Article(id=1188430998728491682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)04-0014-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761273630077, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761273630077, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761273630077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761273630077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188430994622268045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761273629097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283356674, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188430998980149924, articleId=1188430998728491682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Discussions on Progress of Low Carbon Ironmaking Technologies with Hydrogen Metallurgy and Approaches of Ironmaking Technology with Hydrogen in Baotou Steel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The iron and steel industry is the pillar industry in national economic development as well as its energy conservation and carbon reduction are the priority among priorities to achieve the national development goal of “carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality”. In this paper, it is briefly introduced the types and characteristics of main low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy as well as expounded its progress and current situations at home and abroad. The hydrogen rich reduction technology with blast furnace and hydrogen-based direct reduction technology with shaft furnace are the main technologies of low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy. Among them, the ability of carbon reduction for hydrogen rich reduction technology with blast furnace is limited, so it can be as short-term development direction of low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy for iron and steel industry. If combine with the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, CO2 emissions could be further decreased. The hydrogen-based direct reduction technology with shaft furnace is without fossil energy in production process and carbon emissions could be reduced by over 80% compared with traditional production process of “blast furnace-converter”, which is inevitable development trend of technological reform in the iron and steel industry. In order to actively respond to the national green and low carbon development strategy and five major political tasks of Inner Mongolia, Baotou Steel actively implements the green low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen including hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation of medium lean ore in Bayan Obo, hydrogen rich reduction with blast furnace and hydrogen-based direct reduction with shaft furnace so that the low carbon green production process of iron and steel is significantly improved.

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钢铁工业是国民经济发展的支柱型产业,钢铁工业的节能降碳是实现国家“碳达峰、碳中和”发展目标的重中之重。文章简要介绍了主流低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的种类及特点,阐述了国内外低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的进展及现状。高炉富氢还原技术和氢基竖炉直接还原技术是最主要的低碳氢冶金炼铁技术。其中,高炉富氢还原技术降碳能力有限,可作为钢铁行业短期低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的发展方向,如结合碳捕集利用封存(CCUS)技术,可进一步降低CO2排放量。氢基竖炉直接还原技术从源头上摆脱了化石能源的应用,与传统“高炉-转炉”生产流程相比,可降碳80%以上,是钢铁工业工艺技术变革必然发展趋势。包钢积极响应国家绿色低碳发展战略及内蒙古五大任务,积极布局绿色低碳氢能炼铁技术于白云鄂博中贫矿的氢基矿相转化、高炉富氢还原及氢基竖炉直接还原技术,钢铁生产过程低碳绿色化明显提高。

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白晓光(1982-),男,山西省五台县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事炼铁及低碳氢冶金研究工作。

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白晓光(1982-),男,山西省五台县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事炼铁及低碳氢冶金研究工作。

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白晓光(1982-),男,山西省五台县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事炼铁及低碳氢冶金研究工作。

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低碳氢冶金炼铁技术进展及包钢氢能炼铁技术途径探讨
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白晓光 , 冯聪 , 李玉柱
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 14-20
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 14-20
低碳氢冶金炼铁技术进展及包钢氢能炼铁技术途径探讨
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白晓光, 冯聪, 李玉柱
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 白晓光(1982-),男,山西省五台县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事炼铁及低碳氢冶金研究工作。

Discussions on Progress of Low Carbon Ironmaking Technologies with Hydrogen Metallurgy and Approaches of Ironmaking Technology with Hydrogen in Baotou Steel
Xiao-guang Bai, Cong Feng, Yu-zhu Li
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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钢铁工业是国民经济发展的支柱型产业,钢铁工业的节能降碳是实现国家“碳达峰、碳中和”发展目标的重中之重。文章简要介绍了主流低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的种类及特点,阐述了国内外低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的进展及现状。高炉富氢还原技术和氢基竖炉直接还原技术是最主要的低碳氢冶金炼铁技术。其中,高炉富氢还原技术降碳能力有限,可作为钢铁行业短期低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的发展方向,如结合碳捕集利用封存(CCUS)技术,可进一步降低CO2排放量。氢基竖炉直接还原技术从源头上摆脱了化石能源的应用,与传统“高炉-转炉”生产流程相比,可降碳80%以上,是钢铁工业工艺技术变革必然发展趋势。包钢积极响应国家绿色低碳发展战略及内蒙古五大任务,积极布局绿色低碳氢能炼铁技术于白云鄂博中贫矿的氢基矿相转化、高炉富氢还原及氢基竖炉直接还原技术,钢铁生产过程低碳绿色化明显提高。

