Article(id=1188423627033691047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188423621174244026, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)03-0009-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761271872527, onlineDateStr=2025-10-24, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761271872527, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761271872527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761271872527, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188423621174244026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761271871131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761283363050, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188471821818015773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188423621174244026, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188471821818015774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188423621174244026, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188423627306320809, articleId=1188423627033691047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Analysis and Prevention and Treatment for Rise of Side Wall Temperature of 5# Blast Furnace Hearth of Baotou Steel, columnId=1188423622092796608, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Mlanagement, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blast furnace hearth is the key part that restricts blast furnace campaign to over 15 years and the key factor determining blast furnace campaign. The direct causes for temperature rise on side wall of hearth are determined to be aggravated circulation of molten iron and severe erosion of carbon brick through studying erosion mechanism of hearth aiming at the rise of side wall temperature of 5# blast furnace hearth. The temperature at iron notch of elevation of 8.663 m for side wall of hearth is decreased and basically stabilized at 350~450 ℃ before blowing out, which is within controllable range through taking such preventing measures as setting the early warning standards, strengthening daily management, optimizing standards of depth of iron notch and strengthening maintenance as well as adjusting production and operation parameters based on three-grade early warning.

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高炉炉缸是制约高炉寿命达到15年以上的关键部位,也是决定高炉寿命的关键因素。针对5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度升高,通过对炉缸侵蚀机理的研究,判定铁水环流加剧、炭砖侵蚀严重是炉缸侧壁温度升高的直接原因。5#高炉通过采取制定预警标准、强化日常管理、优化铁口深度标准与加强维护、根据三级预警调整生产操作参数等防治措施,炉缸侧壁标高8.663 m处铁口区温度均下行,停炉前基本稳定在350~450 ℃,处于可控范围。

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高向洲(1987-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事高炉炼铁技术管理工作。

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高向洲(1987-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事高炉炼铁技术管理工作。

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高向洲(1987-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事高炉炼铁技术管理工作。

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时间 灰分 硫分 水分 CSR M40 M10 焦粉率
2023年1月 12.82 0.73 4.62 66.25 66.17 6.10 4.58
2023年2月 13.03 0.80 4.03 68.20 68.18 6.17 4.61
2023年3月 12.98 0.77 2.90 66.00 88.20 6.14 4.64
2023年4月 12.98 0.78 2.37 67.60 89.66 5.70 4.61
2023年5月 12.83 0.82 3.89 67.88 89.52 5.68 4.62
2023年6月 12.81 0.81 2.35 67.38 89.16 5.64 4.58
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西区焦炭质量指标(质量分数) %

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时间 灰分 硫分 水分 CSR M40 M10 焦粉率
2023年1月 12.82 0.73 4.62 66.25 66.17 6.10 4.58
2023年2月 13.03 0.80 4.03 68.20 68.18 6.17 4.61
2023年3月 12.98 0.77 2.90 66.00 88.20 6.14 4.64
2023年4月 12.98 0.78 2.37 67.60 89.66 5.70 4.61
2023年5月 12.83 0.82 3.89 67.88 89.52 5.68 4.62
2023年6月 12.81 0.81 2.35 67.38 89.16 5.64 4.58
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时间 碱负荷 锌负荷 硫负荷 磷负荷 钛负荷
2023年1月 5.077 0.389 3.859 1.305 5.123
2023年2月 5.047 0.425 4.290 1.351 4.671
2023年3月 5.168 0.413 4.469 1.347 6.944
2023年4月 4.798 0.509 4.464 1.342 6.735
2023年5月 5.036 0.495 4.695 1.324 7.518
2023年6月 5.066 0.462 4.773 1.295 8.769
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有害元素入炉负荷 kg/t

