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Article(id=1188430997864465053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)04-0037-10, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761273629871, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761273629871, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761273629871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761273629871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188430994622268045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761273629097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283356674, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188430998078374558, articleId=1188430997864465053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum and Cerium on Improving Cleanliness of Liquid Steel and Strengthening Properties of Steel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The applications of elements are out of balance in the rare earth industry in our country as well as abundant lanthanum and cerium are surplus so that the applications of rare earth in steel are gradually heeded. In the paper, the research progress on treating steel with rare earth lanthanum and cerium at home and abroad in recent years are overviewed, which includes the effects of rare earth on purifying liquid steel, modifying inclusions and microalloying as well as design of deoxidation test for rare earth proves the feasibility of rare earth as deoxidizer of liquid steel. Moreover, the performances of rare earth in strengthening properties of steel as well as superiorities of purifying liquid steel with rare earth and alkali metal and microalloying of rare earth under low oxygen condition are introduced. The efficient utilizations of rare earth in steel are expected based on summarizing the on-going results.

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我国稀土产业中元素应用失衡,高丰度镧、铈过剩,稀土在钢中的应用逐渐得到重视。文章综述了近年来国内外采用稀土镧铈处理钢的研究进展,包括稀土在净化钢液、变质夹杂物和微合金化方面的效果,设计稀土脱氧试验证明了稀土可作为钢液脱氧剂的可行性。介绍了稀土在强化钢材性能方面的表现,并介绍了稀土与碱金属协同净化钢液及低氧条件下稀土合金化的优越性。在总结现有成果的基础上,对稀土在钢中的高效利用进行了展望。

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刘宇航(2001-),男,河北省邢台市人,硕士,现从事稀土在钢中的高效应用研究工作。

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刘宇航(2001-),男,河北省邢台市人,硕士,现从事稀土在钢中的高效应用研究工作。

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刘宇航(2001-),男,河北省邢台市人,硕士,现从事稀土在钢中的高效应用研究工作。

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钢种名称 添加元素 d1/μm d2/μm w/10-6 n/%
重轨钢[39] Ce 6.74 2.01 139 70
耐候钢[51] Ce 3.00 0.75 410 75
齿轮钢[24] Ce 3.52 1.63 33 54
高强度低合金钢[38] Ce 4.51 2.32 65 49
模具钢[31] Ce 2.18 1.88 70 14
H13钢[52] La 2.70 2.0 16 26
Q355[53] Ce+La 3.48 2.62 210 25
), ArticleFig(id=1189619216853508377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188430997864465053, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加入稀土后夹杂物平均尺寸的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢种名称 添加元素 d1/μm d2/μm w/10-6 n/%
重轨钢[39] Ce 6.74 2.01 139 70
耐候钢[51] Ce 3.00 0.75 410 75
齿轮钢[24] Ce 3.52 1.63 33 54
高强度低合金钢[38] Ce 4.51 2.32 65 49
模具钢[31] Ce 2.18 1.88 70 14
H13钢[52] La 2.70 2.0 16 26
Q355[53] Ce+La 3.48 2.62 210 25
), ArticleFig(id=1189619216929005850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188430997864465053, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢种名称 添加元素 性能 P1 P2 w/10-6 n/%
管线钢[19] Ce 拉伸强度 453 MPa 784 MPa 294 73.1
不锈钢[63] Ce 拉伸强度 1 090 MPa 1 300 MPa 160 19.3
高强钢[35] La 断裂韧性 63.1 MPa·m1/2 80 MPa·m1/2 180 26.8
弹簧钢[64] Ce+La 冲击性能 21 J 41 J 140 95.2
重轨钢[65] Ce 冲击性能 3.45 J 4.5 J 46 30.4
), ArticleFig(id=1189619217012891931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188430997864465053, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

