Article(id=1198265199267508990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)04-0044-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680278400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763618286196, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1692892800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763618286196, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763618286196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763618286196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198265193424847582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763618284803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763621606301, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198279124902047995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198279124902047996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198265193424847582, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198265199485612799, articleId=1198265199267508990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Cause Analysis on Flaring and Cracking of Wheel Steel 380CL for Rim after Weld, columnId=1198265195702354688, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Varieties and Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cracking sample of flash welded wheel steel 380CL for rim is detected and analyzed with optical microscope and microhardness tester. The results showed that the content of C in wheel steel 380CL exceeded the upper limit of internal control, heat with high temperature in the weld region during flash welding was fast, cooling speed was fast after weld, hardenability of weld region was improved and coarse bainite structure appeared; the microhardness of matrix and heat affected zone (HV0.1) was 303~310, while that of weld region (HV0.1) was 346, which was 12%~14% higher than that of matrix and heat affected zone, so the hardness difference was greater and ability of deformation coordination of each structure was poor when the rim flared and deformed so that they were cracked at the junction of weld seam and coarse grain heat affected zone. The weld microstructure could be refined, hardness difference of weld, matrix and heat affected zone could be reduced by strictly controlling the chemical compositions of wheel steel 380CL and reducing welding heat input so that good plasticity of weld could be ensured and cracking rate of forming for rim could be reduced.

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采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计等对闪光焊接的轮辋用车轮钢380CL开裂试样进行检测分析。结果表明,车轮钢380CL中C元素含量超内控上限,闪光焊接时焊缝区域为快速高温加热,焊后冷却速度快,焊缝区淬透性提高,出现粗大的贝氏体组织;基体和热影响区显微硬度(HV0.1)为303~310,而焊缝区的显微硬度(HV0.1)为346,比基体和热影响区的硬度高12%~14%,硬度差异较大,轮辋扩口变形时各组织变形协调能力差,导致在焊缝和粗晶热影响区的交界处开裂。通过严控车轮钢380CL的化学成分,同时降低焊接热输入量,可细化焊缝组织,降低焊缝和基体、热影响区的硬度差,保证焊缝具有良好的塑性,降低轮辋成形开裂率。

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薛兴隆(1978-),男,天津市人,助理工程师,主要从事汽车钢焊接应用技术研究工作。

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薛兴隆(1978-),男,天津市人,助理工程师,主要从事汽车钢焊接应用技术研究工作。

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薛兴隆(1978-),男,天津市人,助理工程师,主要从事汽车钢焊接应用技术研究工作。

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项目 C Si Mn P S Ti
检测值 0.08 0.07 0.95 0.012 0.003 0.016
内控值 0.05~0.07 ≤0.05 0.85~1.00 ≤0.015 ≤0.003 0.007~0.017
YB/T 4151—2015 ≤0.16 ≤0.30 ≤1.20 ≤0.025 ≤0.015 可以添加,质保书注明
), ArticleFig(id=1198277382198096101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198265199267508990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轮辋用车轮钢380CL的化学成分(质量分数) %

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项目 C Si Mn P S Ti
检测值 0.08 0.07 0.95 0.012 0.003 0.016
内控值 0.05~0.07 ≤0.05 0.85~1.00 ≤0.015 ≤0.003 0.007~0.017
YB/T 4151—2015 ≤0.16 ≤0.30 ≤1.20 ≤0.025 ≤0.015 可以添加,质保书注明
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轮辋用车轮钢380CL焊后扩口开裂原因分析
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薛兴隆 , 杨维宇 , 张智刚
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023,49(4): 44-48
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023, 49(4): 44-48
轮辋用车轮钢380CL焊后扩口开裂原因分析
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薛兴隆, 杨维宇, 张智刚
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 薛兴隆(1978-),男,天津市人,助理工程师,主要从事汽车钢焊接应用技术研究工作。

