Article(id=1198267806300079104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)01-0036-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666281600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763618907761, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1677254400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763618907761, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763618907761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763618907761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198267803028521972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763618906981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763619307448, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198269482767581847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198269482771776152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198267803028521972, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198267806618845185, articleId=1198267806300079104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Discussions on Technologies for Recycling Fly Ash of Sintering Machine Head and Blast Furnace Bag, columnId=1187100781414069182, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the paper, the restraining factors affecting recycling fly ash of sintering machine head and blast furnace bag are discussed as well as the key technologies of extracting such valuable elements as Zn, K and Na from the fly ash are studied by analyzing its characteristics and disposal status. The technical plans for comprehensive utilization of fly ash of sintering machine head with high alkali metal content as well as fly ash of blast furnace bag with high zinc and alkali metal contents are proposed combining with such cases as salt extraction technology by washing for fly ash with high alkali metal content, zinc extraction technology with pyrogenic and wet processes for fly ash with high zinc content and reduction technology of electric arc furnace for iron-bearing dust as well as evaluating their merits and demerits. After implement the plans, the disposed fly ash could be recycled for sintering as well as products of Zn, K and Na could be sold externally so that the economic benefits are considerable and the problems of land occupation and environmental pollutions could be solved.

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通过对烧结机头除尘灰、高炉布袋除尘灰特性及处置现状分析,探讨影响该类除尘灰回用的制约因素,研究从除尘灰中提取Zn、K、Na等有价元素的关键技术。结合现有高碱金属含量除尘灰水洗提盐、高锌含量除尘灰火法、湿法提锌、含铁尘泥电弧炉还原技术案例,评估其优缺点,提出针对高碱金属含量烧结机头除尘灰、高锌金属、高碱金属含量高炉布袋除尘灰综合利用技术方案,方案实施后经处理的除尘灰可回用于烧结,生产的Zn、K、Na产品可对外销售,在产生可观的经济效益的同时解决了土地占用、环境污染问题。

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田 颖(1971-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,正高级工程师,注册环境影响评价工程师,现从事环境污染治理及环境影响评价工作。

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田 颖(1971-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,正高级工程师,注册环境影响评价工程师,现从事环境污染治理及环境影响评价工作。

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田 颖(1971-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,正高级工程师,注册环境影响评价工程师,现从事环境污染治理及环境影响评价工作。

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物料名称 TFe CaO MgO K2O Na2O C Zn
烧结机头灰 41.0 5.00 1.00 8.45 0.65 1.73 0.05
高炉布袋灰 26.0 4.24 1.04 11.00 4.00 24.00 6.00
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烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰主要化学成分(质量分数)%

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物料名称 TFe CaO MgO K2O Na2O C Zn
烧结机头灰 41.0 5.00 1.00 8.45 0.65 1.73 0.05
高炉布袋灰 26.0 4.24 1.04 11.00 4.00 24.00 6.00
), ArticleFig(id=1198267953528537329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198267806300079104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 回转窑及水洗技术除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
转底炉及水洗技术除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
电弧炉除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
工艺成熟度 非常成熟 成熟 基本成熟
占地面积 较大 一般
维护 检修工作量大 比较繁琐,检修工作量大 相对简单
投资 约5 500万元 约40 000万元 约8 000万元
吨原料投资成本 550元 1 600元 567元
工艺成本 较低 较高
原料适用性 要求高碳、高锌除尘灰、高炉布袋灰 原料含碳一般在14%~16%即可,锌无严格要求。高炉布袋灰、出铁场除尘灰、转炉二次灰、转炉EP灰 适用于各类含铁尘泥。高炉布袋灰、烧结机头灰、转炉一次除尘灰(干法)、转炉二次除尘灰、氧化铁红粉
锌脱除率 ≥90% ≥90% ≥95%
设计容量 10万t/a 25万t/a 15万t/a
产品金属化率 65%以上 70%~85% 95%
产品 KCl、机头灰水洗渣、粗锌粉、
铁精粉/还原铁粉
KCl、机头灰水洗渣、
粗锌粉、金属化球团
粗锌粉、生铁、粒化渣
), ArticleFig(id=1198267953616617714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198267806300079104, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回转窑、转底炉、电弧炉三种除尘灰综合利用方案比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 回转窑及水洗技术除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
转底炉及水洗技术除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
电弧炉除尘灰资源化
综合利用方案
工艺成熟度 非常成熟 成熟 基本成熟
占地面积 较大 一般
维护 检修工作量大 比较繁琐,检修工作量大 相对简单
投资 约5 500万元 约40 000万元 约8 000万元
吨原料投资成本 550元 1 600元 567元
工艺成本 较低 较高
原料适用性 要求高碳、高锌除尘灰、高炉布袋灰 原料含碳一般在14%~16%即可,锌无严格要求。高炉布袋灰、出铁场除尘灰、转炉二次灰、转炉EP灰 适用于各类含铁尘泥。高炉布袋灰、烧结机头灰、转炉一次除尘灰(干法)、转炉二次除尘灰、氧化铁红粉
锌脱除率 ≥90% ≥90% ≥95%
设计容量 10万t/a 25万t/a 15万t/a
产品金属化率 65%以上 70%~85% 95%
产品 KCl、机头灰水洗渣、粗锌粉、
铁精粉/还原铁粉
KCl、机头灰水洗渣、
粗锌粉、金属化球团
粗锌粉、生铁、粒化渣
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烧结机头、高炉布袋除尘灰回用技术探讨
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田颖 , 孙磊 , 王雨
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023,49(1): 36-40
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023, 49(1): 36-40
烧结机头、高炉布袋除尘灰回用技术探讨
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田颖, 孙磊, 王雨
作者信息
  • 包钢集团节能环保科技产业有限责任公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 田 颖(1971-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,正高级工程师,注册环境影响评价工程师,现从事环境污染治理及环境影响评价工作。