稀土添加到钢中之后对其性能的积极影响

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钢种名称 添加元素 性能 P1 P2 w/10-6 n/%
管线钢[19] Ce 拉伸强度 453 MPa 784 MPa 294 73.1
不锈钢[63] Ce 拉伸强度 1 090 MPa 1 300 MPa 160 19.3
高强钢[35] La 断裂韧性 63.1 MPa·m1/2 80 MPa·m1/2 180 26.8
弹簧钢[64] Ce+La 冲击性能 21 J 41 J 140 95.2
重轨钢[65] Ce 冲击性能 3.45 J 4.5 J 46 30.4
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稀土镧铈对钢液洁净度提高和钢材性能强化作用研究进展
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刘宇航 1 , 包燕平 1 , 吕子宇 1 , 顾超 1 , 王皓 2, 3
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 37-46
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 37-46
稀土镧铈对钢液洁净度提高和钢材性能强化作用研究进展
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刘宇航1, 包燕平1, 吕子宇1, 顾超1, 王皓2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010

    • 刘宇航(2001-),男,河北省邢台市人,硕士,现从事稀土在钢中的高效应用研究工作。

Research Progress on Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum and Cerium on Improving Cleanliness of Liquid Steel and Strengthening Properties of Steel
Yu-hang Liu1, Yan-ping Bao1, Zi-yu Lv1, Chao Gu1, Hao Wang2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Steel Products Research & Development, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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摘要
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我国稀土产业中元素应用失衡,高丰度镧、铈过剩,稀土在钢中的应用逐渐得到重视。文章综述了近年来国内外采用稀土镧铈处理钢的研究进展,包括稀土在净化钢液、变质夹杂物和微合金化方面的效果,设计稀土脱氧试验证明了稀土可作为钢液脱氧剂的可行性。介绍了稀土在强化钢材性能方面的表现,并介绍了稀土与碱金属协同净化钢液及低氧条件下稀土合金化的优越性。在总结现有成果的基础上,对稀土在钢中的高效利用进行了展望。

稀土钢  /  净化钢液  /  稀土夹杂物  /  微合金化

The applications of elements are out of balance in the rare earth industry in our country as well as abundant lanthanum and cerium are surplus so that the applications of rare earth in steel are gradually heeded. In the paper, the research progress on treating steel with rare earth lanthanum and cerium at home and abroad in recent years are overviewed, which includes the effects of rare earth on purifying liquid steel, modifying inclusions and microalloying as well as design of deoxidation test for rare earth proves the feasibility of rare earth as deoxidizer of liquid steel. Moreover, the performances of rare earth in strengthening properties of steel as well as superiorities of purifying liquid steel with rare earth and alkali metal and microalloying of rare earth under low oxygen condition are introduced. The efficient utilizations of rare earth in steel are expected based on summarizing the on-going results.

