杂物的分布状况及来源,对进一步提高和控制钢轨钢的洁净度起到技术支撑作用。

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高明星(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品开发及稀土钢研究工作。

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高明星(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品开发及稀土钢研究工作。

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(a)1#垂面4.97 mm位置;(b)1#垂面7.10 mm位置;(c)1#垂面16.33 mm位置;(d)1#斜面8.52 mm位置;(e)1#斜面14.20 mm位置;(f)1#斜面19.88 mm位置

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(a)2#垂面1.42 mm位置;(b)2#垂面2.13 mm位置;(c)2#斜面3.55 mm位置;(d)2#斜面12.78 mm位置;(e)2#斜面14.91 mm位置;(f)2#斜面19.17 mm位置

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(a)3#垂面2.84 mm位置;(b)3#垂面12.07 mm位置;(c)3#斜面9.94 mm位置;(d)3#斜面10.65 mm位置;(e)3#斜面13.49 mm位置

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包钢钢轨夹杂物分布状况研究
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高明星 1 , 岳祎楠 1 , 李洪芳 2 , 彭飞 2
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023,49(1): 61-64
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023, 49(1): 61-64
包钢钢轨夹杂物分布状况研究
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高明星1, 岳祎楠1, 李洪芳2, 彭飞2
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司化检验中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 高明星(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品开发及稀土钢研究工作。

Research on Distribution of Inclusions in Rail of Baotou Steel
Ming-xing Gao1, Yi-nan Yue1, Hong-fang Li2, Fei Peng2
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co. , Ltd. , Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Chemical Inspection Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co. , Ltd. , Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-02-25
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文章对钢轨轨头内部的非金属夹杂物进行了检测分析。为科学表征夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布,探索了夹杂物检测的新方法,参考EN 10247—2017标准中的氧化物洁净度K法取样位置的同时,新增加了一个垂直方向的检测面,即分别采用了垂面和斜面两种取样方法,通过全自动光学显微镜统计分析了轨头内部夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布,并利用扫描电镜及能谱仪对典型夹杂物进行了成分分析,较为全面地分析了包钢钢轨中夹杂物的分布状况及来源,对进一步提高和控制钢轨钢的洁净度起到技术支撑作用。

钢轨  /  夹杂物  /  洁净度

In the paper, it is introduced the detection analysis on non-metallic inclusions in rail head. In order to scientifically characterize the quantity, size and distribution of inclusions, the new method for detecting inclusions is explored. A new vertical detection surface is added by taking the sample position with the K method for cleanliness of oxide in the EN 10247—2017 standard, that is, such two sampling methods as vertical plane and inclined plane are adopted separately. The quantity, size and distribution of inclusions in rail head are statistically analyzed with fully automatic optical microscope as well as the compositions of typical inclusions are analyzed with scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy. The distribution and sources of inclusions in the rails of Baotou Steel are comprehensively analyzed, which provide technical support for further improving and controlling the cleanliness of rail steel.

