Article(id=1198265200525800196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)04-0034-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1664208000000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763618286496, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1692892800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763618286496, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763618286496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763618286496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198265193424847582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763618284803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621606301, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279124902047995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279124902047996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198265200727126789, articleId=1198265200525800196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Effects of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Steel Strip HC420LAD+Z, columnId=1198265195702354688, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Varieties and Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of annealing temperature on microstructure and hardness of hot-dip galvanized low alloy high strength steel strip HC420LAD+Z are analyzed through thermal simulated test machine, optical microscope and hardness test as well as it is concluded that its recrystallization temperature is 700 ℃. The changes of microstructure and properties of the steel strip at different annealing temperatures are further discussed combining the industrial productions with the measured recrystallization temperature. The results showed that the mechanical properties of steel strip were the best when annealed at 780 ℃, yield strength was 467 MPa, tensile strength was 508 MPa, elongation was 24% and the surplus was moderate, which could meet the requirements of EN 10346-2015 standard and customer use.

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通过热模拟试验机、光学显微镜以及硬度试验分析了退火温度对热镀锌低合金高强钢带HC420LAD+Z组织和硬度的影响,得出HC420LAD+Z钢带的再结晶温度为700 ℃。工业生产结合测得的再结晶温度进一步讨论了退火温度不同时钢带的组织以及性能的变化,结果表明,780 ℃退火时钢带的力学性能最优,屈服强度为467 MPa,抗拉强度为508 MPa,伸长率为24%,富余量适中,满足EN 10346—2015标准和用户使用要求。

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李 鹏(1988-),男,内蒙古清水河县人,工程师,现从事板材产品研发工作。

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李 鹏(1988-),男,内蒙古清水河县人,工程师,现从事板材产品研发工作。

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李 鹏(1988-),男,内蒙古清水河县人,工程师,现从事板材产品研发工作。

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Ti含量对IF钢再结晶温度及力学性能的影响[J]. 金属热处理, 2022, 47(2):70-73., articleTitle=Ti含量对IF钢再结晶温度及力学性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198277386111381787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=23, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=陈泓业, 李伟刚, 王滕, journalName=鞍钢技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈泓业, 李伟刚, 王滕, 等. 退火工艺对Ti-IF钢力学性能的影响[J]. 鞍钢技术, 2022(2):23-27., articleTitle=退火工艺对Ti-IF钢力学性能的影响, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198277381388595396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198277381396984005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, companyId=1198277381388595396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198277381405372614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, companyId=1198277381388595396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198277383083094270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CNRj2uDAcd0As1AJ2IL4Cg==, figureFileBig=rm+0MqsF0lsL6a+VCULzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383158591744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=图1, caption=热模拟退火工艺图, figureFileSmall=CNRj2uDAcd0As1AJ2IL4Cg==, figureFileBig=rm+0MqsF0lsL6a+VCULzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383238283521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LlBNaDhgoydDr10jtrIe5A==, figureFileBig=PW5whVY4XQRMfdTpyDvk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383297003778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同退火温度的显微组织, figureFileSmall=LlBNaDhgoydDr10jtrIe5A==, figureFileBig=PW5whVY4XQRMfdTpyDvk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383385084163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KXkZpiqx+26aRJYyRcaUlg==, figureFileBig=OBcqRSuUPeXXNOmiakqliA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383431221508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=图3, caption=试验钢硬度与退火温度曲线, figureFileSmall=KXkZpiqx+26aRJYyRcaUlg==, figureFileBig=OBcqRSuUPeXXNOmiakqliA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383498330373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qLsJRyW0tB+vhDJYIWgXNw==, figureFileBig=pMkBTdoMVg1KnQDKv7keOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383561244934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同退火温度的显微组织, figureFileSmall=qLsJRyW0tB+vhDJYIWgXNw==, figureFileBig=pMkBTdoMVg1KnQDKv7keOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198277383615770887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C Si Mn P S Alt Nb Ti
≤0.11 ≤0.50 ≤1.40 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≥0.015 ≤0.09 ≤0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1198277383682879752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HC420LAD+Z钢带化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C Si Mn P S Alt Nb Ti
≤0.11 ≤0.50 ≤1.40 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≥0.015 ≤0.09 ≤0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1198277383762571529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa 抗拉强度Rm/MPa 伸长率A80/%
420~520 470~590 ≥17
), ArticleFig(id=1198277383846457610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HC420LAD+Z钢带力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa 抗拉强度Rm/MPa 伸长率A80/%
420~520 470~590 ≥17
), ArticleFig(id=1198277383917760779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热轧工艺 冷轧工艺
加热温度/℃ 在炉时间/min 终轧温度/℃ 卷取温度/℃ 冷却模式 压下率/% 成品厚度/mm
1 200~1 220 180~240 890±20 580±20 前分散式 70 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1198277383993258252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

