Article(id=1188430997537309338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)04-0089-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761273629793, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761273629793, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761273629793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761273629793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188430994622268045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761273629097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283356674, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188430997721858716, articleId=1188430997537309338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Analysis on Simulation Calculation of Thermodynamic Couple for HW300×300 H Beam, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The deformation characteristics in rolling process are analyzed through calculating the changes of temperature, strain and external dimensions during the deformation process of H beam with bilinear hardened material model by taking HW300×300 as the typical case. The calculations are with the thinking of all process and calculation method of thermodynamic couple, process temperature is used as deformation temperature of rolled piece as well as the effects of uneven temperature of cross section are taken into full consideration so that the calculation results are more close to actual situations, which provide the reliable basis for process optimization. The calculation results showed that there was necking near the trigonum on waist of H beam due to inhomogeneous deformation, local deformation at flange end would cause precision of flange width to change as well as rolling deformation work would transform into heat energy so that internal temperature of rolled pieces would rise.

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以HW300×300为典型案例采用双线性硬化材料模型计算了H型钢变形过程中温度、应变、外形尺寸的变化,分析了轧制过程的变形特点。用全流程思维使用热力耦合计算方法进行计算,轧件变形温度使用过程温度,充分考虑了横断面温度不均匀的影响,计算结果更加接近真实情况,为工艺优化提供可靠依据。计算结果表明,由于不均变形导致H型钢腰部在三角区附近出现“颈缩”现象,翼缘端部的局部变形会导致翼缘宽度精度的变化,轧制变形功会转化为热能,导致轧件内部温度出现升高迹象。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事型钢生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事型钢生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事型钢生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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HW300×300 H型钢热力耦合模拟计算分析
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王永明 1 , 朱国明 2 , 郭利宏 1 , 李永强 1 , 卜向东 3
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 89-93
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 89-93
HW300×300 H型钢热力耦合模拟计算分析
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王永明1, 朱国明2, 郭利宏1, 李永强1, 卜向东3
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事型钢生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

Analysis on Simulation Calculation of Thermodynamic Couple for HW300×300 H Beam
Yong-ming Wang1, Guo-ming Zhu2, Li-hong Guo1, Yong-qiang Li1, Xiang-dong Bu3
Affiliations
  • 1. Chief Engineer Office of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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以HW300×300为典型案例采用双线性硬化材料模型计算了H型钢变形过程中温度、应变、外形尺寸的变化,分析了轧制过程的变形特点。用全流程思维使用热力耦合计算方法进行计算,轧件变形温度使用过程温度,充分考虑了横断面温度不均匀的影响,计算结果更加接近真实情况,为工艺优化提供可靠依据。计算结果表明,由于不均变形导致H型钢腰部在三角区附近出现“颈缩”现象,翼缘端部的局部变形会导致翼缘宽度精度的变化,轧制变形功会转化为热能,导致轧件内部温度出现升高迹象。

H型钢  /  耦合计算  /  变形  /  孔型

The deformation characteristics in rolling process are analyzed through calculating the changes of temperature, strain and external dimensions during the deformation process of H beam with bilinear hardened material model by taking HW300×300 as the typical case. The calculations are with the thinking of all process and calculation method of thermodynamic couple, process temperature is used as deformation temperature of rolled piece as well as the effects of uneven temperature of cross section are taken into full consideration so that the calculation results are more close to actual situations, which provide the reliable basis for process optimization. The calculation results showed that there was necking near the trigonum on waist of H beam due to inhomogeneous deformation, local deformation at flange end would cause precision of flange width to change as well as rolling deformation work would transform into heat energy so that internal temperature of rolled pieces would rise.