rare earth steel  /  purify liquid steel  /  rare earth inclusions  /  microalloying
刘宇航, 包燕平, 吕子宇, 顾超, 王皓. 稀土镧铈对钢液洁净度提高和钢材性能强化作用研究进展. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 37 -46 .
Yu-hang Liu, Yan-ping Bao, Zi-yu Lv, Chao Gu, Hao Wang. Research Progress on Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum and Cerium on Improving Cleanliness of Liquid Steel and Strengthening Properties of Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 37 -46 .
正文
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稀土是17种金属元素的合称,被誉为“现代工业维生素”[1]。稀土元素及其化合物通常表现出一些独特的性质,从而对材料的韧性[2]、力学性能[3]、耐腐蚀性[4]等产生有利影响。而稀土元素Ce和La是目前开发最好、较易控制的元素。本文综述了近年来稀土元素Ce和La对钢影响的研究进展,主要包括净化钢液、改性夹杂物以及稀土的加入对钢性能的影响,并对稀土应用目前存在的问题进行总结,为高丰度镧铈稀土资源在钢中高效利用提供技术支撑。
1 稀土净化钢液的作用
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因为稀土元素对氧和硫具有很强的亲和力,所以稀土具有一定净化钢液的作用,它能够降低钢中氧、硫含量,并且稀土元素还可以抑制钢中As、Sb、Pb、Sn等有害元素对钢的不利影响。
1.1 稀土脱氧、脱硫的作用
稀土与氧元素及硫元素的结合能数值远高于其他元素[4],当稀土添加到钢液中首先会与钢液中的氧、硫元素反应。本节总结了国内外学者在稀土脱氧、脱硫方面的研究进展。
1.1.1 稀土的脱氧作用
稀土具有很强的脱氧能力,研究证明[5-6],在钢液经过预脱氧后,极少的稀土元素就可以实现深脱氧的效果。而稀土同样具备很高的单独脱氧能力,早在18世纪Waudby P[7]的试验及理论研究就证明了稀土能将钢中的氧含量降低到低于用其他脱氧剂或真空碳脱氧的水平。近年来,孙萌[8]对比了1 873 K下C104Cr钢中稀土元素与炼钢常用脱氧剂(Al、Si、C)的脱氧能力,并指出Ce的脱氧能力明显强于Al、Si、C。当采用C脱氧时,对真空气氛的控制有很高的要求,抽真空将炉内压强降至1 Pa以下可以达到Ce的脱氧水平。Yang[9]和Wang等人[10]进行稀土脱氧试验时发现,稀土Ce加入到IF钢和模具钢后分别将45×10-6和55×10-6的氧降低至20×10-6和16×10-6。为定量描述稀土元素的脱氧能力,根据之前学者的研究[11]计算了1 600 ℃下稀土与常用脱氧剂脱氧的标准吉布斯自由能,见图1。
由图1可得标准状态下稀土元素与氧反应拥有最低的吉布斯自由能,各元素脱氧能力的大小排序为La、Ce、Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Mn。在进行稀土合金化时同样具有降低钢液中氧含量的效果,总结了近年来典型钢种稀土(Ce、La或Ce+La)微合金化时氧含量的变化情况,见图2[12-18]。
可以看出,稀土加入到钢中后会与钢液中的氧元素进行反应,从而达到降低钢中氧含量的效果,通过控制反应条件,稀土可以将钢中的氧含量脱除至20×10-6以下。
为对稀土合金高氧条件下脱氧效果进行评估,分别配置了初始氧含量为300×10-6和500×10-6的钢液,采用全稀土脱氧工艺,加入碱度为6的预熔精炼渣使夹杂物有效上浮。反应采用真空感应炉,在纯氩保护氛围下加热熔化,稀土合金采用Ce含量30%的铈铁合金。为对全流程的氧氮含量进行评估,对初始熔化后钢样、合金加入后5 min、精炼渣吸附30 min进行取样分析。试验前后氧含量变化见图3。
