Article(id=1198266573543801236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198266568997175650, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)02-0073-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676995200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763618613849, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1682352000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763618613849, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763618613849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763618613849, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198266568997175650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763618612765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763619383107, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198269800108618470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198266568997175650, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198269800108618471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198266568997175650, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198266573757710747, articleId=1198266573543801236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Study and Applications of Remote Control Gas-electric Hybrid Locomotive, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The green transportation is the transportation characterized by energy conservation and reduction of exhaust emissions. It is the inevitable trend of future transport development to popularize green and low carbon means of transport as well as weed out and update or remould old vehicles and ships. At present, the internal combustion locomotive is still the main power of railway transportation in plant of Baotou Steel, which is with such disadvantages as high energy consumption and costs and more pollutions so as to be replaced by new energy locomotives in the near future. In the paper, it is briefly introduced the methods for transforming GK1 type internal combustion locomotive into remote control gas-electric hybrid locomotive, focused on the process of applications in plant of Baotou Steel and analyzed the significances of energy conservation and environment protection, transportation efficiency and cost saving for reformed gas-electric hybrid locomotive through practices of applications.

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绿色运输是以节约能源、减少废气排放为特征的运输,推广绿色低碳运输工具、淘汰更新或改造老旧车船是未来运输发展的必然趋势。目前包钢厂内铁路运输动力仍以内燃机车为主,具有能耗高、成本高、污染大的缺点,不久的将来必定被新能源机车所取代。文章简要介绍了利用GK1型内燃机车改造成为遥控油电混合动力机车的方法,重点阐述了在包钢厂区实现运用的过程以及通过运用实践分析改造后的油电混合动力机车对于节能环保、运输效率、节约成本等方面的重要意义。

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赵 献(1982-),男,山东省邹平县人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事内燃机车的维护及运用。

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赵 献(1982-),男,山东省邹平县人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事内燃机车的维护及运用。

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赵 献(1982-),男,山东省邹平县人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事内燃机车的维护及运用。

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journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198266573543801236, language=CN, label=图1, caption=混动机车整体布局图

1-阀类安装架;2-操纵台;3-电气柜;4-主辅一体变流柜;5-动力电池系统(含电池包、接线盒、控制盒及灭火系统);6-牵引电机通风机组;7-柴油发电机组;8 -动力室总风缸;9-空气干燥器;10-左前端遥控位;11-空调机组;12-动力电池热保障系统;13-柴油机排气系统(消音器);14-中间齿轮箱;15-转向架;16-右后遥控位;17-民用空调外机(与序号11备选);18-写字台;19-柴油机组排气风道;20-空压机组

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时间 用油量
/L
柴油密度
/(kg·L-1)
油价
/(元·kg-1)
燃油费
/元
用电量
/kWh
电价
/(元·kWh-1)
电费
/元
费用总计
/元
2022年9月—2023年1月 4 420 0.84 7.97 29 591.01 58 400 0.42 24528 54 119.01
), ArticleFig(id=1198266672030253596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198266573543801236, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油电混合动力机车能耗统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 用油量
/L
柴油密度
/(kg·L-1)
油价
/(元·kg-1)
燃油费
/元
用电量
/kWh
电价
/(元·kWh-1)
电费
/元
费用总计
/元
2022年9月—2023年1月 4 420 0.84 7.97 29 591.01 58 400 0.42 24528 54 119.01
), ArticleFig(id=1198266672080585245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198266573543801236, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 用油量/L 柴油密度/(kg·L-1) 油价/(元·kg-1) 燃油费/元
2022年9月—2023年1月 47 446.7 0.84 7.97 317 646.17
), ArticleFig(id=1198266672156082718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198266573543801236, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

同作业区GK1型内燃机车能耗统计

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时间 用油量/L 柴油密度/(kg·L-1) 油价/(元·kg-1) 燃油费/元
2022年9月—2023年1月 47 446.7 0.84 7.97 317 646.17
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遥控油电混动机车的研究和运用
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赵献 , 付金贵 , 韩淑娟
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023,49(2): 73-77
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2023, 49(2): 73-77
遥控油电混动机车的研究和运用
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赵献, 付金贵, 韩淑娟
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司运输部,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 赵 献(1982-),男,山东省邹平县人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事内燃机车的维护及运用。

