Article(id=1188049577950200672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188049574255018819, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)01-0060-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701878400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761182692276, onlineDateStr=2025-10-23, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761182692276, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761182692276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761182692276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1188049574255018819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761182691396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761290996781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1188503840023265810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188049574255018819, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1188503840023265811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1188049574255018819, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1188049578558374758, articleId=1188049577950200672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research and Development of New Pearlitic Rail for Railway in Alpine Regions, columnId=1187095652984042303, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Variety Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the paper, it is introduced a new type of wear resistant and low temperature resistant pearlitic rail with excellent performances is developed through designing material compositions and studying heat treatment process aiming at the operating environment of railway in alpine regions and performance requirements for service of rail. The test results showed that the improvement of impact energy of test steel at -40 ℃ was not obvious by adding 0.10% Ni on the basis of the chemical composition of 0.66%C-0.45%Si-1.10%Mn, but impact performance was more stable than that of test steel without Ni. After the heat treatment of test steel is started and temperature is increased to 780 ℃, the abnormal microstructure, martensite could be prevented to be generated as well as microstructure is pearlite and a small amount of ferrite and impact energy at -40 ℃ could reach 20.1 J.

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文章针对高寒地区铁路运营环境和钢轨服役性能需求,通过材料成分设计和热处理工艺研究,在实验室开发出性能优异的新型耐磨耐低温珠光体钢轨。试验结果表明:在化学成分为0.66%C-0.45%Si-1.10%Mn基础上,加入0.10%Ni元素对试验钢-40 ℃冲击功改善不明显,但冲击性能比不加Ni稳定。试验钢开始热处理温度提高至780 ℃后,可阻止异常组织马氏体产生,组织为珠光体加少量铁素体,-40 ℃冲击功可达20.1 J。

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薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

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2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

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炉号 C Si Mn P S Cr V Nb Ni
基础成分 0.60~0.70 0.25~0.60 0.75~1.10 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≤0.35 0.01~0.10
13 0.65 0.26 0.92 0.016 0.004 0.30 0.08
187 0.70 0.57 0.99 0.014 0.006 0.21 0.03 0.10
41 0.66 0.46 1.07 0.012 0.007 0.314 0.10
42 0.66 0.47 1.15 0.011 0.006 0.214 0.10 0.10
73 0.66 0.53 1.00 0.013 0.007 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1188503491086533125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188049577950200672, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耐磨耐低温钢轨化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炉号 C Si Mn P S Cr V Nb Ni
基础成分 0.60~0.70 0.25~0.60 0.75~1.10 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≤0.35 0.01~0.10
13 0.65 0.26 0.92 0.016 0.004 0.30 0.08
187 0.70 0.57 0.99 0.014 0.006 0.21 0.03 0.10
41 0.66 0.46 1.07 0.012 0.007 0.314 0.10
42 0.66 0.47 1.15 0.011 0.006 0.214 0.10 0.10
73 0.66 0.53 1.00 0.013 0.007 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1188503491153641990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1188049577950200672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炉号 抗拉强度
/MPa
伸长率
/%
硬度
(HB)
-40 ℃冲击功
/J
13 1 006 15.50 301.8 8.50
41 1 044 15.00 308.6 10.70
42 1 037 15.75 308.8 11.55
187 991 15.10 283.2 4.74
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试验钢性能

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炉号 抗拉强度
/MPa
伸长率
/%
硬度
(HB)
-40 ℃冲击功
/J
13 1 006 15.50 301.8 8.50
41 1 044 15.00 308.6 10.70
42 1 037 15.75 308.8 11.55
187 991 15.10 283.2 4.74
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工艺 淬火温度/℃ 平均冷速/(℃·s-1) 抗拉强度/MPa 伸长率/% 硬度(HBW) -40 ℃冲击功/J
1 740~560 2.1 1 199 13.0 352.5 10.9
2 780~600 1.6 1 096 15.5 319.6 20.1
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试验钢热处理工艺及性能结果

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工艺 淬火温度/℃ 平均冷速/(℃·s-1) 抗拉强度/MPa 伸长率/% 硬度(HBW) -40 ℃冲击功/J
1 740~560 2.1 1 199 13.0 352.5 10.9
2 780~600 1.6 1 096 15.5 319.6 20.1
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高寒地区铁路用新型珠光体钢轨研发
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薛虎东 1, 2, 3 , 边影 2 , 彭泽清 2
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2024,50(1): 60-64
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2024, 50(1): 60-64
高寒地区铁路用新型珠光体钢轨研发
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薛虎东1, 2, 3, 边影2, 彭泽清2
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发企业重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

