Article(id=1187669716194705922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)02-0077-03, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761092126176, onlineDateStr=2025-10-22, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761092126176, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761092126176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761092126176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187669711266394222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761092125001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761096958502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187669716412809731, articleId=1187669716194705922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Influences of Control Mode of Reduced Voltage Starting on High-capacity Motor, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the scaling up of air separation equipment, the capacities of supporting motors for air compressor, supercharger and oxygen reciprocating compressor are also increased. The capacity of motor for air compressor is developed to over 20,000 kW and scaling up of motor has brought unprecedented challenges for control and starting of motor and power grid. The start-up process of high-capacity motor is particularly complicated. On the one hand, the influences on power grid should be considered, on the other hand, the impact on motor and starting equipment should also be considered. Various starting modes are adopted based on conditions and demands in the industry, the reduction voltage with auto transformer discussed in the paper is one of mature reduced voltage starting technologies. The impact of auto transformer on power grid is low as well as it is with simple operation and stable performances, so it is widely used in the air separation industry. If the control mode of reduced voltage starting for auto transformer is selected improperly, it will cause certain damages to motor. The start control of auto transformer is studied and analyzed through cases in the paper.

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随着空分设备的大型化,空压机、增压机、氧压机等配套的电机容量也随之增加。空压机电机容量发展到2万kW以上,电机的大型化给电机控制、起动和电网带来前所未有的挑战。大型电机起动过程特别复杂,一方面要考虑对电网的影响,同时还要考虑对电机和起动设备的冲击。行业内根据条件和需求采用各种启动方式,文章论述的自耦变压器降压是其中一种成熟的降压起动技术。自耦变压器对电网冲击小、操作简单、性能稳定,在空分行业得到广泛应用,但自耦变压器降压起动控制方式选择不当,也会给电机造成一定的损伤,文章通过案例对自耦变压器起动控制做了研究和分析。

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白 波(1974-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事电气技术及管理工作。

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白 波(1974-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事电气技术及管理工作。

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白 波(1974-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事电气技术及管理工作。

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降压起动控制方式对大型电动机的影响
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白波 1 , 周亚强 1 , 李存 2
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025,51(2): 77-79
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025, 51(2): 77-79
降压起动控制方式对大型电动机的影响
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白波1, 周亚强1, 李存2
作者信息
  • 1 包头包钢盈达气体有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司薄板坯连铸连轧厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 白 波(1974-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事电气技术及管理工作。

Influences of Control Mode of Reduced Voltage Starting on High-capacity Motor
Bo Bai1, Yaqiang Zhou1, Cun Li2
Affiliations
  • 1 Baotou Steel Yingda Gas Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 CSP Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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随着空分设备的大型化,空压机、增压机、氧压机等配套的电机容量也随之增加。空压机电机容量发展到2万kW以上,电机的大型化给电机控制、起动和电网带来前所未有的挑战。大型电机起动过程特别复杂,一方面要考虑对电网的影响,同时还要考虑对电机和起动设备的冲击。行业内根据条件和需求采用各种启动方式,文章论述的自耦变压器降压是其中一种成熟的降压起动技术。自耦变压器对电网冲击小、操作简单、性能稳定,在空分行业得到广泛应用,但自耦变压器降压起动控制方式选择不当,也会给电机造成一定的损伤,文章通过案例对自耦变压器起动控制做了研究和分析。

降压起动  /  重合闸  /  失电残压

With the scaling up of air separation equipment, the capacities of supporting motors for air compressor, supercharger and oxygen reciprocating compressor are also increased. The capacity of motor for air compressor is developed to over 20,000 kW and scaling up of motor has brought unprecedented challenges for control and starting of motor and power grid. The start-up process of high-capacity motor is particularly complicated. On the one hand, the influences on power grid should be considered, on the other hand, the impact on motor and starting equipment should also be considered. Various starting modes are adopted based on conditions and demands in the industry, the reduction voltage with auto transformer discussed in the paper is one of mature reduced voltage starting technologies. The impact of auto transformer on power grid is low as well as it is with simple operation and stable performances, so it is widely used in the air separation industry. If the control mode of reduced voltage starting for auto transformer is selected improperly, it will cause certain damages to motor. The start control of auto transformer is studied and analyzed through cases in the paper.