Study and Applications of Remote Control Gas-electric Hybrid Locomotive
Xian Zhao, Jin-gui Fu, Shu-juan Han
Affiliations
  • Transportation Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co. , Ltd. , Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-04-25
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绿色运输是以节约能源、减少废气排放为特征的运输,推广绿色低碳运输工具、淘汰更新或改造老旧车船是未来运输发展的必然趋势。目前包钢厂内铁路运输动力仍以内燃机车为主,具有能耗高、成本高、污染大的缺点,不久的将来必定被新能源机车所取代。文章简要介绍了利用GK1型内燃机车改造成为遥控油电混合动力机车的方法,重点阐述了在包钢厂区实现运用的过程以及通过运用实践分析改造后的油电混合动力机车对于节能环保、运输效率、节约成本等方面的重要意义。

油电混合动力机车  /  节能减排  /  GK1型内燃机车

The green transportation is the transportation characterized by energy conservation and reduction of exhaust emissions. It is the inevitable trend of future transport development to popularize green and low carbon means of transport as well as weed out and update or remould old vehicles and ships. At present, the internal combustion locomotive is still the main power of railway transportation in plant of Baotou Steel, which is with such disadvantages as high energy consumption and costs and more pollutions so as to be replaced by new energy locomotives in the near future. In the paper, it is briefly introduced the methods for transforming GK1 type internal combustion locomotive into remote control gas-electric hybrid locomotive, focused on the process of applications in plant of Baotou Steel and analyzed the significances of energy conservation and environment protection, transportation efficiency and cost saving for reformed gas-electric hybrid locomotive through practices of applications.