低碳  /  氢冶金  /  氢基矿相转化  /  高炉富氢还原  /  氢基竖炉直接还原

The iron and steel industry is the pillar industry in national economic development as well as its energy conservation and carbon reduction are the priority among priorities to achieve the national development goal of “carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality”. In this paper, it is briefly introduced the types and characteristics of main low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy as well as expounded its progress and current situations at home and abroad. The hydrogen rich reduction technology with blast furnace and hydrogen-based direct reduction technology with shaft furnace are the main technologies of low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy. Among them, the ability of carbon reduction for hydrogen rich reduction technology with blast furnace is limited, so it can be as short-term development direction of low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen metallurgy for iron and steel industry. If combine with the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, CO2 emissions could be further decreased. The hydrogen-based direct reduction technology with shaft furnace is without fossil energy in production process and carbon emissions could be reduced by over 80% compared with traditional production process of “blast furnace-converter”, which is inevitable development trend of technological reform in the iron and steel industry. In order to actively respond to the national green and low carbon development strategy and five major political tasks of Inner Mongolia, Baotou Steel actively implements the green low carbon ironmaking technologies with hydrogen including hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation of medium lean ore in Bayan Obo, hydrogen rich reduction with blast furnace and hydrogen-based direct reduction with shaft furnace so that the low carbon green production process of iron and steel is significantly improved.

