Article(id=1188430997000438422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)04-0054-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761273629665, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761273629665, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761273629665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761273629665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188430994622268045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761273629097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283356674, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188430997189182103, articleId=1188430997000438422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum on Formation of Inclusions in Q450NQR1 Steel for Railway Carriage, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the effects of lanthanum content on inclusions in steel are studied by the induction furnace experiment and thermodynamic calculations. It was concluded that the rare earth oxysulfide was formed firstly, then aluminate, oxide, carbide and sulfide of rare earth lanthanum were formed as well as lanthanum-silicon and lanthanum-aluminum intermetallic compounds and rare earth hydride with smaller reaction trend were formed finally under the thermodynamic condition of molten steel of Q450NQR1 steel for railway carriage. It is obtained that the inclusions of LaAs and LaP could be generated during solidification process through the calculations with Ohnaka segregation model.

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文章通过采用感应炉试验和热力学计算研究钢中镧元素含量对钢中夹杂物的影响,得出在Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢的钢液热力学条件下,首先形成的是稀土硫氧化物,然后是稀土镧的铝酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、硫化物,最后是反应趋势较小的镧-硅和镧-铝金属间化合物以及稀土氢化物。通过Ohnaka偏析模型的计算得出,LaAs和LaP夹杂物可以在凝固过程中产生。

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吴 伟(1971-),男,辽宁省本溪市人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事稀土钢冶炼工艺方面研发工作。

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吴 伟(1971-),男,辽宁省本溪市人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事稀土钢冶炼工艺方面研发工作。

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吴 伟(1971-),男,辽宁省本溪市人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事稀土钢冶炼工艺方面研发工作。

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La O C Si Mn S P Fe
30.75 0.005 8 0.014 0.012 0.010 <0.005 0 <0.010 69.2
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镧铁合金化学成分(质量分数) %

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La O C Si Mn S P Fe
30.75 0.005 8 0.014 0.012 0.010 <0.005 0 <0.010 69.2
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编号 C Si Mn P S Al Ca La O Fe
La-1 0.16 0.28 1.33 0.007 0 0.004 1 0.028 <0.000 5 0 0.003 6 余量
La-2 0.16 0.28 1.34 0.006 6 0.004 1 0.024 <0.000 5 0.001 3 0.003 6 余量
La-3 0.16 0.28 1.36 0.006 8 0.004 2 0.026 <0.000 5 0.012 8 0.003 8 余量
La-4 0.16 0.28 1.36 0.006 6 0.004 0 0.025 <0.000 5 0.020 3 0.003 0 余量
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试验钢化学成分(质量分数) %

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编号 C Si Mn P S Al Ca La O Fe
La-1 0.16 0.28 1.33 0.007 0 0.004 1 0.028 <0.000 5 0 0.003 6 余量
La-2 0.16 0.28 1.34 0.006 6 0.004 1 0.024 <0.000 5 0.001 3 0.003 6 余量
La-3 0.16 0.28 1.36 0.006 8 0.004 2 0.026 <0.000 5 0.012 8 0.003 8 余量
La-4 0.16 0.28 1.36 0.006 6 0.004 0 0.025 <0.000 5 0.020 3 0.003 0 余量
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稀土镧对Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢中夹杂物生成的影响
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吴伟 1 , 赵博 1 , 杨峰 2 , 雷鸣 1 , 曾加庆 1 , 何建中 2 , 梁志刚 3
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 54-59
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 54-59
稀土镧对Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢中夹杂物生成的影响
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吴伟1, 赵博1, 杨峰2, 雷鸣1, 曾加庆1, 何建中2, 梁志刚3
作者信息
  • 1.钢铁研究总院有限公司冶金工艺研究所, 北京 100081
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 吴 伟(1971-),男,辽宁省本溪市人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事稀土钢冶炼工艺方面研发工作。

Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum on Formation of Inclusions in Q450NQR1 Steel for Railway Carriage
Wei Wu1, Bo Zhao1, Feng Yang2, Ming Lei1, Jia-qing Zeng1, Jian-zhong He2, Zhi-gang Liang3
Affiliations
  • 1. Metallurgical Technology Institute of Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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文章通过采用感应炉试验和热力学计算研究钢中镧元素含量对钢中夹杂物的影响,得出在Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢的钢液热力学条件下,首先形成的是稀土硫氧化物,然后是稀土镧的铝酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、硫化物,最后是反应趋势较小的镧-硅和镧-铝金属间化合物以及稀土氢化物。通过Ohnaka偏析模型的计算得出,LaAs和LaP夹杂物可以在凝固过程中产生。