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时间 碱负荷 锌负荷 硫负荷 磷负荷 钛负荷
2023年1月 5.077 0.389 3.859 1.305 5.123
2023年2月 5.047 0.425 4.290 1.351 4.671
2023年3月 5.168 0.413 4.469 1.347 6.944
2023年4月 4.798 0.509 4.464 1.342 6.735
2023年5月 5.036 0.495 4.695 1.324 7.518
2023年6月 5.066 0.462 4.773 1.295 8.769
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东铁口 西铁口
22#风口 23#风口 24#风口 1#风口 6#风口 7#风口 8#风口 9#风口
138 228 348 168 378 178 218 468
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炉缸标高8.663 m处炭砖残留厚度 mm

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东铁口 西铁口
22#风口 23#风口 24#风口 1#风口 6#风口 7#风口 8#风口 9#风口
138 228 348 168 378 178 218 468
), ArticleFig(id=1188423708487074807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188423627033691047, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 炉缸侧壁温度
(插深300 mm电偶)/℃
采取措施
风压
/MPa
富氧量
/(m3·h-1)
利用系数
/(t·m-3·d-1)
其他
正常生产 <400 0.34~0.35 10 000~8 000 2.6~2.8 正常
三级预警 400~500 0.33~0.34 6 000~8 000 2.4~2.6 措施(1)~(3)
二级预警 500~600 0.32~0.33 0~6 000 2.2~2.4 措施(1)~(5)
一级预警 >600 建议休风,评估,必要时凉炉
), ArticleFig(id=1188423708545795064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188423627033691047, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

炉缸侧壁温度预警

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级别 炉缸侧壁温度
(插深300 mm电偶)/℃
采取措施
风压
/MPa
富氧量
/(m3·h-1)
利用系数
/(t·m-3·d-1)
其他
正常生产 <400 0.34~0.35 10 000~8 000 2.6~2.8 正常
三级预警 400~500 0.33~0.34 6 000~8 000 2.4~2.6 措施(1)~(3)
二级预警 500~600 0.32~0.33 0~6 000 2.2~2.4 措施(1)~(5)
一级预警 >600 建议休风,评估,必要时凉炉
), ArticleFig(id=1188423708600321017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188423627033691047, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 碳砖残留厚度
/mm
采取措施
风压
/MPa
富氧量
/(m3·h-1)
利用系数
/(t·m-3·d-1)
其他
正常生产 <900 0.34~0.35 10 000~8 000 2.6~2.8 正常
三级预警 700~900 0.33~0.34 6 000~8 000 2.4~2.6 措施(1)~(3)
二级预警 500~700 0.32~0.33 0~6 000 2.2~2.4 措施(1)~(5)
一级预警 <500 建议休风,评估,必要时凉炉
), ArticleFig(id=1188423708684207098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188423627033691047, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炉缸侧壁炭砖残留厚度预警

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 碳砖残留厚度
/mm
采取措施
风压
/MPa
富氧量
/(m3·h-1)
利用系数
/(t·m-3·d-1)
其他
正常生产 <900 0.34~0.35 10 000~8 000 2.6~2.8 正常
三级预警 700~900 0.33~0.34 6 000~8 000 2.4~2.6 措施(1)~(3)
二级预警 500~700 0.32~0.33 0~6 000 2.2~2.4 措施(1)~(5)
一级预警 <500 建议休风,评估,必要时凉炉
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包钢5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度升高的分析与防治
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高向洲 1 , 张志斌 1 , 张利 2 , 马祥 1 , 于恒亮 1 , 郭卓团 1
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2024,50(3): 9-13
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2024, 50(3): 9-13
包钢5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度升高的分析与防治
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高向洲1, 张志斌1, 张利2, 马祥1, 于恒亮1, 郭卓团1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼铁厂, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 高向洲(1987-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事高炉炼铁技术管理工作。