low carbon  /  hydrogen metallurgy  /  hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation  /  hydrogen rich reduction with blast furnace  /  hydrogen-based direct reduction with shaft furnace
白晓光, 冯聪, 李玉柱. 低碳氢冶金炼铁技术进展及包钢氢能炼铁技术途径探讨. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 14 -20 .
Xiao-guang Bai, Cong Feng, Yu-zhu Li. Discussions on Progress of Low Carbon Ironmaking Technologies with Hydrogen Metallurgy and Approaches of Ironmaking Technology with Hydrogen in Baotou Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 14 -20 .
2020年9月22日,中国在第七十五届联合国大会上提出,二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和[1]
钢铁行业为我国能源和资源高度密集型行业,碳排放量占全国碳排放总量15%左右,面临严峻的碳减排压力[2]。目前,我国钢铁生产主要以传统“高炉-转炉”长流程为主,其中70%以上的能耗和碳排放来自于炼铁工序,因此炼铁工序的低碳绿色化发展是钢铁行业实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的重中之重。
氢能是一种理想的含能体能源,具有燃烧性能好、氧化产物清洁无污染等优点,是含碳化石燃料的重要替代能源之一[3]。将氢能应用于炼铁生产,以氢能代替含碳化石原料作还原剂,是目前国内外钢铁行业从源头大幅减少CO2排放的重点发展方向,应用低碳氢冶金炼铁技术成为钢铁企业推进节能低碳、绿色发展的有效途径之一[4]
包钢于2021年5月披露其“双碳”目标:力争2023年实现碳达峰,2030年具备减碳30%的工艺技术能力,力争2042年碳排放量较峰值降低50%,力争2050年实现碳中和[5]。现阶段,包钢围绕绿色低碳氢能炼铁技术,开展了高炉混喷富氢气体技术研发与产业化应用、氢基竖炉绿色低碳炼铁技术工艺构想等工作,逐步提高包钢CO2减排能力。
以氢气代替碳作还原剂,将矿石铁氧化物还原为金属铁的技术,称为低碳氢冶金炼铁技术[6]。氢能炼铁过程中,由于氢气分子半径小,渗透速度快,副产品为H2O,具有还原效率高、排放烟气中CO2浓度与以碳作还原剂的传统炼铁工艺相比大幅降低的优势。目前,主流的低碳氢冶金炼铁技术有高炉富氢还原和氢基竖炉直接还原技术,氢能介质主要为焦炉煤气和天然气,以纯氢气为还原气的氢冶金炼铁技术正在积极推进中[7]
高炉富氢还原技术是对现有传统“高炉-转炉”长流程的革新,其通过高炉风口或炉身下部向炉内喷吹天然气、焦炉煤气、氢气等富氢气体,利用氢气还原铁矿石渗透速度快、还原能力强、产物不含碳等优势,增加间接还原比例,提高反应速率,最终达到降低高炉燃料比和CO2排放的目的[8]。由于高炉炼铁焦炭的骨架作用无法被完全替代,高炉富氢炼铁减碳幅度为10%~20%[9]
氢基竖炉直接还原技术利用富氢(天然气、焦炉煤气、煤制合成气)或全氢介质作还原气,将球团矿或块矿在达到软化温度前直接还原成固态海绵铁(DRI),而后海绵铁经电炉冶炼后获得高品质铁水或钢水[10]。由于铁矿石氢基竖炉直接还原-电炉冶炼过程无焦化、烧结、高炉等环节,与传统“高炉-转炉”长流程工艺相比,氢基竖炉直接还原短流程工艺能够从根本上杜绝化石燃料的使用,CO2排放量可降低80%以上[7]
目前,以天然气为还原气的氢基竖炉直接还原技术工业应用已成熟,产线主要分布于墨西哥、美国、伊朗、印度、沙特和阿联酋等国家,具体工艺分为MIDREX、HYL-III/ENERGIRON和PERED[11-12]。MIDREX工艺采用天然气重整后裂化的产物作为还原气,而HYL-Ⅲ/ENERGIRON工艺则可使用多种类型的还原气体(如天然气、煤制气、焦炉煤气等),具有工艺及装置灵活性高的优势。氢基竖炉直接还原工艺中还原气含量保持在90%左右,H2∶CO为1.6~3.0[13]
高炉富氢还原技术是将含氢介质注入高炉中,从而减少煤/焦炭的使用和CO2的排放的生产工艺。该工艺目前已在日本COURSE50、德国蒂森克虏伯氢气高炉、德国迪林根富氢高炉、宝武富氢碳循环高炉等初步应用[14]
日本COURSE50项目启动于2008年,研究内容包括两部分:一是以氢还原铁矿石的高炉减排CO2技术,目标是实现10%的CO2减排;二是高炉煤气中CO2分离和回收技术,目标是减排20%的CO2,最终吨钢CO2排放从1.64 t减至1.15 t[15-16]。COURSE50项目技术路线如图1所示,项目实施计划如图2所示。