Cause Analysis on Flaring and Cracking of Wheel Steel 380CL for Rim after Weld
Xing-long Xue, Wei-yu Yang, Zhi-gang Zhang
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-08-25
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采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计等对闪光焊接的轮辋用车轮钢380CL开裂试样进行检测分析。结果表明,车轮钢380CL中C元素含量超内控上限,闪光焊接时焊缝区域为快速高温加热,焊后冷却速度快,焊缝区淬透性提高,出现粗大的贝氏体组织;基体和热影响区显微硬度(HV0.1)为303~310,而焊缝区的显微硬度(HV0.1)为346,比基体和热影响区的硬度高12%~14%,硬度差异较大,轮辋扩口变形时各组织变形协调能力差,导致在焊缝和粗晶热影响区的交界处开裂。通过严控车轮钢380CL的化学成分,同时降低焊接热输入量,可细化焊缝组织,降低焊缝和基体、热影响区的硬度差,保证焊缝具有良好的塑性,降低轮辋成形开裂率。

380CL车轮钢  /  轮辋  /  显微组织  /  显微硬度  /  扩口开裂

The cracking sample of flash welded wheel steel 380CL for rim is detected and analyzed with optical microscope and microhardness tester. The results showed that the content of C in wheel steel 380CL exceeded the upper limit of internal control, heat with high temperature in the weld region during flash welding was fast, cooling speed was fast after weld, hardenability of weld region was improved and coarse bainite structure appeared; the microhardness of matrix and heat affected zone (HV0.1) was 303~310, while that of weld region (HV0.1) was 346, which was 12%~14% higher than that of matrix and heat affected zone, so the hardness difference was greater and ability of deformation coordination of each structure was poor when the rim flared and deformed so that they were cracked at the junction of weld seam and coarse grain heat affected zone. The weld microstructure could be refined, hardness difference of weld, matrix and heat affected zone could be reduced by strictly controlling the chemical compositions of wheel steel 380CL and reducing welding heat input so that good plasticity of weld could be ensured and cracking rate of forming for rim could be reduced.