HC420LAD+Z钢带关键轧制工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热轧工艺 冷轧工艺
加热温度/℃ 在炉时间/min 终轧温度/℃ 卷取温度/℃ 冷却模式 压下率/% 成品厚度/mm
1 200~1 220 180~240 890±20 580±20 前分散式 70 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1198277384064561421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 加热均热段温度
/℃
缓冷段温度
/℃
快冷段温度
/℃
锌液温度
/℃
光整机延伸率
/%
炉区速度
/(m·min-1)
1 760 610 465 460 1.4 100
2 770 610 465 460 1.4 100
3 780 610 465 460 1.4 100
4 800 610 465 460 1.4 100
内控要求 760~800 580~630 450~475 450~470 1.2~1.6 90~110
), ArticleFig(id=1198277384135864590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

HC420LAD+Z钢带连续退火主要工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 加热均热段温度
/℃
缓冷段温度
/℃
快冷段温度
/℃
锌液温度
/℃
光整机延伸率
/%
炉区速度
/(m·min-1)
1 760 610 465 460 1.4 100
2 770 610 465 460 1.4 100
3 780 610 465 460 1.4 100
4 800 610 465 460 1.4 100
内控要求 760~800 580~630 450~475 450~470 1.2~1.6 90~110
), ArticleFig(id=1198277384211362063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 屈服强度
Rp0.2/MPa
抗拉强度
Rm/MPa
伸长率
A80/%
1 516 616 15
2 482 575 22
3 467 508 24
4 413 492 26
标准要求 420~520 470~590 ≥17
), ArticleFig(id=1198277384291053840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265200525800196, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

HC420LAD+Z钢带的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 屈服强度
Rp0.2/MPa
抗拉强度
Rm/MPa
伸长率
A80/%
1 516 616 15
2 482 575 22
3 467 508 24
4 413 492 26
标准要求 420~520 470~590 ≥17
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退火温度对HC420LAD+Z钢带组织和性能的影响
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李鹏 , 杨雄 , 王少炳
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023,49(4): 34-38
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023, 49(4): 34-38
退火温度对HC420LAD+Z钢带组织和性能的影响
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李鹏, 杨雄, 王少炳
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 李 鹏(1988-),男,内蒙古清水河县人,工程师,现从事板材产品研发工作。

Effects of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Steel Strip HC420LAD+Z
Peng Li, Xiong Yang, Shao-bing Wang
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-08-25
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通过热模拟试验机、光学显微镜以及硬度试验分析了退火温度对热镀锌低合金高强钢带HC420LAD+Z组织和硬度的影响,得出HC420LAD+Z钢带的再结晶温度为700 ℃。工业生产结合测得的再结晶温度进一步讨论了退火温度不同时钢带的组织以及性能的变化,结果表明,780 ℃退火时钢带的力学性能最优,屈服强度为467 MPa,抗拉强度为508 MPa,伸长率为24%,富余量适中,满足EN 10346—2015标准和用户使用要求。

热模拟  /  退火  /  低合金高强钢  /  再结晶

The effects of annealing temperature on microstructure and hardness of hot-dip galvanized low alloy high strength steel strip HC420LAD+Z are analyzed through thermal simulated test machine, optical microscope and hardness test as well as it is concluded that its recrystallization temperature is 700 ℃. The changes of microstructure and properties of the steel strip at different annealing temperatures are further discussed combining the industrial productions with the measured recrystallization temperature. The results showed that the mechanical properties of steel strip were the best when annealed at 780 ℃, yield strength was 467 MPa, tensile strength was 508 MPa, elongation was 24% and the surplus was moderate, which could meet the requirements of EN 10346-2015 standard and customer use.