可以看出,对初始氧含量为500×10-6及300×10-6而言,合金加入后钢中的氧含量分别下降了28.7%和22.4%,而加入精炼渣保温30 min后钢中氧含量分别下降至23×10-6和20×10-6。实验室试验证明了稀土用于脱氧的可行性。
1.1.2 稀土的脱硫作用
稀土元素加入到钢中后表现出先脱氧后脱硫的特性,只有当氧含量较低且稀土和硫含量较高时,才会生成稀土硫化物。Wang等人[19]在管线钢中添加Ce时,发现在钢中氧含量下降50%后,硫含量才开始下降。刘亚一、臧若愚等人[20-21]的研究同样对此进行了证明。总结不同钢种稀土添加前后硫含量的变化情况见图4[14,15,17,22-26]。
可以发现,由于添加了稀土,不同钢中的硫含量分别有了不同程度的降低。但是Wang等人[10]在稀土净化钢液的实验室研究中发现,过量的稀土会使钢的洁净度变差,这是因为稀土Ce也会使渣中的非金属活性元素在渣-钢界面发生反应,在一定程度上进入钢液,影响渣的脱硫能力。
基于以上研究,稀土元素加入到钢中之后会表现出先脱氧后脱硫的作用,当氧含量较低且硫和稀土的含量较高时,才能有效地发挥脱硫作用。不同钢种对最佳稀土添加量的要求不同,过量的稀土会导致钢液洁净度变差。
1.1.3 稀土与碱金属元素协同净化钢液
虽然稀土具有很好的脱氧、脱硫能力,但是之前的研究[27]指出,稀土夹杂物的密度与钢液密度相近,其上浮能力受到限制,从而对铸造工艺产生危害。最近有学者提出在添加稀土的同时,加入一定量的活性金属元素如Mg或Ca,可以形成低密度的复合稀土夹杂物,相较于普通稀土夹杂物更易上浮去除,从而实现净化钢液的效果。Wang等人[28-29]发现在稀土钢中加入适量的碱金属(Ca或Mg)可以提高稀土夹杂物的变形能力,降低夹杂物液相线温度的同时进一步细化夹杂物。Li等人[30-31]采用Ce-Mg合金处理H13钢及模具钢时发现,由于形成了低密度的稀土络合物,夹杂物更容易上浮,从而有效净化了钢液。在稀土同碱金属协同处理的基础上,Lu等人[32]研究了Ce和Mg的加入顺序对不锈钢洁净度的影响,并表明先Mg预处理后加Ce时对钢液洁净度及夹杂物的影响是最有利的。
结果表明,形成低密度复合稀土夹杂物是净化钢液的关键。因此,采用稀土和碱金属协同处理并通过合理调控其加入顺序较单一稀土的添加更容易使夹杂物上浮去除,有效净化钢液的同时可以减少浇注时水口堵塞等问题。
1.2 稀土脱除其他有害元素的作用
As、Sb、Pb、Sn等元素对钢有害,稀土完成脱氧、脱硫后剩余的稀土元素会与这些元素形成高熔点化合物或夹杂物,在钢凝固前从钢中析出并进入炉渣,从而达到降低有害元素含量并净化钢液的目的[4]。Song等人[33]发现由于La-As/Sn化合物的形成,含As/Sn钢的热延性得到了改善。Yu等人[34]系统研究了稀土添加对海洋用钢及高碳钢晶界处As含量的影响,结果发现加入稀土可以通过生成含RE-O-As、RE-S-As或RE-As夹杂物来稳定As,从而减少了其在晶界处的偏析。Gong等人[35]的研究表明,La-O-S、La-O或La-S可作为形核中心,形成La-O-S-P-As或La-S-P-As,从而降低了As元素对钢的有害作用。
上述研究表明,稀土元素可以与钢中的有害元素反应,从而减小其在晶界处的偏析,达到净化钢液的目的。
2 稀土改性夹杂物
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适量的稀土可以将钢中不规则的大尺寸夹杂物改性为小尺寸的稀土氧化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土硫化物。本节综述了稀土元素Ce和La单独添加及复合添加对钢中夹杂物的改性作用及演变路线。
2.1 Ce添加对夹杂物的改性
因为Ce元素的丰度高、成本低,所以使用Ce元素进行夹杂物改性是目前研究较多的钢夹杂物改性方法,许多学者在轴承钢[36]、高强钢[37]、管线钢[12,19]等钢种上开展了研究。
