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The baiyuneboite is the largest paragenic ore of rare earth resource reserve in the world. It is the key of effectively utilizing rare earth resources to figure out the inheritance rules of rare earth in steel as well as clearly understand roles and mechanisms of rare earth in steel. In the paper, it is summarized the years of research achievements of authors’ team as well as inheritance of rare earth of baiyuneboite in steel, effects of rare earth on metallurgical quality of steel and microalloying of rare earth in steel. The related fundamental research work can enrich the understanding of roles of rare earth in steel as well as provide theoretical and technical supports for high-quality and efficient utilizations of rare earth resources of baiyuneboite in steel.

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白云鄂博矿是世界上最大的稀土资源储量共生矿,搞清稀土在钢中的传承规律,清晰认识稀土在钢中的作用及机理,是有效利用稀土资源的关键。文章总结作者团队多年的研究成果,围绕白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承、稀土对钢冶金质量的影响和稀土在钢中的微合金化作用进行了综述。相关基础研究工作,能够丰富稀土在钢中作用的认识,也能够为白云鄂博矿稀土资源在钢中的高质高效利用提供理论和技术支撑。

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任慧平(1963-),男,北京市人,博士,教授,现从事白云鄂博矿优势资源先进金属材料的研究与开发工作。

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任慧平(1963-),男,北京市人,博士,教授,现从事白云鄂博矿优势资源先进金属材料的研究与开发工作。

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任慧平(1963-),男,北京市人,博士,教授,现从事白云鄂博矿优势资源先进金属材料的研究与开发工作。

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白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承与作用
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任慧平 1, 2 , 计云萍 1, 2 , 高雪云 1, 2 , 瞿伟 1, 2 , 刘香军 2, 3 , 金自力 1, 2
包钢科技 | 2024,50(4): 27-36
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(4): 27-36
白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承与作用
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任慧平1, 2, 计云萍1, 2, 高雪云1, 2, 瞿伟1, 2, 刘香军2, 3, 金自力1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学材料科学与工程学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古自治区新金属材料重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.内蒙古科技大学稀土产业学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 任慧平(1963-),男,北京市人,博士,教授,现从事白云鄂博矿优势资源先进金属材料的研究与开发工作。

Inheritance and Roles of Rare Earth of Baiyuneboite in Steel
Hui-ping Ren1, 2, Yun-ping Ji1, 2, Xue-yun Gao1, 2, Wei Qu1, 2, Xiang-jun Liu2, 3, Zi-li Jin1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of New Metal Material, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25
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白云鄂博矿是世界上最大的稀土资源储量共生矿,搞清稀土在钢中的传承规律,清晰认识稀土在钢中的作用及机理,是有效利用稀土资源的关键。文章总结作者团队多年的研究成果,围绕白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承、稀土对钢冶金质量的影响和稀土在钢中的微合金化作用进行了综述。相关基础研究工作,能够丰富稀土在钢中作用的认识,也能够为白云鄂博矿稀土资源在钢中的高质高效利用提供理论和技术支撑。

白云鄂博矿  /  稀土  /  钢  /  传承  /  冶金质量  /  微合金化

The baiyuneboite is the largest paragenic ore of rare earth resource reserve in the world. It is the key of effectively utilizing rare earth resources to figure out the inheritance rules of rare earth in steel as well as clearly understand roles and mechanisms of rare earth in steel. In the paper, it is summarized the years of research achievements of authors’ team as well as inheritance of rare earth of baiyuneboite in steel, effects of rare earth on metallurgical quality of steel and microalloying of rare earth in steel. The related fundamental research work can enrich the understanding of roles of rare earth in steel as well as provide theoretical and technical supports for high-quality and efficient utilizations of rare earth resources of baiyuneboite in steel.