wheel steel 380CL  /  rim  /  microstructure  /  microhardness  /  flaring and cracking
薛兴隆, 杨维宇, 张智刚. 轮辋用车轮钢380CL焊后扩口开裂原因分析. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (4) : 44 -48 .
Xing-long Xue, Wei-yu Yang, Zhi-gang Zhang. Cause Analysis on Flaring and Cracking of Wheel Steel 380CL for Rim after Weld[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (4) : 44 -48 .
汽车车轮是汽车安全行驶的重要部件,根据车轮的制成工艺和服役状况,对所用材质要求较为严苛,不仅具有良好的力学性能和表面质量,还必须拥有优良的焊接和成形性能。车轮由轮辋和轮辐组成,轮辋作为高速旋转的承载部件,多采用闪光对焊连接,焊接质量的好坏直接关系到车轮乃至整车的使用和安全性能[1]
380CL是国内使用最广泛的车轮钢之一,某钢厂生产的6.4 mm厚380CL热轧车轮钢在制造轮辋过程中,闪光焊接后扩口时在焊缝附近开裂,焊缝开裂比率接近5%,远大于轮辋对焊开裂比率不高于5‰的行业标准[2]
轮辋制造工艺为开卷→剪切→滚压预成型→闪光对焊→刨渣→扩口→多次滚压成型→扩张精整→气密性检测。开裂多出现在“扩口”和“滚压成型”工序。
研究表明,闪光焊接焊缝开裂多由母材本身质量问题,如组织异常、微观偏析或焊接工艺不当造成的焊接缺陷、残留夹杂物等因素引起[3]。闪光对焊接头的开裂,可造成企业生产效率的下降以及生产成本的提高,所以轮辋焊接质量一直是企业关注的焦点[4]。因此,对轮辋用车轮钢焊后扩口开裂的具体原因进行分析,并为车轮钢生产厂和车轮制造厂提出优化方案,具有重要的意义。
试验分析的材料为某钢厂2 250 mm热连轧产线生产的380CL热轧钢卷制成的轮辋,母材规格为6.4 mm×1 560 mm。轮辋用车轮钢的主要生产工艺流程为板坯加热→高压水除鳞→2机架粗轧机轧制→7机架精轧机轧制→加密型层流冷却→卷取→托盘运输→取样、检验→称重→入库[5]。为保证热轧钢卷的力学性能,关键工序进行严格的温度管控,轧制时的加热温度、粗轧出口温度、精轧出口温度及卷取温度分别设定为1 190±20 ℃、1 060±20 ℃、860±20 ℃、 590±20 ℃,终轧后采用间歇层流冷却的方式将带钢冷却到卷取温度[5]
从失效件开裂及母材处分别截取了金相和化学成分试样。金相组织试样经磨制、抛光后,采用体积分数为4%硝酸酒精溶液侵蚀,用Axio observer A1M光学显微镜观察其显微组织[3]。使用日本岛津HMV-2T显微硬度计对轮辋用车轮钢焊缝、热影响区及母材的显微硬度进行检测,加载压力为980 MN,加载时间为15 s,测试3点后取平均值。
轮辋焊缝开裂的起裂源多位于焊缝或者热影响区,有时候会贯穿整个焊缝[6]。如图1靠左侧试样所示,380CL轮辋开裂发生在扩口工序,裂纹起源于端部热影响区,随着开裂的扩展,裂纹呈45°角向焊缝及另一侧的热影响区延伸。轮辋扩口时一般主受力端的边部开裂,很少出现两端同时开裂的情况。
对开裂试样的化学成分进行检测,并与内控及标准值进行对比分析,具体如表1所示。轮辋用车轮钢380CL以C、Mn元素固溶强化为主,同时还添加少量Ti元素,发挥其析出强化及细晶强化作用,化学成分满足YB/T 4151—2015标准要求[7]。但和内控值相比,失效试样中C、Si元素含量超内控上限,Mn、Ti、P、S等元素含量满足内控要求。
图1标记所示,从开裂处取样标记为2-2#,从母材区取样标记为2-3#,从轮辋处对偶端焊缝处取样标记为2-5#,用以研究开裂处、母材及完整焊缝的显微组织和硬度。闪光焊接后,焊接区域依次为熔合线、焊缝区、粗晶热影响区、细晶热影响区、部分相变区、回火区等,由于母材厚度较薄,轮辋用车轮钢部分相变区及回火区宽度可以忽略不计。