铁路车厢用钢  /  稀土镧  /  反应吉布斯自由能  /  夹杂物生成

In this paper, the effects of lanthanum content on inclusions in steel are studied by the induction furnace experiment and thermodynamic calculations. It was concluded that the rare earth oxysulfide was formed firstly, then aluminate, oxide, carbide and sulfide of rare earth lanthanum were formed as well as lanthanum-silicon and lanthanum-aluminum intermetallic compounds and rare earth hydride with smaller reaction trend were formed finally under the thermodynamic condition of molten steel of Q450NQR1 steel for railway carriage. It is obtained that the inclusions of LaAs and LaP could be generated during solidification process through the calculations with Ohnaka segregation model.

steel for railway carriage  /  rare earth lanthanum  /  Gibbs free energy of reaction  /  formation of inclusions
吴伟, 赵博, 杨峰, 雷鸣, 曾加庆, 何建中, 梁志刚. 稀土镧对Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢中夹杂物生成的影响. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 54 -59 .
Wei Wu, Bo Zhao, Feng Yang, Ming Lei, Jia-qing Zeng, Jian-zhong He, Zhi-gang Liang. Effects of Rare Earth Lanthanum on Formation of Inclusions in Q450NQR1 Steel for Railway Carriage[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 54 -59 .
钢中夹杂物种类对于钢耐腐蚀性有明显的影响,Al2O3和MnS等夹杂物会优先于基体发生腐蚀,进而产生点蚀坑,LaAlO3、La2O3、La2O2S、La2S3的腐蚀电位比钢基体低,同样容易诱发点蚀,但是La2S3腐蚀后产生的游离的La3+能够促进α-FeOOH的产生,促进锈层的致密性[1-2]。因此明确稀土钢的夹杂物生成顺序和机理,对于夹杂物的调控是非常有利的。
钢中夹杂物主要分为两种,一种是初生夹杂物,另外一种则是次生夹杂物。稀土镧加入到钢液中,由于其极强的化学活性,一方面会和钢中溶解的元素反应生成夹杂物,另一方面加入钢中会改变原有夹杂物的种类,会和钢中的Al2O3和MnS夹杂物进行反应,达到对夹杂物变性的效果,两种途径在熔融状态形成初生的稀土夹杂物[3-4]。同时,在凝固过程中由于元素的偏析,达到夹杂物生成的浓度积,进而会形成次生夹杂物[5-6]
本试验采用的金属料是某钢厂批量生产的Q450NQR1钢材,试验装置为50 kg真空感应炉,如图1所示。试验开始前,将Q450NQR1金属料切割成小块,打磨掉表面的氧化物。将真空炉通电抽真空至60 Pa以下,升温至Q450NQR1金属料完全熔化后(1 600 ℃),恒温10 min,然后向真空炉中充入氩气至炉内压力为100 kPa。
合金原料采用镧铁合金,化学成分如表1所示。通过加料器加入镧铁合金并摇炉搅拌均匀,5 min后取样分别进行水冷,试验结束后随炉冷却的金属料作为终点样,并对其化学成分进行检测,然后将终点样在小轧机上轧制成7 mm厚的钢板。
利用ONH-5500氧氮分析仪对终点样中O和N含量进行检测,采用M4 TORNADO荧光光谱仪测定终点样中各元素的含量,结果如表2所示。采用JEOL JSM 7200F型扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)观察和分析铁路车厢用钢的夹杂物形貌。采用Aspex软件对钢中夹杂物成分进行统计和分析。