gas-electric hybrid locomotive  /  energy conservation and emission reduction  /  GK1 diesel locomotive
赵献, 付金贵, 韩淑娟. 遥控油电混动机车的研究和运用. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (2) : 73 -77 .
Xian Zhao, Jin-gui Fu, Shu-juan Han. Study and Applications of Remote Control Gas-electric Hybrid Locomotive[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (2) : 73 -77 .
目前,国家正在落实碳达峰、碳中和目标,实现绿色低碳转型发展,立足新发展阶段,贯彻新发展理念,构建新发展格局,以新能源高质量发展为主题,统筹能源和生态和谐发展,着力推进能源科技创新。包钢厂区铁路运输牵引模式为内燃机车,内燃机车的尾气排放已是地方生产企业的大气污染排放源之一,环境部门强烈要求地方企业解决内燃机车排放问题。内燃机车噪音较大,全负荷运转时噪音达到90 dB以上,严重超出国家标准的要求。在国家新发展形势的要求下,包钢(集团)公司积极响应国家号召,结合公司的实际情况,在现有设备设施基础上,开发新技术,利用新能源,在提高产能的同时,实现节能减排[1]
目前,包钢厂区内燃机车运输成本受环保要求、油价上涨、设备性能等影响不断增加,尤其是厂内运输主要牵引动力的GK1型液力传动内燃机车已使用25年左右,性能逐年下降。液力传动内燃机车的缺点是柴油机运转频繁处于交变负荷中,油耗高、燃烧不充分、环境污染严重,液力传动效率只有电力传动效率的80%,工作效率低。在全天30%时间待命情况下,柴油机需要消耗大量燃油怠速运转来满足机车发电、预热、保温、等待等需求。另外,液力传动内燃机车还存在柴油机、传动箱等主要部件故障率高、维护费用高等突出问题。
受近些年国内外诸多成功运用的新能源机车案例的启发,如中车大同研制的氢燃料电池混合动力机车、中车戚墅堰机车厂研制的氢燃料电池+动力电池的混合动力机车等,同时考虑油电混合动力机车兼具内燃机车的灵活和电力机车的节能优势,最终决定与中车资阳有限责任公司合作研究将GK1型内燃机车改造成为油电混合动力机车,可大大减少排放,降低噪声,降低能耗,节约运营成本[2],也符合多年来始终遵循资源利用最大化的生产运营原则。
GK1型内燃机车的原车构造复杂,改造难度大,改造中必须考虑以下几个重点方面。
(1)动力电池。这是油电混合动力机车的改造重点和难点,内蒙古属于低温高寒地区,对电池的技术要求会更高。动力电池的安装以及电池舱的设计也很重要。
(2)牵引变流系统及变流控制系统。牵引变流系统是机车牵引控制系统,是电流分配、电流测量及短路保护、充放电控制等工作的具体实现。
(3)传动部分。需要由液力传动改造成电力传动,原车是用两个变扭器交替充油来实现机车的动力切换和换向,改造成为两台异步交流电机驱动,两台牵引电机必须保持同步。
(4)无线遥控系统。应能实现以下功能:司乘人员与机车分离后对机车进行遥控作业;遥控运行时机车具有巡航定速的闭环恒速控制;对机车实现遥控制动,制动压力可通过遥控调节,实现牵引时防空转,避免或减少轮缘擦伤;遥控器具有倾倒报警并自动实施制动;遥控操作超出无线控制距离时,无线信号中断机车紧急制动;机车超速时可实现机车紧急制动;遥控器具有电池低电压监测功能。
动力电池系统包含动力电池、电池舱、管理系统、热保障系统及灭火系统等。
(1)动力电池。为了保证电池组的安全性和稳定性,技术团队通过学习混动新能源方面的相关知识,调研同行钢厂混动新能源机车的设计,借鉴新能源汽车的优点,剔除不合理的缺点,最终选择了最为成熟、稳定性最好的磷酸铁锂电池[3],总容量达420 kWh,牵引1 200 t重量在平直道上按8 km/h速度可运行28 km。随着电池技术的发展,在不久的将来期望有更适合北方低温高寒地区的钠离子电池或者氢燃料电池的出现。
(2)电池舱。舱体采取隔热措施,能适应严酷的高温烘烤运用环境。动力电池包系统在装车前需进行绝缘电阻测试,绝缘电阻值不小于100 Ω,安全性满足GB 38031—2020[4]的要求。电池舱应与司机室完全隔离,保证司机及其他相关人员不能触及车载储能装置,舱体应使用不低于GB 8410—2006[5]中规定的A级材料。
(3)电池管理系统。电池管理系统是连接车载动力电池和机车的重要纽带,作为机车动力电池组的监管中心,必须对动力电池组的温度、电压和充放电电流等相关参数进行实时动态监测,必要时能主动采取紧急措施保护各个单体电池,防止电池组出现过充、过放、温度过高以及短路等危险。
牵引变流系统是机车牵引的控制部件,具有电力分配、电流测量、短路保护、充放电控制、预充电、手动急停和绝缘检测端口等功能。变流柜室内安装主传动、辅助传动模块集成一体的变流柜。
牵引电动机选用异步交流电动机,改造后采用两台牵引电动机,且必须保证同步,起动牵引力达到294 kN,同时牵引电动机配置了单独的散热风机。机车采用两种充电模式:当动力电池容量低于30%时,机车柴油机自动启机向动力电池进行充电;当机车待命或者回库时,机车可在作业现场或机车整备库进行充电。整备库内充电时,电量达到90%~100%的充电时间为2小时。作业现场也应设置充电设备,主要用于机车待命时进行补电,满足机车续航里程的需要。
