Article(id=1187669716580581892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)02-0049-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761092126268, onlineDateStr=2025-10-22, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761092126268, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761092126268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761092126268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187669711266394222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761092125001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761096958502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187669716878377478, articleId=1187669716580581892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Cause Analysis on Cracking of 590CL Wheel Steel When Spinning and Punching, columnId=1187095652984042303, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Variety Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 590CL wheel steel is formed by spinning and stamping technologies to be made into automobile spoke. There is cracking in the process of stamping air hole. The cracking position is determined to be between the air hole on outer edge of spoke and shear end as well as fracture origin is at the air hole end of wheel steel, which is about the central part of plate thickness through macroscopic observation of cracked wheel steel as well as such comprehensive analysis as scanning electron microscope and metallographic examination; the zone of segregation in the core of wheel steel with inclusions those are mainly C and Nb in shape of dot string could all hinder normal deformation of ferrite in pre-forming process so that the fluidity of metal is inconsistent. As a result, the work hardening is generated and stress concentration in segregation in the core induces cracks, then stress is released through punching so that cracking is caused. It is suggested to adjust the composition to ensure appropriate proportions of niobium and carbon as well as optimize processes of steelmaking, continuous casting and rolling in the future production and processing processes.

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590CL车轮钢通过旋压和冲压技术进行成型,制作成汽车轮辐,在冲风孔过程中出现开裂现象,通过对开裂车轮钢进行宏观观察,扫描电镜及金相检验等综合分析,确定车轮钢开裂位置均位于轮辐外缘部位的风孔与剪切端之间,断裂源位于车轮钢的风孔端,约在钢板厚度的心部位置。车轮钢心部有偏析带并伴随有主要成分为C、Nb的点串状夹杂物,这些均会在加工成型过程中阻碍铁素体的正常变形,使旋压过程中金属流动性不一致,从而产生加工硬化,在心部偏析部位产生应力集中诱发裂纹,后经冲孔应力释放,导致开裂。建议在今后的生产加工过程中,调整成分,确保合适的铌、碳比例,优化炼钢、连铸和轧制工艺。

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白雅琼(1982-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现主要从事相变仪测试及失效分析工作。

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白雅琼(1982-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现主要从事相变仪测试及失效分析工作。

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白雅琼(1982-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现主要从事相变仪测试及失效分析工作。

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(a)、(b)为1#试样;(c)、(d)、(e)、(f)为2#试样

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590CL车轮钢旋压冲孔开裂原因分析
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白雅琼 , 寇沙沙 , 靳燕 , 姚熠莹
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025,51(2): 49-52
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025, 51(2): 49-52
590CL车轮钢旋压冲孔开裂原因分析
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白雅琼, 寇沙沙, 靳燕, 姚熠莹
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 白雅琼(1982-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现主要从事相变仪测试及失效分析工作。

Cause Analysis on Cracking of 590CL Wheel Steel When Spinning and Punching
Yaqiong Bai, Shasha Kou, Yan Jin, Yiying Yao
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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590CL车轮钢通过旋压和冲压技术进行成型,制作成汽车轮辐,在冲风孔过程中出现开裂现象,通过对开裂车轮钢进行宏观观察,扫描电镜及金相检验等综合分析,确定车轮钢开裂位置均位于轮辐外缘部位的风孔与剪切端之间,断裂源位于车轮钢的风孔端,约在钢板厚度的心部位置。车轮钢心部有偏析带并伴随有主要成分为C、Nb的点串状夹杂物,这些均会在加工成型过程中阻碍铁素体的正常变形,使旋压过程中金属流动性不一致,从而产生加工硬化,在心部偏析部位产生应力集中诱发裂纹,后经冲孔应力释放,导致开裂。建议在今后的生产加工过程中,调整成分,确保合适的铌、碳比例,优化炼钢、连铸和轧制工艺。

车轮钢  /  旋压  /  开裂  /  偏析

The 590CL wheel steel is formed by spinning and stamping technologies to be made into automobile spoke. There is cracking in the process of stamping air hole. The cracking position is determined to be between the air hole on outer edge of spoke and shear end as well as fracture origin is at the air hole end of wheel steel, which is about the central part of plate thickness through macroscopic observation of cracked wheel steel as well as such comprehensive analysis as scanning electron microscope and metallographic examination; the zone of segregation in the core of wheel steel with inclusions those are mainly C and Nb in shape of dot string could all hinder normal deformation of ferrite in pre-forming process so that the fluidity of metal is inconsistent. As a result, the work hardening is generated and stress concentration in segregation in the core induces cracks, then stress is released through punching so that cracking is caused. It is suggested to adjust the composition to ensure appropriate proportions of niobium and carbon as well as optimize processes of steelmaking, continuous casting and rolling in the future production and processing processes.

