Article(id=1188430996937519537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)04-0072-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717776000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761273629650, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761273629650, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761273629650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761273629650, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188430994622268045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761273629097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283356674, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471795062555054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188430994622268045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188430997143040436, articleId=1188430996937519537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Effects of Finish Cooling Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Reinforced Wear Resistant Steel with Rare Earth TiC Particle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The applications of rare earth elements in steel materials play an important role in optimizing their performances. In the paper, it is introduced a type of reinforced wear resistant steel with rare earth TiC particle is prepared by taking rare earth element Ce as main additive as well as systematically discussed the effects of finish cooling temperature on its microstructure and wear resistance. The microstructure analysis indicated that the Ce element could effectively refine the TiC particle with long strip and chain shape in as-cast structure during solidification process as well as the content of retained austenite could be reduced with finish cooling temperature decreased during rolling process. The abrasion test showed that the microalloying TiC particle with rare earth element Ce could effectively prevent abrasion so that the wear resistance of plate could be improved.

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稀土元素在钢铁材料中的应用对优化其性能具有重要意义。文章以稀土元素铈(Ce)作为主要添加剂,制备了一种稀土TiC颗粒增强的耐磨钢,并系统地探讨了终冷温度对其组织和耐磨性能的影响。微观组织分析表明,凝固过程中铈元素能够有效地细化铸态组织中的长条链状TiC颗粒,轧制过程中,残余奥氏体含量会随着终冷温度的降低有所减少。磨损试验表明,稀土铈微合金化的TiC颗粒能够有效阻碍磨损的进行,从而提高钢板的耐磨性能。

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武会宾(1977-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质钢铁材料设计与研发工作。

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武会宾(1977-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质钢铁材料设计与研发工作。

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武会宾(1977-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质钢铁材料设计与研发工作。

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终冷温度
/℃
载荷
/N
磨损前
/g
磨损后
/g
失重
/g
耐磨性
/g-1
450 7 0.972 2 0.746 8 0.225 4 4.436 6
300 7 0.976 3 0.760 9 0.215 4 4.642 5
240 7 0.973 8 0.768 7 0.205 1 4.875 7
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试验钢磨损数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
终冷温度
/℃
载荷
/N
磨损前
/g
磨损后
/g
失重
/g
耐磨性
/g-1
450 7 0.972 2 0.746 8 0.225 4 4.436 6
300 7 0.976 3 0.760 9 0.215 4 4.642 5
240 7 0.973 8 0.768 7 0.205 1 4.875 7
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终冷温度对稀土TiC颗粒增强耐磨钢组织和性能的影响
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武会宾 1 , 丁超 1 , 袁晓鸣 2
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 72-78
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 72-78
终冷温度对稀土TiC颗粒增强耐磨钢组织和性能的影响
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武会宾1, 丁超1, 袁晓鸣2
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学钢铁共性技术协同创新中心, 北京 100083
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 武会宾(1977-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质钢铁材料设计与研发工作。

Effects of Finish Cooling Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Reinforced Wear Resistant Steel with Rare Earth TiC Particle
Hui-bin Wu1, Chao Ding1, Xiao-ming Yuan2
Affiliations
  • 1. Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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稀土元素在钢铁材料中的应用对优化其性能具有重要意义。文章以稀土元素铈(Ce)作为主要添加剂,制备了一种稀土TiC颗粒增强的耐磨钢,并系统地探讨了终冷温度对其组织和耐磨性能的影响。微观组织分析表明,凝固过程中铈元素能够有效地细化铸态组织中的长条链状TiC颗粒,轧制过程中,残余奥氏体含量会随着终冷温度的降低有所减少。磨损试验表明,稀土铈微合金化的TiC颗粒能够有效阻碍磨损的进行,从而提高钢板的耐磨性能。

稀土元素铈  /  耐磨钢  /  TiC颗粒  /  终冷温度

The applications of rare earth elements in steel materials play an important role in optimizing their performances. In the paper, it is introduced a type of reinforced wear resistant steel with rare earth TiC particle is prepared by taking rare earth element Ce as main additive as well as systematically discussed the effects of finish cooling temperature on its microstructure and wear resistance. The microstructure analysis indicated that the Ce element could effectively refine the TiC particle with long strip and chain shape in as-cast structure during solidification process as well as the content of retained austenite could be reduced with finish cooling temperature decreased during rolling process. The abrasion test showed that the microalloying TiC particle with rare earth element Ce could effectively prevent abrasion so that the wear resistance of plate could be improved.