Research and Development of New Pearlitic Rail for Railway in Alpine Regions
Hu-dong Xue1, 2, 3, Ying Bian2, Ze-qing Peng2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
  • 2 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 Enterprise Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Steel Products Research & Development, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25
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文章针对高寒地区铁路运营环境和钢轨服役性能需求,通过材料成分设计和热处理工艺研究,在实验室开发出性能优异的新型耐磨耐低温珠光体钢轨。试验结果表明:在化学成分为0.66%C-0.45%Si-1.10%Mn基础上,加入0.10%Ni元素对试验钢-40 ℃冲击功改善不明显,但冲击性能比不加Ni稳定。试验钢开始热处理温度提高至780 ℃后,可阻止异常组织马氏体产生,组织为珠光体加少量铁素体,-40 ℃冲击功可达20.1 J。

珠光体钢轨  /  材料学  /  高寒地区  /  耐低温  /  热处理

In the paper, it is introduced a new type of wear resistant and low temperature resistant pearlitic rail with excellent performances is developed through designing material compositions and studying heat treatment process aiming at the operating environment of railway in alpine regions and performance requirements for service of rail. The test results showed that the improvement of impact energy of test steel at -40 ℃ was not obvious by adding 0.10% Ni on the basis of the chemical composition of 0.66%C-0.45%Si-1.10%Mn, but impact performance was more stable than that of test steel without Ni. After the heat treatment of test steel is started and temperature is increased to 780 ℃, the abnormal microstructure, martensite could be prevented to be generated as well as microstructure is pearlite and a small amount of ferrite and impact energy at -40 ℃ could reach 20.1 J.