Discussions on Technologies for Recycling Fly Ash of Sintering Machine Head and Blast Furnace Bag
Ying Tian, Lei Sun, Yu Wang
Affiliations
  • Baotou Steel Group Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Technology Industry Co. , Ltd. ,Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-02-25
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通过对烧结机头除尘灰、高炉布袋除尘灰特性及处置现状分析,探讨影响该类除尘灰回用的制约因素,研究从除尘灰中提取Zn、K、Na等有价元素的关键技术。结合现有高碱金属含量除尘灰水洗提盐、高锌含量除尘灰火法、湿法提锌、含铁尘泥电弧炉还原技术案例,评估其优缺点,提出针对高碱金属含量烧结机头除尘灰、高锌金属、高碱金属含量高炉布袋除尘灰综合利用技术方案,方案实施后经处理的除尘灰可回用于烧结,生产的Zn、K、Na产品可对外销售,在产生可观的经济效益的同时解决了土地占用、环境污染问题。

水洗提盐技术  /  火法提锌技术  /  综合利用

In the paper, the restraining factors affecting recycling fly ash of sintering machine head and blast furnace bag are discussed as well as the key technologies of extracting such valuable elements as Zn, K and Na from the fly ash are studied by analyzing its characteristics and disposal status. The technical plans for comprehensive utilization of fly ash of sintering machine head with high alkali metal content as well as fly ash of blast furnace bag with high zinc and alkali metal contents are proposed combining with such cases as salt extraction technology by washing for fly ash with high alkali metal content, zinc extraction technology with pyrogenic and wet processes for fly ash with high zinc content and reduction technology of electric arc furnace for iron-bearing dust as well as evaluating their merits and demerits. After implement the plans, the disposed fly ash could be recycled for sintering as well as products of Zn, K and Na could be sold externally so that the economic benefits are considerable and the problems of land occupation and environmental pollutions could be solved.