rare earth element Ce  /  wear resistant steel  /  TiC particle  /  finish cooling temperature
武会宾, 丁超, 袁晓鸣. 终冷温度对稀土TiC颗粒增强耐磨钢组织和性能的影响. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 72 -78 .
Hui-bin Wu, Chao Ding, Xiao-ming Yuan. Effects of Finish Cooling Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Reinforced Wear Resistant Steel with Rare Earth TiC Particle[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 72 -78 .
混凝土搅拌车罐体作为搅拌车的核心部件,其复杂而严苛的服役环境对材料的性能提出了高强度、高耐磨性以及良好成形性的要求。传统的搅拌车罐体通常采用碳素结构钢,如Q235和Q345,这些材料虽然成本低廉,但其强度和耐磨性不足,导致罐体使用寿命较短且需要较厚的钢板来维持强度,最终使得车体笨重[1-2]。近年来,强度较高的钢种(如520JJ和620JJ)的开发和应用虽然在一定程度上减轻了车体重量,但其耐磨性仍未能满足搅拌车罐体长时间使用的要求,限制了其服役周期的延长[3-4]。因此,开发兼具高强度和高耐磨性的钢种,已成为提高混凝土搅拌车性能和使用寿命的关键。
传统铁素体-珠光体微观结构是钢板强度和耐磨性不足的主要原因之一[5],为了克服这一问题,研究者们提出了将微观结构调整为铁素体-马氏体的方案。铁素体-马氏体双相钢作为第一代先进高强钢,通过软相铁素体和硬相马氏体的协同作用,不仅保持了钢板良好的塑性和成形性,还显著提高了拉伸强度[6-8]。然而,大量铁素体的存在不可避免地导致其屈服强度偏低,而屈服强度是衡量耐磨钢抵御塑性变形能力的重要指标。近年来,通过在传统耐磨钢中引入硬质颗粒,制备出颗粒增强型耐磨钢,使其同时具备高强度、高塑性和优异的耐磨性能[9-10]。颗粒的选择对耐磨钢获得优异的综合性能至关重要,通常分为外加颗粒和原位自生颗粒。外加颗粒增强钢铁材料是通过将增强相直接加入钢液并凝固制成,但因密度差异导致增强颗粒分布不均匀的问题尚未解决[11-12]。而原位自生颗粒通过化学反应在基体中原位生成,避免了上述问题,并且界面干净,有利于性能提高。TiC因其在钢液中易于生成、工艺简单且成本较低而备受关注。然而,自然凝固过程中生成的TiC颗粒往往呈粗大长条状,类似于夹杂物,削弱了基体组织的连续性,严重影响材料的加工和使用性能,即使经过热机械处理也难以改善。
稀土元素因其独特的微合金化效果而受到广泛关注。研究表明,在钢铁材料中添加适量稀土元素可显著净化钢液、改性夹杂物、细化和钝化碳化物,并细化原始奥氏体晶粒,从而提高钢材的综合力学性能[13-14]。目前,稀土元素铈在耐磨钢中应用的研究表明其可显著提高耐磨钢耐蚀和耐磨损性能,但关于稀土元素对颗粒增强耐磨钢中碳化物尺寸和形貌的优化作用研究较少。本文以稀土颗粒增强热轧高强耐磨钢为研究对象,系统研究了稀土铈的添加对TiC颗粒尺寸和形貌的优化及对综合力学性能的提高,为稀土TiC颗粒增强耐磨钢的进一步发展提供理论支撑。
试验钢采用30 kg真空感应加热炉进行冶炼,然后锻造成型,锻坯为尺寸50 mm×50 mm的方坯,目标成分质量分数为0.2%C、1.7%Si、1.8%Mn、0.45%Al、0.15Ti、0.008%Ce。同时采用同种成分不添加稀土的试样作为对比。图1(a)为未添加Ce的样品,铸态结构中存在约15 μm的长条状TiC颗粒,且不同方向的TiC长条相互连接。大量研究表明,这种TiC即使经过轧制和热处理后也难以均匀分布。图1(b)展示了添加稀土Ce的耐磨钢铸态材料中的TiC分布,可以清晰地看出,添加Ce后TiC呈现出碎化且近似颗粒状的长条分布特征。图1(c)进一步证实了碎化的颗粒为稀土Ce富集的TiC颗粒,如图1(c1)~(c4)所示。