Geng等人[38]在低合金高强钢中加入Ce后发现,原始的大尺寸MnS和Al2O3夹杂物转变为更稳定且细小的Ce2O2S和CeAlO3夹杂物,并且增加了夹杂物的数密度。Zhou等人[39]在重轨钢中加入Ce后发现,随着Ce含量的增加,原来细长的MnS和不规则Al-Si-Ca-O夹杂物会被逐渐变质为稀土夹杂物,具体的演变路线为MnS+Al-Si-Ca-O→Ce2O2S+MnS→Ce2O2S+MnS+Ce2S3→Ce2O2S+Ce3S4+Ce2S3→Ce2O2S+Ce3S4+CeS,演变路线见图5(a)。Wang等人[19]将Ce加入到管线钢中后发现,随着Ce含量的增加,夹杂物演变路线为:xCaO·yAl2O3→Al2O3-CeAlO3→Ce2O3-CeAlO3→Ce2O3-Ce2O2S→Ce2O2S,见图5(b),并通过Factsage软件计算了夹杂物的生成,计算结果较好地吻合了试验结果。也有研究证明[24],无论钢中初始氧化物是什么类型,最终都会被转化成Ce-S和Ce-O-S夹杂物。以上结果表明,不同的钢种或不同钢中元素的含量及稀土添加量都会使夹杂物的演变过程有所不同。
Wang等人[40]利用氧硫比ω(O)/ω(S)来预测夹杂物的生成顺序,当ω(O)/ω(S)≥1时,最终的夹杂物为Ce2O2S+Ce2O3,如果ω(O)/ω(S)<1,最终的夹杂物为Ce2O2S+CeS。而Ren等人[41]采用T.Ce/T.O来预测夹杂物的生成,当其范围为0至2.92时,夹杂物为Al2O3+CeAlO3,而当T.Ce/T.O≥8.75时,夹杂物为Ce2O2S+CeS。但是,当钢中出现Ce-O夹杂物时此模型不适用。针对Ce-O夹杂物的出现顺序,Wang等人[19]的研究表明,当Al含量低于0.07%时,Ce2O3才会出现,并进一步表明当ω(Ce)/ω(Al)值大于7.5×10-4时,Al2O3会转化为CeAlO3,当ω(Ce)/ω(Al)值增加到大于0.25时Ce2O3将会出现。
基于上述研究,得到了Ce变性钢中夹杂物的基本规律。随着Ce含量的增加,夹杂物的演变顺序为:B→B+CeAlO3→CeAlO3+Ce2O2S→Ce2O2S+Ce-S/Ce2O2S+Ce-O,见图5(c),其中B为原始夹杂物。当Al含量较高且Ce含量较低时会出现CeAlO3夹杂物,S和O的相对含量决定了最终夹杂物的存在形式,具有较高S含量的钢最终夹杂物为Ce2O2S+Ce-S,而具有较高O含量的钢最终夹杂物为Ce2O2S+Ce-O。这些规律为添加Ce后夹杂物类型的变化提供了参考意义和预测方向。
2.2 La的加入对夹杂物的改性
La元素同样可改性钢中的夹杂物[42]。Li等人[43]发现,La加入钢中之后,随着La含量的增加,夹杂物的演变路径总结为:MnS+Al2O3→LaAl11O18→LaAlO3→La2O2S→La2S3,见图5(d)。Ren等人[44]的研究得出当La处理30 min后,夹杂物的演变路线为:Al2O3→(La-Al-O)-LaAlO3→LaAlO3-La2O2S→La2O2S+LaSx,见图5(e),这也被Wang等人[45]证明。
2.3 Ce和La的复合添加对夹杂物的改性
根据Geng等人[46]的研究,Ce、La的加入导致高强度钢中MgO·Al2O3转变为RE2O3、RE2O2S和RE2O2S+MgO·Al2O3夹杂物。Huang等人[47]的研究也发现在复合稀土加入后,夹杂物由MnS、MnO-SiO2和Mn-Si-O-S转变为RE2O2S、RE2O3+MnS和RE2O2S+MnS复合夹杂物。此外,还有研究证明[48-49]复合稀土添加后夹杂物演变规律与单一稀土添加的结果一致。
2.4 Ce和La的添加对夹杂物尺寸的影响
稀土元素加入到钢中后会将大尺寸的Al2O3、MnS等夹杂物变质为小尺寸的稀土夹杂物,但是过量稀土的加入反而会使夹杂物的尺寸增大[50]。因此本节总结了各试验条件下添加最佳稀土含量后夹杂物平均尺寸的变化,见表1。
3 稀土对钢材性能的影响
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稀土变质处理后钢中夹杂物变得细小、均匀、规则,其硬度、线膨胀系数和弹性模量与基体相近,从而在一定程度上可以提高钢的性能。本节总结了稀土的加入对钢的耐腐蚀性、抗疲劳性及其他性能的影响。
3.1 耐腐蚀性