拆除GK1型内燃机车原车的液力传动箱,安装两台牵引电动机,通过齿轮与原车的中间齿轮箱连接啮合,保留原车万向轴传动部分,这样既节约成本又保证了机车的使用稳定性。牵引电机产生的扭矩力经过齿轮箱输入到前后转向架,配置大容量锂电池、柴油机发电机组及相应牵引传动系统。主传动系统拟采用750 V中间直流电压等级、IGBT变流元件,机车控制系统还是延用原110 V DC电压,并采用微机网络控制。机车改造后总功率大于620 kW,牵引力与原车一致,最高运行速度达40 km/h。改造后传动方式是牵引电机→启动变速箱→万向轴→传动变速箱→机车动轮。
无线遥控系统包括无线遥控发射器、无线遥控接收器、驱动单元、运行控制单元、紧急自动控制单元、司机控制转换开关等组成。
无线遥控发射器发出和操控对应的无线操控指令,无线遥控接收器接收由无线遥控发射器发出的无线操控指令,驱动单元与无线遥控接收器输出端相连接,运行控制单元以及紧急制动控制单元分别与机车驱动单元的两个输出端相连接,在控制单元上设置地面无线遥控或驾驶室司机控制转换开关,驾驶室控制系统分别通过地面无线遥控或驾驶室司机控制转换开关与机车运行控制单元相连接。
混动机车改造后整体布局见图1
作业区的选择。混动机车在遥控作业时遥控器与机车之间有规定的操纵距离要求,并且在必要时乘务员还需要进行搭乘作业,考虑到这两个因素,最终选择炼铁站4#高炉作业区。4#高炉作业区主要负责运用鱼雷罐完成炼铁厂4#、6#高炉的铁水拉运工作,并且只有鱼雷罐车设置有适合遥控操作司机的搭乘平台。
人员配置。从各班组选拔优秀乘务员经过理论及实作操作培训,考试合格后方能上岗。为安全考虑,前期每台混动机车每班仍配备2名乘务员,待机车运用成熟且增加混动机车投入使用后,计划一台机车配备1名乘务员,可大大缓解人员压力。
相关规程、标准的制定。编制混动机车的操作规程、技术规程、安全规程、充电管理办法以及地面充电操作、司机室操作、遥控器操作等操作指导书,为混动机车的稳定运行及管理提供了基础保障。同时,编制机车的耗能登记表,以便跟踪机车的能耗情况。
油电混动机车HD0001于2022年8月份入厂验收后进入试用阶段,运输部结合实际作业性质、作业特点、现场操纵、日常维检等方面,持续对机车进行跟踪,观察机车的运用状态,统计相关数据,分析故障原因。经过一个月的跟踪,多次从机车结构设计、运用性能及故障等方面与改造厂家协商进行改进、调试、排查,最终达到预期效果,并于2023年9月份正式投入运用,实际运用效果见图2
混动机车以永磁牵引系统代替液力传动装置,针对包钢铁路运输的主要特点和现有机车的使用情况,通过电动化升级改造提高机车牵引性能。整车搭载大容量磷酸铁锂电池,安全性高,充电速度快,循环寿命长,绿色环保,续驶里程长。机车采用的交流电机可靠性远高于柴油机,提高了传动效率,降低了机车故障率。无线遥控操作有利于加快鱼雷罐与高炉“流嘴”的对准,提高了生产效率。
油电混动机车自2022年9月投入使用以来,节能效果明显,截至2023年1月底混动机车能耗情况见表1,同等作业性质的内燃机车能耗情况见表2,比较可见,混动机车运用5个月能耗费用较内燃机车低26.353万元。
一台内燃机车的运用需要配备8名乘务人员(每班2人,一人瞭望一人操纵),遥控混动机车运用成熟后,一台机车每班只需配备1名乘务人员即可完成瞭望和操纵任务,这样每台遥控混动机车可减少4人。
厂内内燃机车由大功率柴油机为动力,通过液力传动箱输送动力给转向架,由于大功率柴油机在频繁启动加速的工况下,故障率较高,约占内燃机车故障率的60%以上,从而导致内燃机车的大中修周期短,维护成本非常高。混动机车本身结构简单,由电池组、变频器、变频电机及车体组成,而且均为国家通用设备,备品配件渠道广泛,价格低廉,维修量小,难度低,故障率很低。
混动机车运用后碳排放量大大降低。同时,噪音也大大降低,经测算噪音降至75 dB以下,实现了包钢绿色、低碳、环保运输目标。
包钢是我国西北地区首先运用油电混动机车的冶金企业。随着全球能源需求不断增加和石化资源逐渐枯竭,国家对于环保、节能和可持续性发展越来越重视,各企业及个人的节能意识也越来越强烈。混合动力技术可以将内燃机和电池作为动力来源,从而提高燃油利用率和减少排放,比传统的汽油或柴油机车更加环保和节能,在企业运输中油电混动机车未来的运用前景将非常广阔。
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2023年第49卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2023-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2023-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-22
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司运输部,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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