随后在德国Baehr热分析公司生产的DIL805A型膨胀仪上进行相变温度检测试验。钢的临界点按照YB/T 5127—1993《钢的临界点测定方法》进行测定。试验钢的Ac1Ac3分别为751 ℃和934 ℃,马氏体的转变温度为422 ℃,见图2。将锻坯加工成25 mm×50 mm×100 mm的坯料,然后在加热炉中加热到1 200 ℃,保温1.5 h后去除氧化铁皮。然后在Φ200 mm可逆热轧机上进行轧制,开轧温度高于1 100 ℃,经5道次轧制至6 mm厚,终轧温度高于850 ℃,随后分别水冷至450 ℃、300 ℃和240 ℃。
轧制后对钢板进行微观组织分析。将三种不同热轧工艺的钢板切成6 mm×6 mm×10 mm的样品,然后将轧面经砂纸打磨并采用金刚石抛光膏抛光后用4%硝酸酒精侵蚀剂侵蚀,分别置于日本Olympus Ols40-SU激光共聚焦显微镜与ZEISS G500热场发射环境扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察显微组织。为了研究试验钢的残余奥氏体含量,进行X射线衍射(XRD)试验。使用X射线衍射仪进行分析,采用Cu靶,扫描角度范围为40°至100°。残余奥氏体的计算公式如下所示[15-16]:
Vr= $\frac{1.4\frac{{I}_{\gamma }^{220}+{I}_{\gamma }^{311}}{2}}{{I}_{\alpha }^{211}+1.4\frac{{I}_{\gamma }^{220}+{I}_{\gamma }^{311}}{2}}$
销盘磨损试验使用ML-100C销盘磨损试验机,通过磨盘的正反圆周运动与夹具的往复直线运动相结合,形成阿基米德螺旋线轨迹。试验参数如下:固定7 N载荷,磨盘以60 r/min进行600转的圆周运动,经现场调试共运行867 s。样品为尺寸Φ4 mm×10 mm的柱状,经铣床打磨,超声波清洗称重后进行试验,砂纸采用180目的标准砂纸。
试验钢在450 ℃、300 ℃和240 ℃终冷后的微观组织如图3所示,其中(a)(d)、(b)(e)、(c)(f)分别对应450 ℃、300 ℃和240 ℃进行终冷的室温激光共聚焦金相和SEM图。在450 ℃终冷时,其室温组织以大块状多边形铁素体为主,存在部分无碳贝氏体以及少量由于高温转变出现的片层状细小的珠光体组织,同时从SEM图中还能看到少量的碳化物析出,具体如图3的(a)、(d)所示;随着终冷温度的降低,片层状珠光体逐渐消失,多边形铁素体的含量逐渐下降,且晶粒尺寸也在逐渐减小,其室温组织主要由块状板条马氏体及板条间的残余奥氏体和铁素体构成,在300 ℃进行终冷时,几乎看不到碳化物的析出,如图3(b)、(e),典型的块状马氏体和铁素体出现,珠光体和贝氏体均消失;240 ℃终冷,多边形铁素体进一步减少,马氏体数量增加,马氏体板条更加细小,其板条间残余奥氏体的数量也较少,室温组织为多边形铁素体和板条马氏体组成的双相组织,具体见图3(c)、(f),此时马氏体板条的细化以及马氏体体积分数的增加也会明显提高试验钢的强度。
在不同终冷温度样品的微观结构中除了存在铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体或珠光体外,在该试验钢的组织中形成尚未转变的亚稳相残余奥氏体,从SEM图中可以看到在马氏体板条间弥散分布着由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成的马奥岛组织。之所以会有较多残余奥氏体的保留,是因为Si元素在钢中不溶于渗碳体,能够有效地阻止奥氏体中碳的析出,从而提高残余奥氏体稳定性,促进残余奥氏体在室温保留[17]。同样,Al对渗碳体形成的抑制能力与Si相似,也会提高奥氏体中的碳含量,增加残余奥氏体的稳定性,在二者的共同作用下,在冷却后期,部分富碳奥氏体在马氏体中保留形成马奥岛组织(M/A)[18]
使用X射线衍射仪进一步确定试验钢中残余奥氏体的具体含量,其X射线衍射光谱如图4所示。由图4可以看出除了BCC衍射峰外,还存在较强的FCC衍射峰,且可以明显看出在450 ℃和300 ℃进行终冷,其(200)γ、(220)γ和(311)γ所对应的峰强几乎一致,但是在240 ℃进行终冷的试验钢,FCC所对应的峰强相对于前者明显减弱。为得到残余奥氏体的具体含量,采用式(1)对三种终冷温度下的FCC相进行计算,450 ℃、300 ℃和240 ℃所对应的FCC相即残余奥氏体的体积分数,分别为8.7%、8.7%和4.4%。在较高的终冷温度下残余奥氏体含量更多,主要是因为在较高温度终冷,保温过程中发生了碳原子的配分过程,碳从马氏体向奥氏体扩散形成一部分稳定的富碳奥氏体,从而保留到室温,而在240 ℃终冷,在低温下碳原子难以迁移,奥氏体中碳含量较低,稳定性也较低[19]