wheel steel  /  spinning  /  cracking  /  segregation
白雅琼, 寇沙沙, 靳燕, 姚熠莹. 590CL车轮钢旋压冲孔开裂原因分析. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (2) : 49 -52 .
Yaqiong Bai, Shasha Kou, Yan Jin, Yiying Yao. Cause Analysis on Cracking of 590CL Wheel Steel When Spinning and Punching[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (2) : 49 -52 .
汽车车轮承载着全车身及附加部分的全部重量,在汽车的安全运行中起着至关重要的作用。随着交通运输业的发展和人们对出行安全、舒适、节能环保的需求加大,汽车行业对车轮钢的成型性能要求也越来越高,一旦在生产成型过程中出现裂纹等缺陷,将严重影响车轮的使用寿命,大大降低成品车轮的质量和合格率。在车轮制造过程中,最普遍的方法是将轮辋和轮辐分别成形,然后通过结构焊接或者螺栓连接的方式将两部分连接成整体的车轮[1]。本文针对某钢厂生产的590CL车轮钢在进行冷加工成型中,出现旋压冲孔开裂的情况进行分析,为今后的工业生产和工艺方法改进提供重要依据。
某钢厂生产的590CL车轮钢,用户剪切下料后采用旋压和冲压技术进行成型,制作成车轮轮辐,在冲风孔的过程中发现开裂现象。首先对轮辐开裂位置进行宏观观察,之后采用锯切机在轮辐的开裂位置进行取样,对开裂试样的断口形貌进行宏观观察,找到试样的断裂源,采用sigma500扫描电镜对试样进行断口形貌观察及能谱分析,最后将开裂处试样经过研磨、抛光,腐蚀,采用蔡司Axio observer D1M金相显微镜对试样进行显微组织、非金属夹杂物等金相分析。
图1为轮辐开裂件的宏观形貌照片,由图1(a)可见,开裂位置位于轮辐外缘部位的风孔与剪切端之间。用锯切机在车轮钢开裂位置取样,试样沿开裂面断开,见图1(b);断口上可见明显的“人字条纹”特征,“人字条纹”的箭头指向裂纹源,相反的方向为裂纹扩展方向[2]。如图1(c)、(d)所示,“人字条纹”箭头指向轮辐风孔端的圆弧处,即为裂纹源,裂纹源约在钢板厚度的心部位置,裂纹从风孔端向剪切端扩展。
对开裂试样的断口面进行了二次电子像形貌观察,图2为轮辐开裂件的断口形貌图,试样断裂源区未见异常夹杂物,为解理断口形貌。
对两块开裂试样(1#、2#)进行金相检测,图3为轮辐开裂试样风孔圆弧截面腐蚀后的金相图片,试样的基体组织为铁素体+珠光体,心部有珠光体偏析带,如图3(a)、(b)为所示,显微镜下可以看到1#试样裂纹源区有一条裂纹,裂纹尖端指向心部珠光体偏析带,珠光体偏析带对应位置可以看到微裂纹;如图3(c)所示,2#试样裂纹源区有一条裂纹,裂纹附近组织有金属流变,如图3(d)、(e)所示,2#试样内壁次表面有一条始于断口的裂纹,该裂纹延伸处有一层加工硬化层,裂纹的尖端指向珠光体偏析带,由图3(f)可以看到试样心部偏析带上有点串状夹杂物。
对开裂试样偏析带上点串状夹杂物进行扫描电镜能谱分析,如图4所示,开裂试样偏析带上夹杂物主要成分为C、Nb等。
590CL轮辐的开裂位置位于轮辐外缘的风孔与剪切端之间,根据断口表面“人字纹”的走向,确定开裂件的断裂源位于车轮钢的风孔端,试样断裂源处断口的二次电子像形貌显示断裂源处断口为解理形貌。结合金相组织分析,发现风孔端试样心部有珠光体偏析带,偏析带对应位置有微裂纹,这是因为偏析带区域的组织和性能与其他区域不同,在材料轧制或加工过程中容易引起应力集中,产生微裂纹。通过扫描电镜能谱分析,可以看到偏析带上有主要成分为C、Nb的点串状夹杂物,钢中添加微量Nb可发挥其在轧制阶段的组织细化作用,减小铁素体尺寸以降低穿晶裂纹出现的风险[3],但对于含有Nb、V、Ti等微合金的微合金化钢,在铸坯凝固过程中,树枝晶间形成Nb、V、Ti和C、N等元素的富集,最终会形成(Nb、V、Ti)(C、N)类型夹杂物。最终铸坯经轧制,这类夹杂物保留到了珠光体带中[4],这类夹杂物会增加材料的脆性,降低材料的塑性和韧性,甚至在加工过程中出现裂纹。断裂源处的裂纹与试样心部的偏析带位置对应,且裂纹附近有金属流变,在材料内壁的次表面位置可以看到一层加工硬化层,表明材料在加工过程中发生了加工硬化,使晶粒发生滑移,晶粒被拉长、纤维化。
综合分析表明,车轮钢心部有偏析带并伴有主要成分为C、Nb的点串状夹杂物,这些均会在加工成型过程中阻碍铁素体的正常变形,而且旋压变形不同于金属普通的塑性变形,它是塑性变形和流动变形的复杂过程[5]。车轮钢旋压时金属流动性不一致,从而产生加工硬化,在心部偏析部位产生应力集中诱发裂纹,后经冲孔使应力释放,导致开裂。
减轻钢的心部偏析是一个复杂的过程,需要从炼钢、连铸、轧制等多个环节进行综合控制,针对590CL车轮钢心部偏析及偏析带上的夹杂物,建议调整成分,确保合适的铌、碳比例,查找偏析带产生的具体原因,优化炼钢、连铸和轧制工艺,如采用先进的电磁搅拌技术、动态轻压下技术,控制二冷区冷却水量,减少偏析带的存在。在轧制过程中,控制好加热温度、开轧温度和终轧温度,利用低温大压下以及合理的控轧控冷工艺,减少带状组织的形貌和大小[6]
(1)590CL车轮钢开裂位置均位于轮辐外缘部位的风孔与剪切端之间,断裂源位于车轮钢的风孔端,约在钢板厚度的心部位置。
(2)590CL车轮钢开裂原因是心部有珠光体偏析带并伴有主要成分为C、Nb的点串状夹杂物,在加工成型过程中阻碍铁素体的正常变形,使旋压时金属流动性不一致,从而产生加工硬化,在风孔端的心部偏析部位产生应力集中诱发裂纹,后经冲孔使应力释放,导致开裂。
(3)针对590CL车轮钢心部偏析及偏析带上的夹杂物,建议调整成分,确保合适的铌、碳比例,优化炼钢、连铸和轧制工艺。
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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