rail  /  inclusions  /  cleanliness
高明星, 岳祎楠, 李洪芳, 彭飞. 包钢钢轨夹杂物分布状况研究. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (1) : 61 -64 .
Ming-xing Gao, Yi-nan Yue, Hong-fang Li, Fei Peng. Research on Distribution of Inclusions in Rail of Baotou Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (1) : 61 -64 .
非金属夹杂物是钢材中不可避免的一种冶金缺陷,钢轨中的夹杂物对其服役性能有不可忽视的影响,特别是大颗粒夹杂物对钢轨的危害更大,其数量、尺寸及分布形态是影响钢轨质量的重要指标[1]。钢轨中夹杂物的存在破坏了钢轨内部结构的连续性,在外力作用下加剧了应力集中,应力急剧升高是诱发轨头内部产生疲劳裂纹源的主要原因[2]。因此,对钢轨轨头部位的非金属夹杂物的数量、尺寸、分布以及夹杂物的组成成分等进行分析研究,为进一步开展钢轨钢的洁净度攻关、提高钢轨质量具有重要意义。
U71Mn和U75V是我国现有的几家钢轨生产厂家的主打钢种,U20Mn是包钢开发的一种新钢种,主要用于制作道岔,为了便于对比,本次非金属夹杂物分析选取的试样为包钢生产的U71Mn、U75V和U20Mn,轨型为75 kg/m。
钢中夹杂物的数量、尺寸和弥散程度对其质量均有较大影响,有效控制钢中非金属夹杂物是提高产品质量的关键[3],因此提高钢轨的使用寿命,首先要掌握钢轨轨头工作区域内夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布。本文探索了夹杂物检测的新方法,为钢轨钢洁净度攻关提供科学依据。在对钢轨的非金属夹杂物检测中,从取样位置的代表性考虑,既参考了EN 10247—2017《使用标准评级图对钢中非金属夹杂物含量进行显微测定》[4]中的氧化物洁净度K法取样位置,同时与之不同又增加了一个垂直方向的检测面,如图1图2所示,分别检测轨头位置的90°垂面和45°斜面两个位置,以此代表整个轨头工作区域的夹杂物分布。每个试样检验面从轨头外表面开始连续采集500~1 000个视场的夹杂物照片,采用统计测量方法对夹杂物进行分析,保证了钢轨轨头内部非金属夹杂物检测的全覆盖。所取钢种U71Mn、U75V和U20Mn分别编号为1#、2#、3#,每号各取3块垂面试样和3块斜面试样进行非金属夹杂物的检测分析。
对选取的试样分别进行金相制样,经反复磨制抛光去除划痕及污染物后,采用OLYMPAS全自动光学显微镜进行非金属夹杂物分析,所有待测样品在分析前选取相同的视场数,如图2所示的拍摄轨迹,每个试样都遵循从外表面开始拍摄的原则,每一行的视场数设置相同,拍摄的行数也相同,设定好拍摄视场数后进行多点聚焦,保证各视场内非金属夹杂物拍摄的清晰度,同时也保证了拍摄图片记录了位置信息。仪器自动拍摄并对可见的非金属夹杂物进行自动测量,对仪器测量的结果结合拍摄的图片进行人工检查,排除制样带来的污染物、划痕等干扰因素,对修正后的显微镜夹杂物测量系统得到的数据结果,再次进行二维数据分析处理,形成每个试样的非金属夹杂物二维分布图。二维分布图的横坐标是距轨头外表面的不同深度,因为显微镜的夹杂物测量系统是按照标准规定检测面积设置的,所拍摄的图片大小为0.71 mm×0.71 mm,即每拍摄一行的距离为0.71 mm,因此二维分布图的横坐标的数据是0.71 mm的倍数,纵坐标为夹杂物面积所占的比率乘以106。采用这种分析方法,能够明确试样检测面上夹杂物的位置、大小等分布情况,同时因所拍摄的图片记录了位置信息,又能够准确找出对应的具体夹杂物,从而使非金属夹杂物的分析更加直观。
采用上述方法对U71Mn钢轨轨头部位夹杂物分布进行了研究,本文只选取其中的一组有代表性的非金属夹杂物检测结果进行分析,经二维数据分析处理后绘制成的非金属夹杂物的二维分布图见图3,从1#垂面的二维分布图中可以看出,在距轨头踏面4.97 mm、7.10 mm、16.33 mm等位置,以及1#斜面的8.52 mm、14.20 mm、19.88 mm等位置均为非金属夹杂物尺寸较大的位置,按照位置信息找到对应视场图片,其中典型非金属夹杂物的形貌见图4
图4中可以看到,1#试样的大夹杂物形貌相似,其中1#垂面试样在距外表面4.97 mm的位置有一条长度为132 μm的氧化物类夹杂物,7.10 mm的位置有一条长度为233 μm的氧化物类夹杂物,1#斜面试样在距外表面8.52 mm位置有一条长度为285 μm的氧化物类夹杂物,图4中距试样表面其他较远位置的夹杂物不做赘述。
采用上述方法对U75V钢轨轨头部位夹杂物分布进行了研究,同样选取了2#试样的一组非金属夹杂物的检测结果,经二维数据分析处理后绘制成非金属夹杂物的二维分布图见图5,从2#垂面的夹杂物二维分布图中可以看出,在距轨头踏面1.42 mm、2.13 mm等位置,以及2#斜面的3.55 mm、12.78 mm、14.91 mm、19.17 mm等位置均为非金属夹杂物尺寸较大的位置,对应可观察到其夹杂物的形貌,其中典型非金属夹杂物的形貌见图6
图6中可以看到,2#试样的大夹杂物形貌与1#相似,其中2#垂面试样在距外表面1.42 mm的位置有一条长度为191 μm的氧化物类夹杂物,2.13 mm的位置有一条长度为92 μm的硅酸盐类夹杂物,3.55 mm位置有一条长度为106 μm的氧化物类夹杂物,在2#斜面试样距外表面14.91 mm位置有一条粗大氧化物类夹杂物,长度为154 μm,其他位置的夹杂物见图6,不再一一详述。
同样选取了3# U20Mn钢轨轨头部位试样的一组非金属夹杂物的检测结果,经二维数据分析处理后绘制成非金属夹杂物的二维分布图,见图7,从3#垂面的二维分布图中可以看出,3#垂面在距轨头踏面2.84 mm、12.07 mm等位置,以及3#斜面距轨头踏面9.94 mm、10.65 mm、13.49 mm等位置均为非金属夹杂物尺寸较大的位置,其中典型非金属夹杂物的形貌见图8
图8中可以看到,3# U20Mn钢轨试样的大夹杂物形貌与1# U71Mn、2# U75V的夹杂物形貌有明显差异,3# U20Mn钢轨试样是以颗粒状夹杂物为主,对其进行了扫描电镜及能谱分析见图9,这些颗粒状夹杂物是铝镁尖晶石夹杂物,硬度高不易轧制变形。
钢轨在服役过程中轨头工作面受到轮轨接触应力的作用,接触应力区在轨头工作面下的一定深度,一般在10 mm以内,在处于此范围内的夹杂物周围产生应力集中,在反复交变应力的作用下当夹杂物尺寸大于裂纹萌生的临界尺寸时,夹杂物作为裂纹源就会产生扩展开裂,随着轮轨交变应力周期性作用而扩展形成核伤。本文通过对三种钢轨的研究分析,发现钢轨轨头在近表面位置,如1#的4.97 mm位置、2#的1.42 mm位置、3#的2.84 mm位置均存在大小不等的非金属夹杂物,同时通过对非金属夹杂物的二维分布图分析,位于10 mm以内位置的较大夹杂物也都有一定比例。
(1)对钢轨中非金属夹杂物的检测方法进行了优化,对夹杂物的数量、尺寸及分布的表征更加全面、直观,特别是明确了大型夹杂物的分布。
(2)减少钢轨轨头工作面10 mm以内大尺寸夹杂物的数量,是今后钢轨钢炼钢工艺研究的重点方向之一。
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2023年第49卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2022-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-01
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司化检验中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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