在该材料的磨损试验中,由于失重质量数值较小,其耐磨性可以通过对磨损失重取倒数求得[20],即:
ε= $\frac{1}{w}$
式中:ε为耐磨性,g-1;w为磨损失重,g。
计算后得到表1所示磨损数据。由表1可以看出,随着终冷温度的降低,试验钢耐磨损能力不断增加,耐磨性能从450 ℃终冷的4.436 5 g-1增加到240 ℃终冷所对应的4.875 7 g-1
图5图6展示了试验钢在不同终冷温度下销盘磨损后的表面形貌。从微观形貌上可以清晰地看出,磨损表面呈现出典型的磨粒磨损特征。如图5(a)和(d)所示,240 ℃终冷后的磨损表面显现出明显的微切割形貌,仅存在较浅的划痕。这是由于在该温度下终冷的试验钢中马氏体板条较细,晶粒尺寸较小,从而具有较好的耐磨能力。图5(b)和(e)展示了300 ℃终冷样品磨损后的形貌,可以看到微切割作用明显,犁沟较深。图6(b)中还可以观察到部分微裂纹的形成。对于450 ℃终冷的试验钢,在磨损过程中,磨粒与试验钢表面的相互作用显著。在磨粒与试验钢表面接触过程中,对表面进行了切割,产生了粗且深的犁沟及其周围的大块犁皱。随着摩擦的不断进行,微裂纹逐渐形成并扩展,最终导致大量犁皱的脱落[21]。从图5(c)和(f)的三维形貌图及模拟高度图,以及图6(c)中可以看到,450 ℃终冷的试验钢表面存在粗大且很深的犁沟,并伴有较多的材料脱落现象。
为进一步分析TiC颗粒在耐磨钢磨损过程中的作用,选择450 ℃终冷样品磨损后截面位置进行分析。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的背散射电子(BSE)模式观察到磨损截面处存在微米级和纳米级的TiC颗粒,其尺寸分别约为1.16 μm和约0.5 μm,见图7(a)图7(b)。如前文所述,由于稀土元素Ce的添加,大尺寸的TiC未呈现长条状分布,而是分割成小颗粒。这些细化的TiC颗粒的存在进一步增强了基体抵御磨损的能力,同时保持了优异的综合力学性能。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)对不同尺寸的TiC析出相进行进一步确认,如图7(c)和7(d)所示,不同尺寸的TiC颗粒在试验钢中均可观察到,同时通过衍射图案进一步确认了其晶体结构,见图7(c)和(d)的内嵌图案。因此,在制备颗粒增强型热轧高强耐磨钢的过程中,通过添加适量稀土元素Ce,有效改善了原位自生TiC的尺寸及形貌,显著优化了其综合力学性能。
(1)在TiC颗粒增强型耐磨钢中添加稀土元素Ce,有助于细化原位自生TiC的颗粒尺寸,破坏初始长条链状形态,改善TiC颗粒与基体的界面关系,有利于钢板耐磨性的提高。
(2)450 ℃终冷后,试验钢主要由多边形铁素体和片层状珠光体构成,随着终冷温度的降低,珠光体逐渐消失,微观组织主要以贝氏体和板条马氏体为主。三种终冷温度下试验钢均存在一定量的残余奥氏体,钢中残余奥氏体含量随终冷温度的降低有所减少,当终冷温度从450 ℃降低到240 ℃后,奥氏体含量从8.7%下降至4.4%。
(3)试验钢耐磨性能随着终冷温度的降低随之提高,失重从0.225 4 g降低至0.205 1 g,450 ℃终冷的样品,出现了较粗大的犁沟,可见脱落的犁皱,300 ℃的样品犁沟变浅,基本不会脱落,降低到240 ℃后,磨损形貌为微切割和较浅的犁沟。
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-08
  • 首发时间:2025-10-24
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    1.北京科技大学钢铁共性技术协同创新中心, 北京 100083
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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