reduced voltage starting  /  reclosure  /  residual voltage after AC dump
白波, 周亚强, 李存. 降压起动控制方式对大型电动机的影响. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (2) : 77 -79 .
Bo Bai, Yaqiang Zhou, Cun Li. Influences of Control Mode of Reduced Voltage Starting on High-capacity Motor[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (2) : 77 -79 .
高压电动机按照预防性维护策略,邀请专业的电机维修公司对制氧空压机ABB 10000 kW电动机(以下简称电机)做L3级维护。基于L3级维护主要关注于电动机的生命周期管理和故障统计,以及对电动机各个关键部件的定期检查和更换。通过这种维护策略,可以有效地提高电动机的稳定性和使用寿命。在维保过程做绝缘检测项目时,出现电机A相绝缘击穿,并发现基座底部有零散的金属物,外检后怀疑定转子铁芯有断裂松动脱落现象。现场条件不具备深度检查,经过商榷决定对电机返厂维修。电机返厂解体后,发现在定子180°方向上有槽楔脱落,绕组绝缘有明显可见的击穿接地点,转子鼠笼松动、移位,多处硅钢片松散及部分脱落等问题。介于电机问题的严重性,进行深度研究,采用RCA因果方法,从电机的制造质量、运行状态、起动控制方式等方面进行了分析,分析故障的根本原因,寻找最佳的解决方案。
故障电机基本参数为额定功率10 000 kW,额定电流645 A,转速1 491 rpm,功率因数0.92,配套自耦变压器宁变43 000 kVA。2011年投入运行,系ABB意大利工厂2008年出厂的产品。10年内起动次数约50次左右,电网电压正常,每次起动时间约32 s。电机运行时定子温度不超过110 ℃,振动频谱分析结果为良好状态,最大值不超过2.5 mm/s,电机运行最大负荷为额定负荷的90%,从以上运行数据分析,电机未发现明显异常。
电机的起动方式采用自耦变压器降压起动方式(如图1)。接到起动电机命令后,QF3先合上,将自耦变压器低压侧与电机连通,随即合上QF2,自耦变压器开始工作,电机进入降压起动阶段。经电流判断降压起动结束后,QF3与QF2依次联锁断开,自耦变压器退出运行,随即合上QF1,电机进入全压运行阶段。自耦变压器从起动回路控制动作上看,电机在投全压过程中存在着一个短暂的失电再得电的过程,即重合闸[1]。从起动波形图(如图2)得知,重合闸产生的冲击电流(曲线I)幅值达到了起动电流,电压(曲线U)降幅大于电机静态起动时产生的压降,反映出电机重合闸产生的冲击大于电机静态起动时的冲击。
重合闸在电机上究竟会产生多大的冲击扭矩?对电机的损伤究竟有多大?下面我们展开分析。电机投全压时短暂失电,失去定子磁场,转子惯性旋转,同时转子存有部分剩磁,电机瞬间由电动状态变成发电状态,定子上发出一定电压,此电压被称为失电残压[2]。残压幅值是由转子转速和转子电流大小共同决定的,残压频率由转子转速决定,其残压的幅值与频率均缓慢衰减。随着失电残压Uc幅值与频率不断衰减,Uc与电源电压Um之间的相位差、向量差的幅值也不断变化。短时间内进行重合闸,电机电源恢复时,失电残压与电源电压之间的相位差和向量差不同,将产生以下现象:
(1)电机重新得电瞬间,残压与电源电压之间同相位时,机端电压小于电源电压;反向位时,机端电压大于电源电压。因此,合闸角度较大时,电网会产生波动,定子会出现过电压伤害。
(2)电机重新得电瞬间,残压与电源电压之间同相位时,峰值电流大于2倍的额定电流;反向位时,峰值电流为额定电流的近10倍。因此,合闸角度较大时,瞬间冲击电流很大,电机的过电流产生的电磁力使电机定子端部线圈产生变型,损害绝缘,危害电机安全运行。