H beam  /  coupling calculation  /  deformation  /  pass
王永明, 朱国明, 郭利宏, 李永强, 卜向东. HW300×300 H型钢热力耦合模拟计算分析. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 89 -93 .
Yong-ming Wang, Guo-ming Zhu, Li-hong Guo, Yong-qiang Li, Xiang-dong Bu. Analysis on Simulation Calculation of Thermodynamic Couple for HW300×300 H Beam[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 89 -93 .
H型钢是普遍使用的型钢种类,由于断面模量大、质量轻、工艺性能好、经济性好等特点,备受工程界专业人士重视,作为一种理想的经济断面型材在工业、建筑、桥梁等领域得到越来越多的应用。从1998年开始,随着万能轧机生产线在国内的建设,H型钢生产规模逐渐扩大,一些技术性问题反映出来,因此对H型钢轧制技术研究也多起来。H型钢的轧制过程是一个典型的几何、材料和边界三重非线性问题。在轧制过程中,水平辊由电机主动驱动,立辊被轧件被动拖动,造成腹板和翼缘相互影响,使金属的流动极其复杂,而经典的工程分析方法无法分析这种状态下金属流动规律和应力应变情况,而有限元数值模拟可以最大限度的描述这些过程,也就越来越凸显出了数值模拟分析复杂状况的优势。朱国明等研究了矩形坯轧制H型钢开坯过程的变形情况[1]。马光亭、陈连生、毕科新等[2-4]研究了异型坯轧制H型钢开坯过程的位移、应变,对于轧制方向头尾端出现“舌头”和“耳子”的原因进行了详细分析,研究表明开坯过程中不均匀变形发生的部位主要集中在腹板与翼缘的交界处,应变大处的金属受到应变小处金属的限制作用,两处的金属存在一定的拉扯作用。冯宪章、张海龙、聂毓琴、王欣等[5-8]研究了万能孔型中应力、位移、负荷状态以及“舌头”变化,分析了位移和轧制压力沿横向的分布,并就轧件咬入时对立辊冲击力的影响进行了探讨。在其计算中虽然考虑了轧件温度的影响,但基本是通过给定固定温度按照均匀分布进行处理计算,存在较大误差。在开坯道次给定温度计算影响较小,但对于万能连轧的后几道次,由于腹板和翼缘末端温度与三角区温度差异大,对计算结果影响比较大。
H型钢是型钢产品体系中占有比重最大的品种,断面规格繁多,本文选择生产中比较常规的HW300×300×10×15规格进行数值分析计算,坯料使用550×440×105×95断面(图1)。以钢坯出炉时刻作为计算的起始点,赋予钢坯初始温度开始计算温度损失,轧制过程温度使用过程温度,把过程中的温度损失传递到产品断面,实现全过程的温度、变形耦合计算,可以使计算结果更加接近真实。
由于坯料、产品断面双轴对称,计算过程选取1/4进行建模(图2a)。在研究分析的过程中,为了消除自由端的影响,真实反映轧件断面变化及应变状态,以轧件长度方向中间部位作为研究对象,同时为了节省计算时间,沿轧件长度方向截取1 500 mm的坯料作为原始坯料计算模型,计算过程中由于轧件变形严重会引起网格畸变,影响计算精度,需对轧件网格进行重构(图2b),恢复计算结果的精度。
在全流程计算过程中需要遵循下列原则:
(1)各道次轧制过程数值模拟设定的物理时间需满足轧件可以完全抛出;
(2)间隙空冷数值模拟的物理时间为目标对象离开前道次轧辊时刻到进入下道次接触轧辊时刻的实际时间。
在本研究中,轧制过程的热力耦合计算,采用显式时间积分算法进行结构计算,同时采用隐式时间积分算法进行温度计算。由于隐式算法是无条件稳定的,在一个耦合的时间增量△t内,温度计算的时间步长可以较结构计算的时间步长更大。这样一来,在时间增量△t内的结构增量步数和温度增量步数就不相同。经过若干耦合时间增量的计算之后,得到最终的计算结果。具体流程描述见图3