为2050年实现碳中和,蒂森克虏伯钢铁公司开发了tkH2Steel(氢冶金)和Carbon2Chem® (钢铁厂尾气生产化工产品)项目。“以氢代煤1.0”属于tkH2Steel项目初期试验阶段,原理是将氢气代替煤作为还原剂,预期碳减排幅度可达20%。2019年11月11日,“以氢代煤”项目正式启动,其将氢气从一个风口喷入杜伊斯堡厂9#高炉,并计划逐步扩展到9#高炉的28个风口[8]。2021年2月3日,蒂森克虏伯成功完成杜伊斯堡9#高炉氢利用的第一阶段试验,第二阶段试验的研究重点将放在氢气利用技术对高炉冶金工艺的影响上。
2020年8月,德国迪林根-萨尔钢铁公司在高炉正常运行条件下进行了喷吹富氢焦炉煤气的试验。该公司认为,在绿氢供应充足的条件下,高炉完全可以使用氢气作为还原剂进行冶炼。研究人员计划在两座高炉进行使用纯氢的试验,到2035年碳排放量预计将减少40%[14]
宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司于2022年7月投运了全球首例富氢碳循环氧气高炉,高炉炉容为430 m3,工艺流程如图3所示。经过一系列技术调控和操作改进,该高炉焦炉煤气与焦炭置换比达0.27 kg/m3,炉顶煤气H2利用率达50.7%,利用系数突破5.0 t/(m3·d),固体燃料消耗下降约30%,碳减排21%。2023年,宝武投资6.76亿元,于9月28日点火投运了2 500 m3的富氢碳循环氧气高炉,预期实现高炉利用系数提高40%、燃料比降低30%、铁水碳排放强度整体下降21%、减排SO2 55 t/年、减排氮氧化物75 t/年的目标[17]
山西晋南钢铁集团于2021年9月开始实施高炉喷吹氢气工业生产,山西晋南钢铁集团3#高炉氢气喷吹量为32 m3/tHM时,高炉燃料比平均下降15~20 kg/tHM,CO2排放降低40~55 kg/tHM,年CO2排放量降低11.5万t以上。另外,山西晋南钢铁集团前期高炉喷吹焦炉煤气工业生产实践表明,高炉喷吹焦炉煤气量为64~66 m3/tHM,高炉燃料比可下降30 kg/tHM左右[8]
氢基竖炉直接还原技术是以富氢/全氢还原气为还原剂,在低于铁矿石软化温度条件下,将铁矿石直接还原成固态海绵铁的生产工艺。
瑞典钢铁公司(SSAB)、瑞典国有铁矿石公司(LKAB)和瑞典大瀑布电力公司共同开发突破性氢能炼铁技术项目(HYBRIT),致力于钢铁冶炼过程以氢代煤,减少碳排放,采用氢与球团矿直接还原生产直接还原铁,预计使瑞典碳排放减少10%,芬兰碳排放减少7%[18]。HYBRIT新工艺和高炉工艺的对比如图4所示。HYBRIT项目研究任务包括[19]:①研究可再生能源发电及其对电力系统的影响,寻找有效的可再生能源用于发电,为非化石能源冶炼提供能源,同时降低制氢成本;②建设制氢与存储工艺及相关装备,为HYBRIT项目提供低成本、可靠稳定的氢气,并进行氢气产业链布局;③研究氢基直接还原炼铁工艺;④研究配套炼钢工艺;⑤研究系统集成、过渡路径和政策等。
2019年4月,德国萨尔茨吉特钢铁公司与Tenova公司展开合作,将继续推进以氢气为还原剂炼铁,从而减少CO2排放的SALCOS项目,如图5所示。该项目旨在对钢铁生产工艺进行逐步改造,用氢基竖炉直接还原-电炉短流程取代碳密集型的高炉长流程工艺,同时将富余氢气进行多用途利用[20]。2016年4月,萨尔茨吉特钢铁公司正式启动了GrInHy1.0(Green Industrial Hydrogen,绿色工业制氢)项目,该项目采用固体氧化物电解工艺生产氢气和氧气,已于2018年1月完成了系统工业化环境运行,于2019年2月完成了GrInHy1.0项目,后续又开展了GrInHy2.0项目。该项目的技术路线是将钢企产生的余热资源生产水蒸汽,再将其与其他绿色可再生能源合并发电,结合高温电解水法制氢。氢气可用于直接还原铁生产以及钢铁生产的后续工序[14,21]
与欧美国家相比,我国氢基竖炉直接还原冶炼技术还处于起步阶段,部分企业已建成氢基竖炉工业化生产线,但多数企业仍处于项目建设或规划阶段。中晋太行矿业有限公司投资7.5亿元人民币建设的一套年产30万t优质高纯直接还原铁PERED氢基竖炉工业化试验装置于2021年6月点火投产,该项目以焦炉煤气干重整制还原气,形成了CSDRI氢基竖炉还原铁技术方案[13],工艺流程图如图6所示。宝钢湛江钢铁有限公司投资18.9亿元人民币建设ENERGIRON 100万t/年氢基竖炉直接还原示范工程,可按不同比例灵活使用焦炉煤气、天然气和氢气。项目已于2023年底建成,投产后对比传统铁前全流程高炉炼铁工艺同等规模铁水产量,每年可减少CO2排放50万t以上[16],工艺流程图如图7所示。河钢集团有限公司投资11.5亿元人民币建设一期60万t/年ENERGIRON氢基竖炉直接还原项目于2022年12月16日全线贯通。该工程是全球首例富氢气体(焦炉煤气)零重整竖炉直接还原氢冶金示范工程,标志着我国钢铁行业由传统“碳冶金”向新型“氢冶金”的转变迈出关键性步伐,相对于传统高炉碳冶金工艺,预计年减碳幅度达70%。根据规划,二期60万t绿氢氢冶金项目将借助张家口风电及光伏制氢优势,实现全过程的低碳绿色钢铁制造[22],工艺流程图如图8所示。