baiyuneboite  /  rare earth  /  steel  /  inheritance  /  metallurgical quality  /  microalloying
任慧平, 计云萍, 高雪云, 瞿伟, 刘香军, 金自力. 白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承与作用. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (4) : 27 -36 .
Hui-ping Ren, Yun-ping Ji, Xue-yun Gao, Wei Qu, Xiang-jun Liu, Zi-li Jin. Inheritance and Roles of Rare Earth of Baiyuneboite in Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (4) : 27 -36 .
白云鄂博矿是世界上最大的稀土资源储量共生伴矿,亦为包钢铁矿石的重要来源[1-3]。稀土在钢中作用的研究开始于20世纪50年代,有关稀土的共识性作用主要包括净化钢液、夹杂物改性、微合金化。随着先进材料表征方法和技术及现代材料模拟计算方法的出现,加上冶金技术的进步发展,对于稀土在钢中的作用也有了新的认识。作者团队多年来一直从事稀土在钢中作用的基础研究、技术攻关和产业化应用工作,本文针对作者团队多年来的基础理论研究工作进行综述,主要从白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承、稀土对钢冶金质量的影响和稀土在钢中的微合金化作用三个方面进行总结,以期丰富科研工作者对于稀土在钢中作用的认识,并为稀土在钢中的高质高效利用提供理论和技术支撑。
作为世界上最大的铁、稀土和铌共伴生的矿床,白云鄂博矿在选矿过程中,由于稀土元素难以与铁精矿完全分离,因而会伴随铁精矿进入钢铁冶金各流程。20世纪90年代末,余宗森先生等[4]研究发现,使用白云鄂博铁矿为原料的钢材产品中稀土镧、铈的总量约为0.000 5%~0.001 0%。然而,铁矿石中共伴生的稀土元素是如何在钢铁冶金过程中从料到材进行传承,整个行为过程的关键影响因素及作用机理等科学问题尚待明晰。直至2014年,团队针对上述问题进行了系统的研究[5]
研究发现,稀土在铁精矿中主要以氟碳铈镧矿和独居石两种状态存在。在烧结矿和球团矿中主要以稀土氧化物和少量未分解的独居石两种状态存在。高炉炼铁过程中,熔渣中可以自由移动的La2O3可以被碳逐渐脱氧,最终还原成LaC2,部分LaC2可以溶入到铁水中,铁水中的La被焦炭石墨化,最终以石墨相的形式存在于生铁中,从而完成稀土镧在高炉炼铁过程中的传承。铁水中的多孔状石墨及其官能团吸附机制如图1所示[5]。在转炉炼钢后的脱氧和LF精炼过程,熔渣中的稀土元素主要以可以自由移动的RE2O3形式存在。钢包中加入Al等脱氧剂时,先是铝热还原氧化硅过程:SiO2→Al9Si→Si;然后是硅热还原氧化钙和稀土氧化物的过程:CaO、RE2O3→CaSi2、(Ca0.8RE0.2)Si2。熔渣中热还原反应产物分析如图2所示[5]。在整个钢铁冶金流程中,高炉炼铁和转炉炼钢完成后的脱氧还原过程是控制传承行为的关键工序。
总之,白云鄂博矿中稀土元素在钢铁冶金过程中“有来源”“能传承”“可还原”和“保得住”。铁精矿中的稀土在高炉炼铁过程中绝大部分进入到高炉渣中,但仍然有少量稀土可以存在于铁水中,铁水预脱硫对其中稀土含量影响不大。在转炉吹氧后钢水中的稀土几乎全部以氧化物形式存在,经过脱氧反应后,部分稀土氧化物会被还原成微合金化状态存在于钢水中,最终以固溶态存在于连铸坯中,从而完成稀土在钢铁冶金流程中的传承过程。
稀土元素有独特的物理和化学性质,能显著改善钢材的冶金质量,有效改善钢中非金属夹杂物的性质,进而提高钢的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。
稀土元素具有高熔点和强氧化性,在钢中主要以氧化物、硫化物和氧硫化物形式存在[6]。从稀土夹杂物物理化学性质的视角研究其改善钢材性能的内在机制,结果表明,TiN、Al2O3夹杂物的体积模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量以及维氏硬度较大,呈现出较大的刚性和硬度,表现为脆性特征,而Ce2O3和Ce2O2S夹杂物表现为韧性特征。与Al2O3和TiN相比,Ce2O3、CeAlO3夹杂物的热膨胀系数与铁基体接近,而Ce2O2S夹杂物的热膨胀系数比铁基体稍大,Ce夹杂物与基体在不可压缩性、刚性、硬度、韧脆性及热膨胀性等方面的差异较小,钢基体塑性变形的一致性得到提高,这有助于延缓微孔洞和微裂纹的萌生[7]。相关研究结果如图3图4所示[7]。此外,稀土处理后,夹杂物的形态从原先大而不规则转变为细小且圆润的颗粒,稀土夹杂物形态和物化性质的共同作用减小了应力集中,从而提高了钢材在受到冲击载荷时的抗裂纹扩展能力[8]。另一方面,均匀分布的细小夹杂物在材料疲劳过程中起到了显著的缓冲作用,延缓了疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,提高了钢的冲击韧性和疲劳寿命。