Analysis and Prevention and Treatment for Rise of Side Wall Temperature of 5# Blast Furnace Hearth of Baotou Steel
Xiang-zhou Gao1, Zhi-bin Zhang1, Li Zhang2, Xiang Ma1, Heng-liang Yu1, Zhuo-tuan Guo1
Affiliations
  • 1. Iron-making Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Manufacturing Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25
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高炉炉缸是制约高炉寿命达到15年以上的关键部位,也是决定高炉寿命的关键因素。针对5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度升高,通过对炉缸侵蚀机理的研究,判定铁水环流加剧、炭砖侵蚀严重是炉缸侧壁温度升高的直接原因。5#高炉通过采取制定预警标准、强化日常管理、优化铁口深度标准与加强维护、根据三级预警调整生产操作参数等防治措施,炉缸侧壁标高8.663 m处铁口区温度均下行,停炉前基本稳定在350~450 ℃,处于可控范围。

高炉长寿  /  炉缸  /  侧壁温度  /  预警管控  /  铁口深度

The blast furnace hearth is the key part that restricts blast furnace campaign to over 15 years and the key factor determining blast furnace campaign. The direct causes for temperature rise on side wall of hearth are determined to be aggravated circulation of molten iron and severe erosion of carbon brick through studying erosion mechanism of hearth aiming at the rise of side wall temperature of 5# blast furnace hearth. The temperature at iron notch of elevation of 8.663 m for side wall of hearth is decreased and basically stabilized at 350~450 ℃ before blowing out, which is within controllable range through taking such preventing measures as setting the early warning standards, strengthening daily management, optimizing standards of depth of iron notch and strengthening maintenance as well as adjusting production and operation parameters based on three-grade early warning.