(3)电机重新得电瞬间,残压与电源电压之间同相位时,电磁转矩峰值约为额定转矩的5倍,且与转子转向相同;反相位时,电磁转矩首半波峰值达到额定转矩的15倍多,且与转子转向相反。可见,电源恢复时刻的选择十分重要,同相位时刻进行电源恢复比较有利,反相位时刻的电源投入会引起高峰值的反向转矩,会对电机转轴与负载造成很大冲击。当电机容量较大时,上述问题更为严重,过大的冲击电流将使电机本身受到过大的电磁力冲击,转矩的波动会使电机产生剧烈震动,严重影响电机的使用寿命,同时也对电机负载的使用寿命有一定影响。本案例故障电机所发生的现象(如转子笼条松动、移位,转子部分硅钢片变形、脱落)与该理论分析结果吻合,电机10年内50多次的起动,相当于承受100多次的大电流和谐波的冲击,即该电机的起动控制方式为电机故障发生的根本原因。
通过分析可知,原自耦变压器降压起动控制方式在电机起动过程中存在2次冲击危害,且二次冲击危害比起动时更大。从自耦变压器的结构特性可知,自耦变压器高压绕组是由低压绕组(即公共绕组)和串联绕组串联组成,高低压绕组之间既有电的联系,又有磁的联系,将其星点短接后,实现变压器功能;将其星点连接打开后,利用其绕组进行串联,实现电抗器功能。这种结构方式可以实现电机由自耦变压器一级降压后,通过串自耦变压器绕组变串电抗器二级降压,在无失电工况下,机端电压与系统电压保持相位相同,完美地过渡到全压模式。根据起动控制方式的优化工作思路,在原有回路中增加一台星点柜断路器QF4,用于自耦变压器与电抗器之间的切换,主回路接线图(如图3),电机的起动顺序控制改为PLC控制。当接到起动电机命令后,QF4先合上,将自耦变压器星点短接,然后合上QF3,将自耦变压器低压侧与电机连通,随即合上QF2,自耦变压器开始工作,电机进入降压起动阶段。经电流判断降压起动结束后,立即断开QF4,打开自耦变压器星点连接,电机进入串电抗阶段,然后合上QF1电机投入全压运行,最后QF3与QF2依次联锁断开,自耦变压器退出运行。经过测试,通过对起动时电压、电流波形(图4)分析,自耦变压器降压起动完成后,消除了电压陡降、陡升的现象,解决了电流大幅突变的问题。
利用自耦变压器一级降压转为串电抗二级降压不断电投全压方案,解决了原方式重合闸产生的二次冲击问题,实现了对电机的保护,但同时衍生了另外的起动风险。
(1)当自耦变压器被用作电抗器时,可能出现电机端电压下降,转矩降低和启动时间过长等问题。针对此风险,通过计算分析,影响电压因素主要是抽头位置选择,自耦变压器抽头匝数比a直接影响感抗值XL,进而决定电压下降比例。60%抽头:XL=0.62,Xfull=0.36,电压下降较少;80%抽头:XL=0.82,Xfull=0.64,电压下降较多。通过试验确定60%为最佳抽头,确保满足启动转矩要求。另外,自耦变压器作为电抗器可能存在铁芯饱和[3]问题,当电流过大时,铁芯饱和后会导致电感量下降,失去限流作用。根据这个问题,对启动负荷也必须严格控制,做到轻载启动,降低启动电流使自耦变压器铁芯不饱和,机端电压按Xm/(Xm+XL)比例下降,达到与电抗器效果相近。
(2)自耦变压器的绝缘和散热问题,可能不适合长时间作为电抗器使用。特别是自耦变压器,当电抗器需要承受较高谐波电流或持续大电流,可能会过热或损坏。自耦变压器绝缘按额定电压设计,但作为电抗器时需承受全电压(而非分压),可能导致局部放电或加速绝缘老化。基于此风险,在改造过程中,验证了自耦变压器绝缘等级能满足电抗器模式下的全压要求;核算绕组载流量能满足起动电流要求;校核过流保护,防止铁芯饱和后电流失控;安装温度传感器监测热点温升,避免绝缘热击穿。
此次改造用时短、动作小,通过合理设计及风险控制,使用自耦变压器线圈作为电抗器在特定场景下是可行的,降低了大型电机因大电流和谐波带来的累积损伤,但需要严格评估技术风险与经济性,监控端电压和电流波形,确保启动过程安全可靠。改造也证明了每一次电气故障深度分析的必要性。在今后的工作中,不断吸取经验,利用现代的电气控制技术和控制设备,推陈出新,设计最合理的控制方案,同时为其它同类控制设备提供了宝贵的维护经验。
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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    1 包头包钢盈达气体有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司薄板坯连铸连轧厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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