thermal simulation  /  annealing  /  low alloy high strength steel  /  recrystallization
李鹏, 杨雄, 王少炳. 退火温度对HC420LAD+Z钢带组织和性能的影响. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (4) : 34 -38 .
Peng Li, Xiong Yang, Shao-bing Wang. Effects of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Steel Strip HC420LAD+Z[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (4) : 34 -38 .
随着汽车工业的不断发展,轻量化、高安全性已经成为汽车制造业的发展方向,为了进一步降低汽车的自重,控制生产成本,汽车结构件通常采用薄规格高强钢板冲压而成,促进了高强汽车钢板的发展。由于热镀锌低合金高强钢HC420LAD+Z具有高屈服强度、良好的塑性以及耐腐蚀性,作为汽车的结构件或加强件在汽车车身用钢中占有较大比例,并逐渐成为汽车用钢的主流趋势,越来越受到汽车厂家的青睐,其应用量得到快速增长[1-3]。高强低合金钢是以低碳锰系或硅锰系为基础,添加铌、钛等微合金元素,使钢中形成细小、弥散的碳、氮化物,细化晶粒和阻碍位错,达到析出强化和细晶强化的效果,提高钢强度的同时获得好的延伸性,满足汽车制造对强度、塑性和韧性以及其他成形方面的要求[4-5]。最优退火工艺的选择是保证镀锌板性能稳定的必要条件,尤其对于低合金高强钢,退火工艺对其组织和性能的影响更显著[6]。本文通过实验室热模拟试验研究了不同退火温度对HC420LAD+Z试验钢组织和硬度的影响,测定出试验钢的再结晶温度,并对工业生产中不同温度下钢带的组织和性能进行了研究。
试验材料为国内某钢厂生产的厚度为1.5 mm的HC420LAD+Z冷轧半成品钢带,化学成分采用低碳加铌、钛微合金化成分体系,铌、钛复合添加既能充分发挥析出强化作用,又能控制生产成本,提高成品性能的均匀性[7]。HC420LAD+Z钢带满足EN 10346—2015《连续热浸镀钢带产品技术交货条件》的要求,化学成分要求如表1所示,力学性能要求如表2所示。
由于本试验所研究的HC420LAD+Z钢带产品采用铌、钛微合金化成分设计,根据热浸镀锌生产线的实际生产能力,依照KR脱硫→转炉冶炼→LF炉精炼→板坯连铸→热连轧→酸洗冷连轧→连续退火→热浸镀锌的工艺流程进行生产。热轧加热温度控制在1 200 ℃以上,由于铌的碳、氮化物会溶于奥氏体,在后续轧制过程中析出,从而起到析出强化作用;为了确保组织中得到均匀的晶粒,终轧温度控制在奥氏体转变为铁素体的转变温度附近,并采用合适的冷却模式,终轧温度控制在890 ℃左右;为了获得弥散细小的析出物,采用低温卷取,卷取温度控制在580 ℃左右[8]。冷轧工艺中压下率的选择决定了热镀锌钢带性能和质量的好坏,考虑到设备的极限生产能力和钢带板形质量等因素,实际轧制过程中冷轧压下率按60%~80%控制,这样不仅满足了该钢种的强度要求而且保证了使用过程中冲压性能的稳定性。HC420LAD+Z钢带的关键轧制工艺参数如表3所示。
将HC420LAD+Z冷轧钢带加工成4块尺寸为20 mm×65 mm的试验样,采用MMS-200热力模拟实验机进行模拟退火试验,按照50 ℃/h的加热速度将试验样分别加热至680 ℃、700 ℃、720 ℃和740 ℃保温120 s后缓冷至620 ℃,随即快冷至460 ℃。为了模拟HC420LAD+Z钢带在锌锅内热镀锌过程,在460 ℃保温80 s后空冷至室温。最后通过光学显微镜观察、硬度试验确定再结晶温度,热模拟退火工艺如图1所示。
经过不同温度退火后的试样进一步加工成15 mm×15 mm的显微组织试样,使用320#、400#、800#、1 000#不同等级砂纸进行粗磨、细磨、抛光,硝酸酒精溶液(浓度为4%)浸蚀、冲洗、吹干,最后通过光学显微镜分别观察4个温度退火后试样的显微组织形貌,如图2所示。当加热温度控制在680 ℃时,显微组织处于回复阶段,由于钢带冷变形后晶粒会发生畸变,显微组织被拉长呈现纤维状[9],如图2(a)所示;当温度升到700 ℃时,显微组织中部分区域开始出现比较小的拉长的铁素体晶粒,该温度下开始发生再结晶,如图2(b)所示;此后随着加热温度的进一步升高至720 ℃,再结晶晶粒的形核速度逐渐加剧,且晶粒逐渐长大,此时晶粒大小不均匀,如图2(c)所示;直至加热温度为740 ℃时,之前大小不一的铁素体晶粒开始趋于均匀化,不再形成新的晶核,再结晶过程完成,如图2(d)所示。