通过扫描电镜对Q450NQR1钢中夹杂物形貌进行分析,结果如图2(a)~(d)所示。可以看出空白组没有添加稀土的钢中夹杂物颜色为深色,尺寸在10~20 μm左右,主要以Mn-O-Al-Si-Cr-S系夹杂物为主。当La含量为0.001 3%时,没有发现MnS夹杂物,稀土夹杂物主要以La2O2S-LaxSy为主,大量CaS和铝酸钙在表面附着,形成复合夹杂物包裹体,夹杂物颜色整体呈现深色,部分呈现亮白色。随着稀土La含量的进一步上升,可以看出稀土夹杂物的尺寸进一步减小,出现纯的La2O2S和LaxSy夹杂物,无MnS和铝酸钙在夹杂物表面沉积。随着稀土含量的增加,钢中出现了LaP和LaAs,如图2(e)和(f)所示。
利用扫描电镜自动计数软件Aspex对钢中1 μm以上的夹杂物进行检测,结果如图3所示。
在没有添加稀土的试验组,共形成1 533个夹杂物,主要以Al2O3和Al-O-Ca系夹杂物为主。大部分为Al-O系夹杂物,共1 454个,平均成分偏离Al2O3的成分比例,说明夹杂物中存在其他的氧化物,例如Ti2O3、Cr2O3等;Al-O-Ca系夹杂物共79个,占到较小的部分,通过对其平均成分进行分析发现,Ca/Al比更偏向于CaO·2Al2O3和CaO·6Al2O3之间,说明钢中铝酸钙的形式主要以两种夹杂物复合存在。
在0%~0.02%稀土La含量区间内,稀土夹杂物主要为硫化物、硫氧化物以及氧化物。随着La含量的增加,La-O系夹杂物向La2O3的成分比例靠近,La-S系夹杂物向LaS成分比例靠近,La-O-S系夹杂物向La2O2S成分比例靠近,说明稀土含量的增加,促进了稀土夹杂物的纯净化。对稀土硫化物、硫氧化物以及氧化物的数量进行统计,如图4所示。随着稀土含量的增加,氧化物比例由20%降低至3%,硫氧化物比例由80%降低至32%,硫化物比例由1%增加至65%。因此夹杂物会向稀土硫化物转变。
稀土La元素反应性强,易与S、O等氧化性元素形成夹杂物,与C、H、N、P等元素形成相应的化合物,与Al、Si、Fe、As等元素形成金属间化合物。通过查询Material Project数据库,总结稀土可能生成的物质,然后在FactSage数据库中搜索相应的热力学数据。计算不同温度下镧化合物的标准反应吉布斯自由能,结果如图5所示。
反应吉布斯自由能最小的为La2O2S,其次为La3Al5O12、LaAlO3、La33Al7O60,然后是La2O3、LaC2、LaN、La2S3、LaS。这些是钢中常见的化合物,但可以看出稀土的氢化物、硅化物、铝化物、氧化物、砷化物在适宜的温度下均会产生。化合物整体形成顺序为:铝酸盐、氧硫化物、氧化物、硫化物、La(C、N、H)化合物、La(Al、Si)金属间化合物,最后是La和As、P的化合物。
钢中各元素的活度与理想溶液的活度有很大差异,因此需要计算各元素的活度,并计算非标准态下的反应吉布斯自由能,如图6所示。
可以看出,在Q450NQR1钢液成分下,首先形成的是稀土硫氧化物,然后是稀土的铝酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、硫化物,最后是反应趋势较小的La-Si和La-Al金属间化合物以及稀土氢化物。可以看出稀土砷化物和磷化物在高温熔融条件中是不能生成的。
在钢的凝固过程中,存在元素扩散、偏析、反应和析出以及钢的凝固相变等复杂的耦合行为。在元素偏析过程中,可能为一些二次夹杂物(La-As和La-P)的形成提供了热力学条件。凝固过程如图7所示。采用Ohnaka偏析模型进行模拟Q450NQR1钢的凝固过程。该模型假定溶质在液相中完全扩散,而在固相中的反向扩散是不完全的。
溶度积与固相率分数的关系如图8所示。LaAs和LaP可以在凝固过程中产生。在固相分数fs为0.8时,达到了LaP的生成条件,均相成核的实际过饱和度高于临界过饱和度。在固相分数fs为0.999 9时,达到了LaAs的生成条件,说明稀土砷化物是在凝固末端产生的。同时,LaP2、LaAs2、La4As3由于平衡溶度积较高,在凝固过程无法产生。
(1)计算夹杂物的反应吉布斯自由能,得出在Q450NRQ1钢液热力学条件下,首先形成的是稀土硫氧化物,然后是稀土的铝酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、硫化物,最后是反应趋势较小的La-Si和La-Al金属间化合物以及稀土氢化物。随着La含量的增加,会促进硫化物的增加,抑制氧化物和硫氧化物的生成。
(2)LaAs和LaP可以在凝固过程中产生,在固相分数fs为0.8时,达到了LaP的生成条件,均相成核的实际过饱和度高于临界过饱和度。在固相分数fs为0.999 9时,达到了LaAs的生成条件,说明稀土砷化物是在凝固末端产生的。同时,LaP2、LaAs2、La4As3由于平衡溶度积较高,在凝固过程无法产生。
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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    1.钢铁研究总院有限公司冶金工艺研究所, 北京 100081
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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