在腐蚀性能方面,稀土元素能够提高钢材的化学均匀性,特别是在晶界区域,这有助于减少腐蚀敏感区域的形成,从而提高钢材的抗腐蚀能力[9]。在含氯环境中,稀土能够有效抑制点蚀的发生。高温环境下,稀土元素能够在钢材表面形成稳定的氧化膜,这种氧化膜具有优异的抗氧化性和耐热性,能够显著提高钢材在高温下的使用寿命。稀土夹杂物与TiN、Al2O3、MnS夹杂物诱发局部腐蚀的机制不同,所表现出来的腐蚀行为也不同[10-11],如图5所示[11]。TiN、Al2O3、MnS这几类夹杂物与钢基体之间存在微电偶腐蚀,同时这几类夹杂物由于呈现出硬脆性,且与钢基体的热膨胀系数差值很大,因此夹杂物周围存在明显的应力集中现象,点蚀的发生主要是由电化学腐蚀和应力腐蚀主导的,而稀土夹杂物由于其自身电化学性质的原因,表现出不同的腐蚀行为,如图6所示[12]。由于稀土夹杂物均不导电[12],因此,Ce夹杂物与Fe基体之间不构成电偶腐蚀,稀土夹杂物诱发点蚀萌生的主要原因是由于其自身溶解而导致的。稀土夹杂物降低了点蚀敏感性,有效改善了钢基体的腐蚀性能。
总之,冶金质量在决定钢材性能中起着至关重要的作用,稀土元素在提高冶金质量方面表现出了极高的有效性。稀土处理后,钢中非金属夹杂物得到有效改性,并改善显微组织,明显提高钢材综合性能。
控制凝固组织对于改善材料性能非常重要,凝固细化就是提高等轴晶率并细化晶粒。以往的研究表明稀土能够细化钢的凝固组织,有关作用机理,主要是高熔点稀土夹杂物的异质形核作用或/和稀土的溶质作用所致[13-14]。但以往的研究报道没有形成统一认识,缺乏确凿的研究数据来支撑已有观点,所有结论都是来自间接的试验结果或理论分析。因钢液凝固后发生固态相变,特别是对于以δ-铁素体为初生相的钢,将凝固初生相保留到室温非常困难,给稀土对凝固组织影响的微观分析带来干扰,造成试验研究困难。因此,对于以下两个问题尚需澄清[15]:①钢中各类高熔点稀土夹杂物作为初生δ-铁素体和γ-奥氏体异质形核核心的可能性及效用如何?②稀土原子如何影响溶质再分配及成分过冷?此成分过冷如何影响凝固组织的晶粒尺寸?
针对凝固初生相为δ-铁素体和γ-奥氏体的钢,选择Fe-4%Si[15]/Fe-15Mn-0.6C[16]合金作为研究对象,确保单相铁素体/奥氏体能够保持到室温,研究了添加单一镧/铈对其凝固组织的影响。采用边-边匹配(E2EM)晶体学模型[17-18]预测了添加镧/铈形成的高熔点稀土夹杂物的异质形核效用。E2EM模型重在关注两相原子在界面上的匹配,不仅能够计算两相界面原子匹配的错配度大小,而且能够预测两相保持的晶体学位向关系;结合热力学计算,通过对夹杂物相的精确表征,研究了添加不同量单一铈/镧的合金铸锭中稀土夹杂物的形成规律;通过对稀土夹杂物与基体(δ-铁素体/γ-奥氏体)的晶体学位向关系的表征,结合第一性原理计算[19-20],阐明高熔点镧/铈稀土夹杂物在钢液凝固过程中的异质形核效用,并为晶体学预测提供能量学依据;通过定向凝固试验获得固-液界面,结合EPMA微区成分分析,对比研究Fe-4%Si和Fe-4%Si-RE合金凝固过程中固-液界面前沿液相中溶质的分布规律,揭示镧/铈对溶质再分配的影响;通过计算镧/铈的生长抑制作用[21-22],揭示镧/铈以原子形式存在及其影响溶质的再分配进而对成分过冷的影响,探究了镧/铈以原子形式存在对初生δ-铁素体的细化作用。
图7是添加铈对Fe-4%Si合金凝固组织的影响[23],图8为添加Ce对钢液凝固细化的异质形核作用机理的代表性结果[22-23],图9为Ce对Fe-4%Si合金中溶质Si再分配影响的典型结果[24]。研究工作取得了如下创新性发现和突破性成果:①选择Fe-4%Si/Fe-15Mn-0.6C合金作为研究载体,方便研究镧/铈对钢液凝固初生相的细化作用。研究表明,镧/铈能够细化δ-铁素体和γ-奥氏体。②通过采用EBSD对位向关系的测定,首次从晶体学角度证实了Ce2O2S/La2O2S能够作为δ-铁素体、CeS/LaS能够作为γ-奥氏体的异质核心而细化晶粒。研究工作澄清了以往的混乱报道。③考虑到实际钢中以原子形式存在的稀土极少,镧/铈对钢液凝固细化的溶质作用很小,凝固细化主要取决于高熔点稀土夹杂物的异质形核作用。④提出了镧/铈对钢液凝固细化的可靠作用机理,掌握了一套铸态金属及合金晶粒细化的科学研究思路和控制技术,实现“控制柱状晶生长、促进等轴晶生长并细化晶粒”,旨在解决制约相关应用的瓶颈问题及派生问题。