在计算过程中,出加热炉后轧件的温度作为初始温度,假设此时温度均匀分布,温度为1 220 ℃,出加热炉到除鳞机的时间为5 s,除鳞时间根据现场工艺条件,设定为3 s,出加热炉到开轧时间为50 s。轧制道次轧制瞬间和轧后露空时间按照轧制表设定速度和轧件长度计算,在二辊孔型中6道次开坯之后,在万能孔型中往复连轧7道次,轧制参数以实际使用数据为计算数据。
开坯过程中轧件断面变化如图4所示,钢坯经过2道次立压翻钢后在异型孔中内腔尺寸逐渐变大,靠近三角区的内侧壁有欠充满现象,而受孔型外侧壁约束轧件外侧尺寸变化较小,立压孔的槽底凸台能较好地抑制辊缝处过充的产生,有效减小折叠缺陷产生几率。
在万能轧制时腰翼缘三角区腰侧存在局部减薄现象(图5),主要是由于轧件变形不同时导致腰翼缘之间延伸不均匀拉扯造成,这一现象与实际轧制过程是吻合的,调整不当时表现尤为明显,严重时会导致尺寸超标。所以既需要在孔型设计时予以充分考虑,给出足够的余量,又要在调整上采取措施进行弥补和控制,防止出现废品。
在开坯过程中横断面变形分布不均匀,变形集中在腰部。等效塑性应变腰部最高,翼缘端次之,三角区最低(图6),最大、最小等效塑性应变有十倍差距。分析原因为开坯时由于采用开口孔型,腰部以强制压缩为主以减小厚度,翼缘以自由变形为主以减小翼缘高度,变形渗透不到翼缘中心部位,导致三角区等效应变最小。
万能连轧前几道次变形最剧烈的位置在翼缘腰三角区(图7),实现供料形状到产品形状的过渡。后几道次变形最剧烈的位置在翼缘(图8),完成翼缘厚度减小,达到目标尺寸。横断面等效塑性应变差异不大,在相同数量级,表明塑性变形相对均匀,不存在强烈的拉扯作用。
在万能孔型中三角区的等效塑性应变相对较大,也是变形比较集中的区域,该区域是腰部延伸和腿部延伸相互作用的区域,变形相对比较剧烈,金属流动复杂。在生产中表现为水平轧辊的圆角部位老化时出现小豆,严重时成为表面瘤子,影响轧件表面质量,产生轧痕缺陷,甚至会出现重皮缺陷,这也从侧面验证了三角区变形比较剧烈的结论。
在轧边孔型中,由于翼缘端部受到高向压缩,末端变形是最大的,会出现局部鼓肚,导致在后续孔型中局部压下增加,变形增大。所以翼缘端部的局部大变形必须被充分考虑,其对翼缘宽度的影响较大,对翼缘宽度精度控制产生不良作用。同时在轧边孔型中,翼缘端部受垂向压缩后,翼缘有向外侧弯曲的趋势,使翼缘脱离孔型内侧壁,导致形状失去控制。
生产过程中从出炉到产品道次温度变化如图9所示,可以看出,铸坯出加热炉后表面与周围环境有热交换,表面温度缓慢降低。除鳞过程中,由于高压水的冲刷作用,带走大量热量,坯料表面温降较大,而坯料内部温度几乎保持不变,这样一来在坯料表面层形成较大的温度梯度。出除鳞箱后,进入自然冷却过程,这时候热量由内部向表面传导,导致在较短的时间内,表面温度上升,当上升到一定温度后,因为与外部环境之间的对流和辐射,如果摆钢时间较长,温度将会缓慢下降。而坯料的边角部位,因为单位体积的表面积大,在这个过程中边角部位处于温度的最低点。轧制过程中因为轧辊冷却水和轧辊快冷作用及轧件内部热量外溢导致轧件表面温度剧烈波动,轧件横断面上温度分布严重不均匀,特征为“外冷内热”。
从轧制过程温度变化曲线上可以看到轧件内部部分位置温度有升高的迹象,表明轧制过程的变形功转化为热能。随着道次增加,因为轧件减薄和轧件延长,轧件表面积不断增加,温降逐步增大,整体温度呈下降趋势。
(1)采用过程温度对H型钢轧制全程进行了系统计算,对外形、应变等状况进行了比较分析,为轧制工艺优化提供了有力的理论支撑。
(2)在万能轧制过程中腰部三角区存在厚度减薄的“颈缩”现象,对腰部厚度尺寸有不利的影响。
(3)在轧制过程中轧件内部存在温度升高现象,是变形功转化为热能导致。轧制过程中轧件横断面温度分布是不均匀的,采用轧制过程的不均匀温度计算轧件变形,可以充分体现不同部位变形的差异性,最大限度接近真实情况,可有效评估孔型质量和轧制变形参数。
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100083
    3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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