salt extraction technology by washing  /  zinc extraction technology with pyrogenic process  /  comprehensive utilization
田颖, 孙磊, 王雨. 烧结机头、高炉布袋除尘灰回用技术探讨. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (1) : 36 -40 .
Ying Tian, Lei Sun, Yu Wang. Discussions on Technologies for Recycling Fly Ash of Sintering Machine Head and Blast Furnace Bag[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (1) : 36 -40 .
2020年中国粗钢产量10.65亿t,其除尘灰产生量约为为钢产量的10%左右[1],产量巨大。2021年发改环资〔2021〕381号《关于“十四五”大宗固体废弃物综合利用的指导意见》明确提出创新大宗固废综合利用模式,在钢铁冶金行业推广“固废不出厂”,加强全量化利用。成熟的除尘灰综合利用方案成为钢厂的迫切需求。
某钢铁公司除尘灰年产生量约为150万t,其中烧结、球团、高炉等铁前工艺除尘系统产生的除尘灰返回生产工艺进行回用,但烧结机头除尘灰(以下简称烧结机头灰)、高炉布袋除尘灰(以下简称高炉布袋灰)受到K、Na、Zn等元素影响,无法做到完全资源化利用,目前基本采用堆放方式进行处置,长期堆放会占用大量土地资源,同时造成环境污染、资源浪费等问题[2]
本文以某钢厂为研究对象,通过研究烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰特性及处置现状,评估当前主流除尘灰处理技术和方案的优缺点,并根据高碱金属含量(以下简称高碱)、高锌金属含量(以下简称高锌)高炉布袋灰、高碱机头灰特性,分别提出回转窑及水洗技术、转底炉及水洗技术、电弧炉3套除尘灰资源化综合利用方案,为烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰高效资源化利用提供参考。
目前烧结机头灰年产量2.65万t,铁品位为41%,K2O和Na2O含量为9%,Zn含量为0.05%,物相组成主要为磁铁矿(Fe3O4)和赤铁矿(Fe2O3),另外有少量的铁橄榄石(Fe5.36Si0.64O8)和钙铁橄榄石(CaFeSi2O6),K以KCl的形式存在;高炉布袋灰年产量10万t,铁品位为26%,K2O和Na2O含量为15%,Zn含量为6%,物相组成Fe主要以Fe2O3和Fe3O4的形式存在,C则以单质碳的形式存在。高炉布袋灰中的K和Na同样主要以KCl和NaCl的形式存在,Zn则以ZnO、ZnFe2O4和ZnCl2等形式存在。烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰除主要化学成分见表1
总体来看,某钢铁公司烧结机头灰碱金属含量较高,属高碱除尘灰;高炉布袋灰属高碱、高锌除尘灰。
除尘灰中当碱金属含量大于2.5%,Zn含量大于1%时,不能直接返回烧结工序作为原料配料使用[3]。如果返回烧结工序使用,碱金属会产生富集,造成烧结过程“糊篦条”,从而引起烧结矿产量、质量降低[4-5];金属Zn会进入烧结矿,间接导致高炉Zn负荷超标,最终引起耐火砖侵蚀、高炉结瘤、风口破坏等问题。所以如何从烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰中提取Zn、K、Na等有价元素是本次研究的重点。
某钢铁公司烧结机头灰直接堆存处理;高炉布袋灰由两条直径3.6 m回转窑生产线处理,生产次氧化锌产品,焙烧后窑渣由于碱金属含量较高、铁品位较低无法回用于烧结,故直接进行堆存处理。为了减轻上述除尘灰堆存造成的土地占用、污染环境及资源浪费问题,现急需开发资源化处理新途径。
高锌、高碱除尘灰资源化回用关键在于有效分离除尘灰中K、Na、Zn等元素,因此可通过水洗蒸发结晶、火法焙烧等先进技术生产含铁物料及Zn、K、Na产品,从而实现该类除尘灰的高效资源化利用。
目前钢铁企业对于处理高碱除尘灰主要有水洗提盐技术,处理高锌除尘灰主要有火法、湿法提锌技术,处理含铁尘泥较新技术有电弧炉还原技术。
回收除尘灰中K、Na主要有水浸分步结晶提钾技术,即水浸出—沉降分离—硫化钠除杂—分步结晶工艺;水浸磁选蒸发提钾技术,即水浸—磁选—过滤—蒸发制备氯化钾工艺。
该技术在唐山、苏州、日照等地已有实际应用案例,从水洗效果来看,烧结机头灰K和Na脱除率可达到80%以上,脱除K、Na的机头灰返回烧结工序使用,生产的KCl、NaCl能够作为产品销售,实现了烧结机头灰的综合利用。
湿法提锌技术主要利用NH4Cl溶液与粉尘中的Zn、Pb和Cd等氧化物反应,经除杂、高温焙烧后得活性ZnO。该技术成功应用案例较少,对原料要求较高,同时该方法浸出率总体偏低,生产率偏低,易对环境造成二次污染。