图2为2-2#、2-3#显微组织照片。从图2(a)可知,在开裂位置焊缝区,该区域组织为粗大的贝氏体+魏氏组织+铁素体。闪光焊接时焊缝区(熔合线两边)处于过热状态,短时间内进行熔化、挤压、凝固等过程,钢液凝固时以树枝状生长方式长大,焊缝处熔化的金属首先凝固成奥氏体,这些新结晶的奥氏体以焊缝区粗大的晶粒作为晶核并长大,形成较大的等轴晶粒,随后形成魏氏组织[8]。从图2(b)、(c)可以看出,无论是粗晶热影响区还是细晶热影响区,热影响区显微组织均以再结晶的等轴状铁素体为主,还有少量的珠光体,铁素体晶粒在5~10 μm之间。闪光焊接过程中热影响区被快速加热到Ac3以上,并且保温时间较短,同时轮辋用车轮钢380CL含有0.016%的Ti,高熔点Ti(C、N)阻止加热时奥氏体晶粒长大,二者共同作用导致热影响区的原始奥氏体晶粒细小,所以空冷组织为均匀细小的等轴状铁素体+珠光体[9]图2(d)表明轮辋用车轮钢380CL基体组织为纵向热轧态组织,由近等轴状的不规则铁素体和呈断续带状分布的珠光体组成。
图3为轮辋用车轮钢380CL不同区域的显微硬度。焊缝组织以粗大的贝氏体、铁素体为主,还有少量的魏氏组织,显微硬度较高,HV0.1为346,热影响区和基体的组织以铁素体为主,还有少量的珠光体,两者显微硬度差距不大,HV0.1基本在303~310之间。焊缝和粗晶热影响区的交汇处为硬度陡降区,轮辋“扩口”变形时,该区域变形协调能力差。
整体分析,焊缝处组织粗大,且生产了硬度较高的贝氏体组织,所以焊缝区的显微硬度最大,热影响区和基体的硬度较低,且差异不大,焊缝区显微硬度(HV0.1)较热影响区及基体高36~43,同比高12%~14%。通常,硬度越低强度越低,塑性越好,可见焊缝区强度最高,塑性最差,热影响区和基体的强度较低,塑性较好。
轮辋在“扩口”成形过程中,轮辋边缘受到拉应力,由于焊缝硬度高、组织粗大,不易变形,热影响区和基体硬度差不多,能和基体同步扩张变形,且两者的组织都为细小的铁素体为主。研究表明,晶粒尺寸越小,各晶粒变形协调能力越强,晶界处堆积的位错数量越少,由位错堆积导致的剪切应力就越小,需要更大的外力才能促使晶粒变形,从而提高材料的塑韧性。
基于上述原因,组织粗大且硬度较高的焊缝成为380CL轮辋成型的薄弱环节,焊缝本身的强度高、塑性差,在扩口和滚型时致使塑性变形集中于焊缝部位,最终导致在焊缝和粗晶热影响区的交汇处开裂,并向焊缝区扩展。所以,轮辋用车轮钢380CL轮辋开裂的主要原因为焊缝区存在硬度较高且粗大的贝氏体。
焊缝区组织粗大且硬度高,主要有两个原因,一是在闪光对焊过程中,受焊接热循环的影响,焊缝区升温速度较快,高温停留时间长,显微组织容易粗化;二是该开裂试样C含量超上限,Ti含量接近上限,C、Ti都是提高淬透性元素,焊接热输入量较大时,材料的淬硬倾向增大,容易造成贝氏体组织的生成。
化学成分分析表明断裂件母材满足YB /T 4151—2015《汽车车轮用热轧钢板和钢带》标准中对轮辋用车轮钢380CL的各项要求,但标准成分较为宽泛,尤其是C元素是强淬透性元素,闪光焊接为局部快速加热快速冷却的焊接,工件壁薄,冷速较快,对于轮辋用车轮钢380CL的冶炼,必须严格控制增强淬透性元素C的含量,保证各元素含量尤其是C含量在内控范围内。同时要优化闪光对焊工艺,降低焊接时焊缝中心高温停留时间,以有效抑制焊缝晶粒尺寸,保证焊缝具备较好的强韧性。建议车轮制造厂对轮辋用车轮钢380CL焊接工艺进行微调,主要是降低闪光留量和带电顶锻时间[10]
严控母材化学成分及优化焊接工艺后,轮辋用车轮钢380CL焊缝及母材的显微组织见图4。如图4(a)所示,调整成分及工艺后,焊缝区显微组织以较为粗大的铁素体为主,和图2(a)相比,没有硬度较高的贝氏体组织。对比图4(b)图2(d)母材的显微组织,新成分中母材的珠光体分布更均匀。焊缝及母材显微硬度(HV0.1)检测分别为315、298,两者硬度差变小,轮辋对焊开裂比率达到了行业标准。
(1)焊缝区显微组织为粗大的贝氏体+魏氏组织+铁素体,热影响区和基体以细小的铁素体为主,同时焊缝区显微硬度(HV0.1)为346,热影响区和基体的显微硬度(HV0.1)在303~310之间,同比高12%~14%。焊缝区组织粗大且硬度高,变形协调能力差,是轮辋用车轮钢380CL开裂的主要原因。
(2)轮辋用车轮钢380CL中淬硬性元素C含量的内控要求为0.05%~0.07%,实际为0.08%,超内控要求上限,加上闪光焊接时焊缝区局部快速加热,高温停留时间长,原始奥氏体晶粒粗化,且焊后冷却较快,焊缝组织粗大。
(3)通过严控母材化学成分及优化焊接工艺,焊缝区硬相贝氏体组织消失,焊缝及母材显微硬度(HV0.1)分别为315、298,硬度差缩小,轮辋对焊开裂比率达到行业标准。
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  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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