pearlitic rail  /  materials science  /  alpine regions  /  low temperature resistant  /  heat treatment
薛虎东, 边影, 彭泽清. 高寒地区铁路用新型珠光体钢轨研发. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (1) : 60 -64 .
Hu-dong Xue, Ying Bian, Ze-qing Peng. Research and Development of New Pearlitic Rail for Railway in Alpine Regions[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (1) : 60 -64 .
青藏铁路是中国21世纪四大工程之一,是世界上海拔最高、线路最长的高原铁路。2018年以来,中国铁路青藏集团有限公司旅客和货物发送量分别达1 655.6万人次、3 400.3万t,其中旅客发送量创下青藏集团公司历史新高。随着运营量的增加和线路服役出现的问题,路局对钢轨性能提出耐磨、低温韧性优异的要求。众所周知,钢材随着碳含量的增加,钢材韧塑性下降。同时还受环境温度的影响,随着温度的降低,钢的强度升高,塑性降低,在低温受冲击载荷作用或缺口应力集中时可能会发生脆性断裂。钢轨钢是高碳钢,若在低温环境下服役,低温使其脆性进一步增加,脆性断裂的倾向加大,直接影响铁路运输的安全[1]
实验室对U71Mn、U75V钢轨在-60~20 ℃范围内进行力学性能检测,随着温度的降低,钢轨抗拉强度提高,冲击功和断裂韧性(KIC)下降。根据研究结果建议在低温寒冷地区宜铺设低温韧性好的U71Mn钢轨,并对试验结果进行了回归分析,获得温度和钢轨冲击功之间的关系[2-4]。国外学者[5]对比分析加入FeV、(FeV)N、VN三种合金的钢轨,加入VN合金在不降低钢轨强度、硬度、低温冲击功的情况下,低温冲击韧性波动范围小,-60 ℃轨头低温回火后U型冲击韧性为27~35 J/cm2,加入其他合金-60 ℃冲击韧性为16~50 J/cm2
本文结合TB/T 2344—2012标准中钢轨成分、性能、组织等要求,介绍了新型耐磨耐低温珠光体钢轨开发的化学成分、生产工艺和产品性能。实验室研究了合金元素、热处理工艺对钢材低温性能和组织的影响,并对工业试制钢轨进行了C曲线测定及系列低温冲击试验。
钢轨钢属于C-Mn钢,主要性能为强度和硬度,为保证服役的安全和延长使用寿命,采用加入V、Cr等合金元素和热处理工艺,通过固溶强化和细化珠光体片层间距提高材料性能。一般情况下,固溶强化的元素如Si、Mo等均能使合金的低温韧性降低,提高韧性-脆性转变温度。C元素也是显著提高韧性-脆性转变温度的元素[6],它在钢中的含量应加以限制和降低,需要加入少量合金元素如Ni、V、Mn、Nb等改善钢的低温韧性,并保证其含量适当。根据合金元素对钢共析转变的影响[7],选择合金元素加入量,保证组织为珠光体+少量铁素体。图1为C含量对冲击功及合金元素对钢共析成分的影响[6-7]
由于材料的强度、硬度和韧性是一组矛盾的指标,因此,要求钢轨同时提高耐磨性和低温韧性必须按强韧化的原则来选择热处理工艺。钢轨珠光体组织的片间距减小可提高强度和硬度,但降低冲击性能;同时,细化后的珠光体片层组织中的渗碳体也变薄,受力过程中可以弯曲和变形,使断裂成为韧性断裂,可改善冲击韧性。因此,这两个相互矛盾因素的共同作用,使表征冲击韧性的冷脆转变温度与片间距离的关系出现一个极小值,即需制定合适的热处理工艺。图2为珠光体组织片间距与硬度的关系[8]
在中试基地进行了冶炼及轧制试验。采用25 kg冶炼炉进行冶炼及浇注,原料为U71Mn钢轨。铸锭如图3所示,大头为Φ120 mm,小头为Φ90 mm。将25 kg铸锭加热至1 150 ℃,保温2.5 h。开轧温度为1 050 ℃,终轧温度为930 ℃,轧制11道次,轧制成20 mm厚板坯,如图4所示。
在C-Si-Mn成分基础上,分别设计加入V、Nb、Ni合金元素。具体成分设计范围及实际化学成分见表1。其中73炉在其他小炉试验研究基础上设计冶炼的成分,主要进行热处理试验。轧制后切成230 mm×150 mm×20 mm试样,在加热炉内加热至930 ℃后保温45 min,空冷至开始冷却温度后全浸入水介质中进行冷却,冷却过程取出测温,待温度达到终冷温度后放置空冷至室温。
试验钢拉伸、冲击性能取样沿轧制方向,冲击试样尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×55 mm,缺口为U型,按照GB/T 229—2007《夏比摆锤冲击试验方法》进行测试。在5989电子拉伸试验机、N1750、JB-5冲击设备进行性能检测,在D1m光学显微镜下观察试样组织形貌。
试验钢拉伸、冲击性能见表2。试验钢抗拉强度、硬度和低温冲击功与合金元素加入量有明显的关系。41炉与42炉性能基本相当,加入0.10%Ni元素对试验钢强度、硬度起到作用,但低温冲击功有所增加,不显著。187炉虽然C含量最高,但加入合金元素较少,强度和硬度比其他三炉低,可见合金元素对钢有明显的固溶强化作用,冲击性能低可能与C含量有关系。
图5为试验钢冲击功平均值和波动范围。可以看出,加入0.10%Ni元素的42炉虽然冲击功平均值与未加Ni的41炉基本相当,但冲击功波动范围明显低于41炉,Ni元素有稳定试验钢冲击性能的作用。对比187炉、13炉和42炉,加入Nb元素虽然可固溶强化材料性能,但对材料低温冲击性能作用低于V元素,且冲击功波动大于加入V元素的试验钢。
在合金元素对试验钢性能研究基础上进行热处理小炉冶炼,炉号为73炉,采用低碳成分设计,加入微量合金元素V,通过热处理提高性能。具体热处理工艺见表3
试验钢开始热处理温度的提高和平均冷速的降低,钢轨强度、硬度、冲击功均降低,根据成分预测性能,工艺1冷却后试样存在异常组织。从图6可以看出,试验钢腐蚀后宏观存在白亮区域,显微组织为珠光体+网状铁素体+马氏体组织。
73炉试验钢碳含量较低,合金元素加入较少,为亚共析钢。随着温度降低,先发生铁素体析出,冷却到共析温度点时发生共析反应,转变为珠光体组织。增加过冷度可以减少或抑制铁素体析出,但终冷温度和冷速需要控制。由工艺1试验数据可以看出,冷却速度较大时,会产生马氏体异常组织。对成分C曲线进行模拟,根据结果提高热处理开始温度,降低冷却速度,结果见图7,试样钢组织为正常的珠光体+少量铁素体。
(1)在化学成分为0.66%C-0.45%Si-1.10%Mn基础上,加入0.10%Ni元素对试验钢-40 ℃冲击功改善不明显,但冲击性能比不加Ni波动小。
(2)对低碳微合金化试验钢提高热处理开始温度、降低冷却速度,试样组织为正常的珠光体+少量铁素体,冲击功可达20.1 J。
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2024年第50卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-07
  • 首发时间:2025-10-23
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-07
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    1 西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发企业重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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