对Zn含量较高的除尘灰主要采用火法脱锌技术进行处理,目前火法脱锌主要有转底炉和回转窑两种方式[6]
回转窑工艺利用焦炉煤气和空气来加热,使得除尘灰中Pb、Zn等金属氧化物被碳还原成相应的金属,在高温下金属蒸发离开回转窑,经冷却后被收集至袋式除尘器内,而还原的铁产品经冷却后送往烧结工序利用。目前回转窑工艺在国内应用比较成功的主要为山钢、日钢、莱钢等。这些回转窑的脱锌率在80%~95%,产品次氧化锌平均品位在40%~60%,还原的铁产品金属化率在65%以上。
转底炉工艺以含铁尘泥、碳粉和黏结剂为原料,经造球、干燥、入炉、焙烧还原,生产次氧化锌及金属化球团。目前该技术在宝钢、马钢应用比较成功。转底炉工艺具有作业率高、产品附加值高等优点,但存在一次性投资较高和运营成本高等缺点。生产的金属化球团产品成球率在60%~80%,金属化率在65%~95%,脱锌率在85%以上,产品次氧化锌平均品位在40%~60%。
电弧炉还原技术以含铁尘泥(转炉灰、布袋灰、机头灰等)、碳为原料,通过自焙电极产生电弧,对原料进行加热还原,生产生铁与次氧化锌。该技术应用于实际生产的成功案例少,其优点为原料适应性较广,占地面积少,可以生产生铁,缺点是技术成熟度不高,同时受产业政策影响。
目前处理高碱除尘灰技术适合采用水洗提盐技术,处理高锌除尘灰主要适合采用火法提锌技术,但同时处理高碱烧结机头灰、高锌、高碱高炉布袋灰,是除尘灰资源化综合利用的难点。
针对烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰特性,文章提出2套水洗提盐+火法提锌联合方案及1套电弧炉综合利用方案。3套方案均可协同处理高碱、高锌等含铁除尘灰,将其中Zn、K、Na、Fe等有价元素有效分离,生产K、Na、Zn及含铁物料产品,实现除尘灰资源化利用。
利用现有10万t/a高炉布袋灰回转窑生产系统,在该工序前端新增高炉布袋灰、烧结机头灰水浸提盐工艺,包含贮运、浸出、固液分离净化、蒸发结晶等系统;现有回转窑新增脱硫、脱硝系统;现有回转窑出渣工序后新增破碎、细磨、磁选、制砖系统。
高炉布袋灰、烧结机头灰由技改后回转窑系统处理,其中烧结机头灰经水洗、压滤后成为滤渣,合格滤渣作为配料进入烧结工序;高炉布袋灰经水洗、压滤后进入回转窑进行焙烧,氧化锌通过除尘器以烟尘的形式作为产品收集;焙烧窑渣进入磁选工序,磁选后铁精粉进入烧结、球团工序进行二次利用,尾渣进入制砖系统生产免烧砖;机头灰及布袋灰水洗滤液经分步结晶后生产KCl作为产品外售。工艺流程见图1
新建1套转底炉生产线,该方案主要分为两部分,即水洗部分和转底炉部分。其中水洗部分与回转窑及水洗技术除尘灰资源化综合利用方案相同;转底炉部分主要包含灰仓贮存、配料、制球、烘干、转底炉、成品库、烟气处理等系统,该系统利用出铁场除尘灰、转炉EP灰、水洗后高炉布袋灰,生产金属化球团、氧化锌粉,最终实现除尘灰的回收利用。工艺流程见图2
新建1套电弧炉钢铁固废综合利用生产线,该方案主要包含原料贮存、配料、上料、制球、烘干、埋弧电炉还原、电弧熔融分离等系统,利用高炉布袋灰、烧结机头灰、转炉一次除尘灰(干法)、转炉二次除尘灰、氧化铁红粉等钢铁固废为原料,生产生铁、粗锌粉、粒化渣。工艺流程见图3
根据以上回转窑、转底炉、电弧炉三种除尘灰综合利用方案,从工艺成熟度、原料适用性、投资、运行成本等几方面进行分析(见表2)。经对比回转窑具有工艺设备简单、技术成熟,投资小等优点,但存在窑内结圈、窑渣需二次加工等缺点;转底炉具有脱锌效率高、原料适用性广、可生产金属化球团等优点,但存在投资费用高、占地面积大、工艺相对复杂、检修工作量大等缺点;电弧炉具有工艺流程短、原料适应性广、脱锌效率高、可生产生铁等优点,但技术成熟度低、钾、钠元素易流失,且受产业政策限制。
(1)根据某钢铁公司烧结机头灰、高炉布袋灰特性分析,烧结机头灰属高碱难利用除尘灰,高炉布袋灰属高碱、高锌难利用除尘灰。
(2)本文提出了2套水洗提盐+火法提锌联合方案及1套电弧炉钢铁固废综合利用方案。方案实施后可协同处置高锌、高碱含铁除尘灰,将其中Zn、K、Na等有价元素提取出来作为产品销售,同时生产低有害元素含量含铁物料,在提高除尘灰综合利用率的同时解决土地占用、污染环境问题,并产生一定经济效益。
(3)三种方案各具优缺点,各钢铁企业可根据不同经济、政策条件选择契合自身的除尘灰综合利用方案。在优先考虑投资、运行成本、工艺成熟度情况下建议选择回转窑;在经济条件允许,同时考虑多种原料协同处理、产品用途建议选择转底炉;在经济及政策条件允许,且不考虑工艺成熟度及K、Na流失情况建议选择电弧炉。
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  • 接收时间:2022-10-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-02-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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