blast furnace longevity  /  hearth  /  side wall temperature  /  early warning and control  /  depth of iron notch
高向洲, 张志斌, 张利, 马祥, 于恒亮, 郭卓团. 包钢5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度升高的分析与防治. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (3) : 9 -13 .
Xiang-zhou Gao, Zhi-bin Zhang, Li Zhang, Xiang Ma, Heng-liang Yu, Zhuo-tuan Guo. Analysis and Prevention and Treatment for Rise of Side Wall Temperature of 5# Blast Furnace Hearth of Baotou Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (3) : 9 -13 .
包钢5#高炉于2019年4月大修开炉,有效容积为1 500 m3,设置24个风口,东西两个出铁场,配备有渣铁摆嘴。本体采用开路循环水冷却,共有17段冷却壁。炉顶采用并罐装料工艺。期间受市场影响于2022年8月停炉,钢铁市场回暖后,5#高炉于2023年2月重新开炉,期间高炉总体安全运行3年零4个月。
5#高炉炉缸侵蚀主要集中在两铁口下方,炭砖残存厚度东铁口下方为816 mm,西铁口下方为875 mm,其他方向为1 000~1 300 mm,炉底厚度较均匀,在2 078~2 211 mm之间。东铁口下方标高8.663 m侧壁温度7月11日11:53东场堵口后温度陡升,15 min内温度从586 ℃上升至597 ℃,后采取西场连续出铁一次,温度逐步下降至576 ℃,恢复双场正常出铁后该温度又继续上升至611 ℃。
炉缸是决定高炉寿命的关键部位[1]。5#高炉炉缸采用国产超微孔炭砖,炉底采用陶瓷垫搭配超微孔+半石墨砖的复合结构设计。炉缸炉底区域埋设了163支柔性电偶,后又增设16支电偶(每支两个测温点),共计195个测温点,这些电偶在高度上分11层,其中炉底设计5层,炉缸侧壁设计6层,纵向高度从4.560 m至9.081 m,炉缸侧壁重点侵蚀区域插深分别为0.30 m和0.15 m,配备炉缸炉底温度场在线监测预警模型。
5#高炉原燃料质量整体较差,鼓风动能基本维持在80 kJ/s,低于行业平均125 kJ/s的鼓风动能,中心气流长期偏弱,导致炉缸死焦堆肥大且透液性不好,铁水环流加剧,炉缸侧壁侵蚀速度加剧。表1为焦炭质量指标,表2为有害元素入炉负荷。
表1可知,5#高炉所使用的西区湿焦灰分偏高,反应后强度波动较大,焦粉率高,且为捣固焦,气孔率小,对炉缸透液性影响较大。由表2可知,随着护炉措施使用,入炉钛负荷呈上升趋势,碱负荷、锌负荷较高,其危害主要有:
(1)提前并加剧CO2对焦炭的气化反应,缩小间接还原区,扩大直接还原区,进而引起焦比升高,降低料柱特别是软熔带气窗的透气性,引起风口大量破损。
(2)加剧球团矿灾难性膨胀和多数烧结矿中温还原粉化。
(3)由于上述两种原因,引起高炉料柱透气性恶化,压差梯度升高,如不适当控制冶炼强度,会频繁地引起高炉崩料、悬料乃至结瘤。
(4)对于碱金属积累严重的高炉,矿石(包括人造矿)的软熔温度降低,焦炭破损严重,在气流分布失常或冷却强度过大时,也会引起高炉上部结瘤。
(5)碱金属、锌等有害元素会引起硅铝质耐火材料异常膨胀、热面剥落和严重侵蚀,从而大大缩短了高炉内衬的寿命,严重时还会胀裂炉缸、炉底钢壳。
试验分析在铁口附近,随铁口深度的增加,炉缸内壁上部和下部剪切应力值显著减小;而在远离铁口的位置剪切应力值变化很小。说明铁口深度的变化对铁口附近周围的应力分布影响较大,而对离铁口较远的区域影响较小。造成这种情况的原因是,随着铁口深度的增加,铁水向铁口中心流动,使得炉缸边缘的铁水环流减小,从而减轻了对炉缸内壁的冲刷及熔蚀。随着铁口深度的增加,炉缸内壁剪切应力值的减小幅度有所变化[2-4],见图1
5#高炉日常生产中,铁口深度长期保持在2.5~2.8 m,对标行业同级别高炉铁口平均深度为2.8 m,由于铁口深度偏小,没有很好地形成有效泥包对炭砖进行保护,加剧了铁口区域铁水流动冲刷频率,从而增加了对铁口区域内衬的侵蚀速度。
5#高炉炉缸标高8.663 m处炭砖出厂型号为1 198 mm×500 mm,停炉后通过对炉缸炭砖侵蚀情况调查,炭砖残留厚度见表3
表3可知,东西铁口下方标高8.663 m处炭砖残留厚度最薄为138 mm,最厚处也仅有468 mm,是侧壁温度升高的直接原因。
为了有效控制炉缸侧壁温度上升且处于可控范围内,确保高炉安全停炉,特制定如下预防和治理措施。
针对5#高炉炉缸侧壁温度异常升高,为保证安全生产,制定以下特护标准。具体预警值和对应措施见表4表5
依据预警级别采取如下相应措施:
(1)炉内操作。铁水物理温度大于1 500 ℃,铁水Si含量在0.50%~0.65%之间,铁水S含量小于0.030%,在缩小风口或加长风口的基础上酌情堵风口。长期使用钒钛矿护炉,铁水Ti含量控制在0.18%~0.25%,减产5%以上直至稳定。
(2)炉前操作。铁口深度大于3.0 m;铁口区域侧壁温度高时,使用特护炮泥;连续两炉低于铁口深度下限,应分析原因,采取有效措施,避免半截漏和渗铁现象;侧壁温度高的铁口控制出铁时间,原则上出铁时间应小于90 min,铁口见喷后方可堵口;出铁量减少,采取两个铁口轮流出铁,以确保两个铁口泥包完整。
(3)冷却制度。检查冷却设备漏水情况,及时更换漏水冷却设备;炉缸冷却强度用至最大能力,降低进水温度至最低,同时温度高的冷却壁单独改高压水冷却;严格执行水质控制标准。
(4)增加人工检测次数。增加铁口区域温度高对应一侧炉壳温度自动检测设备;炉基水温差及炉壳温度检测,每班一次,并按此频次发相关数据至“炼铁厂高炉长寿”群。
(5)其他。如有上述没有描述到的异常情况出现时,按相应的应急措施进行处理;以上动作量由每天碰头会决定,侧壁温度小于500 ℃开始逐步返回调整量;利用系数按小于2.3 t/(m3·d)控制。
炉缸侧壁温度、炭砖残留厚度任何一项达到预警等级,应汇报生产技术部,由生产技术部进行核定。
(1)信息管理。预警在正常范围内,每天早班汇报1次,达到预警每班汇报2次(6小时/次)。预警信息发送至高炉长寿微信群。
(2)电偶维护。加强炉缸区域电偶维护,出现异常及时检查更换,同时增设炉缸冷却壁水温差升高部位的电偶,以监测此部位炉墙的温度变化情况。
(3)炉壳测温。在炉缸冷却壁水温差较高炉壳处,按要求用红外测温检测炉皮温度,并作好记录。同时定期用红外成像仪拍摄炉皮热成像图,必要处安装炉皮温度检测装置,连续监测炉皮温度。
铁口深度即出铁时铁口区域炉墙和炉内泥包渣铁通道的总长度。图2为国内部分高炉铁口深度和炉容的关系,由图2可以看出,随炉容的增大,铁口深度相应增加。对于3 000 m3以下级别高炉,铁口深度随炉容增加趋势明显,3 000 m3以上级别高炉,铁口深度增加趋势变缓。铁口深度与铁口区域炉墙厚度有关,一般要求在炉墙厚度的1.2~1.5倍之间[5]
结合包钢高炉设计资料及行业同级别高炉合理铁口深度计算得出5#高炉铁口深度在2.8~3.0 m较为合理。
(1)保持正常的铁口深度。根据铁口的构造,正常的铁口深度应稍大于铁口区炉衬的厚度。保持正常的铁口深度,在操作上应每次渣铁出净后,全风堵铁口;保持适宜的堵泥量;炮泥质量应满足生产要求,要有良好的塑性及耐高温渣铁磨蚀和熔蚀的能力;加强铁口泥套的维护。
(2)保持正常的铁口角度。固定铁口角度操作十分必要,出铁口由一套组合砖砌筑,如铁口角度改变,必然破坏组合砖,同时炉缸铁水环流会加重对炉缸砖衬的侵蚀。
(3)保持正常的铁口直径。铁口孔道直径变化直接影响到渣铁流速,孔径过大易造成流量过大,引起渣铁溢出主沟或下渣过铁等事故。另外,还会引起出铁间隔时间不均匀,影响炉况顺行。
(4)保持铁口泥套完好。保持铁口泥套完好可防止铁口冒泥和铁口堵不上,减少事故,保证铁口深度。
通过采取以上防治措施,5#高炉炉缸侧壁标高8.663 m处铁口区温度上升得到了有效的遏制,基本稳定在350~450 ℃之间,无明显变差的趋势,处于可控范围内,消除了炉缸安全的重大隐患,为高炉安全高效运行创造了良好条件。
(1)通过对炉缸炭砖侵蚀调查,东西铁口下方标高8.663 m处炭砖残留厚度最薄处为138 mm,位于东铁口下方,最厚处也仅有468 mm,炭砖侵蚀严重是侧壁温度升高的直接原因。
(2)5#高炉通过采取制定预警标准、完善高炉管理、优化铁口深度、调整生产操作参数等措施,炉缸侧壁温度得到了有效防治。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
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张福明, 程树森. 现代高炉长寿技术[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2012.
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朱进锋, 程树森. 高炉缸死焦堆对渣滞留率的影响[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2009, 31(2):225-226.
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2024年第50卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2025-10-24
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼铁厂, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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