MnS、SiO2、CaS、TiN、Al2O3和Ca-Al-Mg-O等夹杂物在钢的耐腐蚀性方面会产生负面影响,研究表明[54-55],稀土变质夹杂物后会导致钢的耐腐蚀性发生变化。张继[56]的研究发现腐蚀过程中MnS溶解产生的S2-和Cl-的综合作用会使腐蚀速率进一步加快,而稀土元素可以将MnS改性为更稳定的稀土夹杂物,从而导致腐蚀速率整体降低。李安鑫等人[57]的研究表明稀土显著减小了钢中夹杂物的尺寸,使得管线钢拥有了较低的腐蚀敏感性。Wang等人[50]的研究解释了Al2O3/MnS及稀土夹杂物引起点蚀的过程及稀土钢耐腐蚀性提高的原因为:虽然夹杂物都会与钢基体产生微裂纹并成为薄弱环节,但不同的是当微裂纹中充满电解质时,相较于不添加稀土钢中的MnS首先作为阳极溶解,稀土钢中的阳极溶解优先发生在基体一侧。同时,阳极溶解产生的阳离子在微间隙中水解,导致局部酸化,并发生La、Ce、Cr和Fe-O的化学溶解。溶解的产物(La3+和Ce3+)集中在点蚀坑中,抑制了点蚀坑的继续扩展,因此加入稀土后钢的耐点蚀性能增强。
上述研究表明,在适当的稀土加入量范围内,细小、球状的稀土夹杂物的溶解产物(La3+和Ce3+)会富集在点蚀坑中,抑制了点蚀坑的继续扩展,提高了稀土钢的耐蚀性。
3.2 抗疲劳性
众所周知,夹杂物的存在是钢材产生疲劳断裂的主要原因之一,而适量稀土的加入能净化钢液,将不规则夹杂物改性为相对规则的稀土夹杂物,从而影响钢的疲劳寿命[58]。Wang等人[59]发现由于齿轮钢中的Al2O3和TiN夹杂物被改性为Ce-Al-O-Ti-N,使得稀土钢的疲劳寿命明显优于未加稀土钢。Hao等人[22]发现相同条件下稀土加入后弹簧钢的疲劳寿命从107增加到108以上。Li等人[60]的研究证明了低氧条件下可以进一步提高稀土元素的固溶度,从而将轴承钢的疲劳寿命提高了40倍。
基于以上研究可以得出,适量稀土的加入可将夹杂物变性为小尺寸的稀土夹杂物,从而提高钢材的抗疲劳性,而低氧条件则可以进一步加强这种效果。
3.3 其他性能
一些学者还研究了稀土加入到钢中之后强度[61]、冲击性能[62]等的变化。总结了稀土添加到钢中之后对其性能的积极影响,见表2,不同性能及钢种要求的最佳添加量不同。
4 结论
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(1)通过对比1 600 ℃的标准吉布斯自由能,得到稀土与常用脱氧剂与氧反应能力大小顺序为La、Ce、Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Mn,实验室试验证明了稀土可以用作钢液脱氧剂。
(2)稀土加入钢中表现为先脱氧后脱硫的作用,还可以与钢液中其他有害元素As、Sn等反应,降低有害元素含量。
(3)适量稀土的加入可将不规则、大尺寸的夹杂物变质为小尺寸的稀土夹杂物,夹杂物的演变顺序受钢液中元素Ce、Al、O、S含量的影响,夹杂物的基本演变路径为:B→B+RE-Al-O→RE-Al-O+RE2O2S→RE2O2S+RE-S/RE2O2S+RE-O。此外稀土与碱金属元素的协同处理会形成低密度的稀土络合物,改变了常规稀土夹杂物不易上浮的缺点。
(4)添加稀土可以提高钢材在力学性能、冲击韧性、抗腐蚀性等方面的性能,不同钢种在最佳稀土添加量方面要求不同,在钢液低氧条件下加入稀土可以提高其在钢中固溶量,可通过优化钢液条件实现稀土的高收得率。
(5)由于稀土元素在钢中的独特优势,通过优化不同钢种采用合适的添加时机、加入方式等,可实现稀土用于钢中脱氧、在钢中定向变质夹杂物以及提高稀土在钢中收得率,为稀土在钢中高效利用提供新思路。
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2024年第50卷第4期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-01
  • 首发时间：2025-10-24
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    1.北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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