通过元素的固溶作用和固态反应,改变钢中微结构及其结构、组分和组织,使其性能达到所需是合金化的物理本质。钢中微合金化程度受到微量稀土的固溶作用、稀土与其他溶质元素或化合物之间的相互作用和稀土在钢中的存在形式、分布、数量和尺寸等因素的影响[25]。然而微合金化钢体系十分复杂,同时稀土分析表征手段存在不足,目前尚缺乏精确表征稀土存在的直接证据。以往的研究对稀土在钢中作用机理的解释还存在较多争议,相关理论研究尚需深入开展。团队相关研究表明,固溶稀土能够促进NbC溶解,对形变诱导析出产生影响,并影响再结晶,从而可调控组织组成物、细化组织,对于稀土微合金高强钢的开发具有重要的理论支撑作用。
基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,在无需试验数据的情况下能够从原子层面对合金的结构稳定性、热力学信息和电子结构等方面进行精准的预测,真实客观地显示合金的本征物性,因此在合金材料的研发中得到了广泛的应用。团队基于固溶体的稀溶液模型,分别建立含La、Ce、Y的bcc-Fe超晶胞结构,计算了La、Ce、Y原子在bcc-Fe中的形成焓与空位形成焓,由此确定了稀土元素在Fe中可能形成的稳定化合物。在此基础上,计算了稀土原子在Fe中的形成焓、形成熵和体系的空位浓度形成自由能,获得了La、Ce、Y在bcc-Fe中的固溶度变化曲线,如图10所示[26]
Nb元素在微合金钢中的存在形式影响其在钢中的作用,以析出相形式存在的Nb和以固溶形式存在于基体中的Nb对其组织和性能具有不同的影响[27]。在实际生产过程中,微合金钢可以通过制定适宜的轧制工艺,利用Nb在析出和固溶两种存在形式下的不同作用机制,调整其热轧时的奥氏体区和最终的晶粒尺寸,同时结合Nb析出相在基体中的分布与形态调控,最终达到所需的性能目标。钢材在高温均匀化热处理时,应当尽可能使所有Nb析出相回溶。热轧时,随着轧制的进行,温度逐渐降低,NbC的固溶度积也随之减小,经过轧制变形后,NbC的析出驱动力增大,NbC逐渐析出,并延缓了再结晶的发生过程[28]
在高温等温试验过程中,含稀土钢中的NbC回溶速率较快,致使NbC对奥氏体晶界的钉扎作用降低,含稀土试验钢在保温不久后晶粒尺寸增大速率便较高。通过不同变形温度下的应力松弛试验,测定钢中NbC析出的开始和结束点,拟合得到了应变诱导析出NbC的PTT曲线。结果表明,La元素的添加,增大了试验钢中NbC析出的孕育时间,导致第二相颗粒的析出过程延长,同时略微降低了相同保温时间时的NbC平均尺寸。针对含稀土时钢中NbC的溶解及析出行为变化规律,从溶质的固溶度和扩散系数两方面入手进行了系统研究。
针对稀土作用下Nb、C原子的扩散行为,引入Forch-Matching方法,基于对第一性原理系列构型的计算结果,通过机器学习方法构建了Fe-Nb-La和Fe-C-La体系的EAM势函数。在此基础上,采用经典分子动力学并利用得到的势函数,分别探究了Nb元素和C元素在钢中的扩散行为,典型结果如图11所示。结果表明,La的添加减小了fcc-Fe中Nb元素的扩散系数,而C元素的扩散系数略有提高[29]
针对Nb和C固溶度在稀土作用下的变化机理,分别计算了bcc-Fe、fcc-Fe中La-Nb和La-C的结合能,探索了距La原子不同近距壳层时,La与Nb和C原子之间的交互作用。结果表明,在bcc-Fe中,不同近距壳层中La-Nb和La-C存在较大程度的排斥作用,致使Nb元素和C元素的溶解度减小、化学势升高;而在fcc-Fe中,不同近距壳层中La-Nb和La-C存在较大程度的吸引作用,导致Nb元素和C元素的溶解度略有增大,同时化学势稍有降低[30]
再结晶晶界迁移速度与析出相体积分数之间具有如下关系:
$\frac{\partial v}{\partial {f}_{p}}$= $\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}}{\left[\right(1+{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}\lambda {C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{0}-{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}\lambda {C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{P}{f}_{p}{]}^{2}}\left[{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}\lambda \left({F}_{D}{C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{P}-\frac{\varphi }{{r}_{p}}{C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{0}\right)-\frac{\varphi }{{r}_{p}}\right]$= $\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}}{\left[\right(1+{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}\lambda {C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{0}-{M}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}0}\lambda {C}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{P}{f}_{p}{]}^{2}}$Ωp
该式反应了析出物的Nb元素含量在某一数值,且平均尺寸为rp时,一定体积的第二相粒子析出后,对晶粒长大速率的影响。此外,该式考虑了Nb析出过程中基体中固溶Nb相应减少而引起的溶质拖曳作用的变化。当Ωp>0时,∂v/fp>0,在此条件下钢中析出更多的NbC也不会降低晶界的迁移速率,即对阻碍晶粒长大方面,相较于NbC的钉扎作用,固溶Nb的拖曳作用效果更加明显;当Ωp<0时,∂v/fp<0,在此条件下NbC数量的增加会阻碍晶界的迁移,而固溶Nb的拖曳作用则不明显;当Ωp=0时,∂v/fp=0,在此条件下析出相钉扎和溶质拖曳的协同作用达到最佳,且此时晶界的迁移速率最小。不同析出尺寸的参数Ωp随温度的变化如图12所示[31]
在常规热轧工艺下的温度区间内,析出相对奥氏体晶界的钉扎作用比较显著时其尺寸小于12 nm(Ωp<0),此时析出相能够有效的阻碍再结晶晶粒长大,而阻碍效果减弱时其尺寸大于12 nm(Ωp>0)。对比图12(a)中两条曲线的位置可知,La元素的添加使对应的同一大小析出相曲线向右偏移。由图12(b)可知,稀土La的添加缩小了相同温度条件下占据主导作用的析出相尺寸区间,而当析出相大小一致时,溶质拖曳作用的温度区间变大。
团队多年来围绕稀土在钢中作用的基础研究工作,搞清了白云鄂博矿中稀土的传承规律与机理,掌握了控制传承行为的关键工艺过程;围绕稀土对钢冶金质量的影响,搞清了稀土对钢中夹杂物的改性及对钢材力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响,搞清了稀土细化钢液凝固组织的作用和机理,澄清了以往的混乱报道。围绕稀土的微合金化作用,针对稀土难以精确表征,采用理论计算的方法,从稀土在钢中的固溶行为、稀土对Nb溶析行为的影响、稀土对再结晶的影响等方面开展了深入系统的研究工作,取得了突破性研究结果,能够合理解释稀土在钢中的微合金化作用。
在科学研究中,团队一贯秉持“基础研究-技术攻关-产业化应用”的宗旨,在多年基础研究的基础上,结合包钢的稀土资源优势,掌握了稀土微合金化对钢材生产过程中物理冶金行为的影响规律,在国内率先提出利用稀土微合金化实现钢铁材料组织与性能控制的基本思想和技术路线,并成功应用于工业生产中,开发了“BT700”和“BT250P”两个优势资源汽车用钢板产品,填补了包钢高强度热轧及冷轧板材生产的空白,在化学成分、生产工艺和组织性能上充分体现了包钢独特优势。
总之,现代冶金技术对稀土在钢中的应用提出了挑战与新课题,也为高品质稀土微合金化钢的研发提供了机遇。有关稀土在钢中的应用,应该思考以下几点:筛选适合稀土应用的钢种;开展应用基础研究,揭示稀土在钢中的存在形式和作用规律,探索相关机理;开发关键共性和个性技术,做到“质量上得去,成本下得来”,实现稀土在钢中的高质高效利用。
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2024年第50卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
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    1.内蒙古科技大学材料科学与工程学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古自治区新金属材料重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.内蒙古科技大学稀土产业学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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