在“低碳经济”发展和“脱碳”背景下,以减少碳足迹、降低碳排放为中心的冶金工艺流程变革,已成为钢铁行业绿色发展的必然趋势。包钢积极响应国家绿色低碳发展战略及内蒙古五大任务,依据自身矿产资源特点及产业分布,围绕绿色低碳氢能炼铁技术,开展了高炉混喷富氢气体技术研发与产业化应用、氢基竖炉绿色低碳炼铁技术工艺构想等工作,对推动包钢实现“双碳”目标具有极其重要的意义。
包钢拥有年产约560万t焦炭的焦化厂和7座高炉,年产生铁量1 400余万t。同时,包钢也自产大量的焦炉煤气。根据调研,包钢5#、6#焦炉投产后,焦炉煤气有富余,且存在放散现象,导致宝贵资源浪费和大量经济损失。若能把富余的焦炉煤气用于高炉喷吹,则可直接降低高炉固体燃料比(焦比和煤比),不仅经济效益可观,同时可改善高炉冶炼过程,降低CO2排放量,从而起到节能降耗、碳减排的目的,为包钢实现碳达峰、碳中和提供可靠的技术思路。
目前,包钢已开始在6#高炉上进行风口喷吹焦炉煤气小型工业试验,验证高炉在喷吹焦炉煤气的过程中压缩机及管线、高炉喷枪是否有堵塞的现象,并综合评判高炉喷吹焦炉煤气的可操作性和经济性。下一步拟推广应用高炉混喷焦炉煤气工艺技术,在包钢一座容积为2 200 m3高炉上完成全风口混喷焦炉煤气。经测算,当混喷焦炉煤气量为120 m3/tHM、气固置换比为0.4 kg/m3(焦比+煤比)时,容积为2 200 m3高炉减少CO2排放量约为23.7万t/年,减排幅度约为5%。如将该项技术向包钢7座高炉全面推广应用,可降低CO2排放量约为166万t/年。如更进一步,将CCUS技术工艺应用于包钢高炉炼铁,炼铁过程CO2排放量将进一步下降。
内蒙古地区拥有丰富廉价的风光电绿色能源,将其应用于电解水制氢,绿氢成本大幅下降。同时,包钢拥有自主的矿产资源,铁精矿铁品位较高(铁品位可达66%~67%),生产的氧化球团矿可用于氢基竖炉直接还原。另外,国家相关部门发布的《工业领域碳达峰实施方案》《氢能产业中长期规划》及内蒙古自治区发布的《内蒙古自治区工业领域碳达峰实施方案》绿色低碳发展战略政策,鼓励支持钢铁行业氢基竖炉直接还原技术的应用。因此,包钢发展氢基竖炉直接还原技术具有绝对的资源优势与政策优势。
以内蒙古地区丰富廉价的风光电绿色能源和包钢白云鄂博矿产资源条件为背景,包钢与国内相关设计单位开展了自主开发年产30万t直接还原铁的绿氢竖炉直接还原工程示范生产线初步建设构想与规划。该工艺采用风光电电解水制备绿氢-绿氢用于白云鄂博铁矿石纯氢竖炉直接还原-直接还原铁金属化产品用于后续电炉钢生产,整体涵盖了冶炼工艺技术和绿氢加热技术、工艺装备、产品应用研发、生产智能化及安全管控等关键生产环节。按照该项目每年30万t直接还原铁产能计算,此工艺工业化生产后,绿氢竖炉工艺吨铁消耗氢气量约600 m3,直接消耗氢气1.8亿m3,每年可消纳绿电8.1亿度,约减少CO2排放54万t,预计2050年吨钢CO2排放降低80%以上。
本项目的实施与落地,可突破纯氢竖炉还原工程以及氢还原海绵铁超纯熔炼技术瓶颈,在包钢建成全球首条自主知识产权的绿氢竖炉-电炉绿色短流程示范生产线,打造首个新能源制氢-工业级规模化用氢-绿色钢铁材料制造-精密加工产业集群样板示范区,推进我国钢铁行业高质量发展与能源结构低碳转型,整体加快我国“碳达峰、碳中和”进程。另外,包钢氢基竖炉直接还原工艺的工业化应用,需要自治区政府根据包头周边地区的风光电绿电情况给予包钢一定份额,在此基础上给予一定的电价优惠政策。同时,纯氢氢基竖炉直接还原工艺技术的落地实施需要政府在科技项目申报等各个方面给予一定的资金和政策支持。
在国家“碳达峰、碳中和”绿色低碳发展战略目标驱动下,钢铁行业开发与应用低碳氢冶金炼铁技术势在必行。从国内外低碳氢冶金炼铁技术研发现状与应用效果来看,高炉富氢还原冶炼工艺相关基础条件相对成熟,是短期内较易实现的氢冶金炼铁技术。结合CCUS技术,可进一步降低高炉富氢还原炼铁过程CO2排放量。从长远看,氢基竖炉直接还原炼铁技术是钢铁行业工艺变革必然发展趋势,是钢铁行业低碳绿色转型的关键措施,可极大程度助力钢铁行业的可持续发展。包钢依据自身原料与能源优势,积极布局低碳氢冶金炼铁工艺技术,钢铁生产过程CO2减排能力逐步提高。下一步,包钢围绕风光电绿电制氢应用、低碳氢冶金炼铁技术工业化应用关键限制环节等开展基础理论研究与实践,确保包钢低碳氢冶金炼铁技术的工业化落地。
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2024年第50卷第4期
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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