不同温度退火后的试验钢经过酸洗、打磨、抛光等工序,将试验钢表面清理干净,采用洛氏硬度计测出不同温度退火以后试验钢的硬度值,最后绘制出硬度值随温度变化的曲线图,如图3所示。当加热温度由680 ℃升高10 ℃达到690 ℃时,试验钢的硬度值(HRB)由105降低为96,降幅较小;当加热温度再次提高10 ℃由690 ℃增加到700 ℃时,试验钢的硬度值(HRB)由96降低为90,降幅仍然不大。由于该温度区间试样处于回复阶段,主要发生点缺陷消除、位错湮灭和重新排列,释放少量的变形储存能,因此随着温度的升高,硬度缓慢下降[10]。当加热温度进一步的由700 ℃提高到720 ℃时,试验钢的硬度值(HRB)由90降低为58,下降幅度较大,由于这一阶段试验钢发生再结晶,再结晶晶粒大量形核且再结晶体积分数逐渐增大,直至全部转变为再结晶组织,位错密度显著降低,释放大量的变形储存能,所以随着加热温度的升高,硬度急剧下降[10];当加热温度再次提高,由720 ℃增加到740 ℃时,试验钢的硬度值(HRB)由58降低为53,降幅不是很明显,此阶段试验钢的再结晶过程已全部完成,组织的变化不明显,因此随着加热温度的升高,硬度下降趋缓[10];当温度继续升高至780 ℃的过程中,硬度值(HRB)一直保持在50左右不再发生变化。
综合以上对HC420LAD+Z试验钢显微组织和硬度在不同加热温度下的变化过程可知,当加热温度由低到高逐渐增加,试验钢的显微组织由最初的冷硬纤维组织逐步软化,直至形成均匀的铁素体晶粒,试验钢的硬度值变化过程由开始的小幅下降、大幅下降、小幅下降到基本不变,完全和显微组织的回复、再结晶、晶粒长大这三个阶段保持一致。将试样原始硬度和完全软化后的硬度差定义为100%,将材料的硬度软化后降低50%时的温度定义为再结晶温度[11],由此可知HC420LAD+Z试验钢的再结晶温度为700 ℃。
退火温度的选择是否合适,对HC420LAD+Z钢带成品组织及性能有很大的影响,如果加热、均热温度过高,会使铁素体过分长大,导致性能下降,如果加热、均热温度过低,则会造成纤维状组织未能充分还原为等轴晶粒,导致加工性能恶化[9]。根据实验室得出的再结晶温度结果,结合生产线的实际状况,制定出HC420LAD+Z钢带在热镀锌生产线上连续退火工艺方案,并进行工业化生产,连续退火过程主要工艺参数如表4所示。
小批量试制成品力学性能检测结果如表5所示,显微组织如图4所示。
通过试制可以得出以下结论:①方案1生产的钢带由于保留了冷轧过程中的加工硬化,显微组织表现为拉长的纤维状,屈服强度虽在标准要求范围内,但数值偏高,抗拉强度比标准上限高了26 MPa,伸长率比标准下限低了2个百分点,不符合要求,因此不选择760 ℃退火,显微组织如图4(a)所示。②方案2中770 ℃退火的钢带显微组织开始发生回复现象,基体有所软化,从性能上看屈服和抗拉强度数值较高,余量较大,伸长率余量适中,显微组织如图4(b)所示。③780 ℃退火后组织中出现明显的再结晶晶粒,且性能控制良好,富余量合适,符合要求,如图4(c)所示。④当退火温度达到800 ℃时,再结晶基本完成,该温度下晶粒只会发生长大,不断均匀化,逐渐形成等轴晶粒,而不会再形成新的再结晶晶粒,如图4(d)所示。但是由于此时屈服强度不符合标准要求,所以按照方案4进行工业生产是不合适的。综上所述,方案3的退火工艺最合适,即工业生产时退火温度设定为780 ℃最佳,因为高于该温度时强度指标不符合标准要求,低于该温度时强度指标富余量过大或者超出范围导致不能满足标准要求。
(1)通过热模拟试验结合显微组织和硬度的变化过程分析可知,当退火温度由低到高变化时钢带组织由大小均匀的铁素体晶粒取代了冷硬组织,并得出试验钢的再结晶温度为700 ℃。
(2)工业试制表明HC420LAD+Z钢带的最优退火温度为780 ℃,该温度下钢带的屈服强度为467 MPa,抗拉强度为508 MPa,伸长率为24%,各数值富余量适中,满足标准和用户使用要求,高于或低于该温度进行退火均导致产品性能不满足要求。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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