Article(id=1187669715901104640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)02-0068-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761092126107, onlineDateStr=2025-10-22, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761092126107, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761092126106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761092126106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187669711266394222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761092125001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761096958502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187669716169540097, articleId=1187669715901104640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research and Application of Measurement Technology for Metallurgy Crane, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the measurement methods of gauge, diagonal and horizontal bending of main beam for metallurgy crane are mainly studied. Traditional measurement methods for crane with such tools as steel wire and ruler are with such disadvantages as low efficiency, poor accuracy, strict conditions and high safety risk. In order to finish the measurement work of metallurgy crane accurately and efficiently, several methods for measuring gauge, horizontal bending and diagonal of metallurgy crane using instruments and tools are studied as well as the traditional measurement methods of crane are improved and innovated. Practices show that the efficiency of measuring metallurgy crane is greatly improved with these measures.

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文章主要对冶金起重机轨距、对角线和主梁水平弯曲的测量方法进行研究。传统采用钢丝、尺子等工具对起重机测量的方法存在效率低、精度差、条件苛刻、安全风险大等缺点,为了精确、高效地完成冶金起重机测量工作,研究了几种使用仪器和工具进行冶金起重机轨距、水平弯曲、对角线测量的方法,对传统起重机测量方法进行了改进、革新,实践证明这些措施极大地提高了冶金起重机的测量效率。

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张肇鹏(1977-),男,蒙古族,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,,现从事冶金设备技术管理工作。

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张肇鹏(1977-),男,蒙古族,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,,现从事冶金设备技术管理工作。

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张肇鹏(1977-),男,蒙古族,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,,现从事冶金设备技术管理工作。

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序号 项目名称 技术要求
/mm
项目 测量情况
传统测量方法 测量新技术
方案1 方案2
1 轨距 +1~+7 测量时间/min 20 5 11
偏差值/mm +2~+5 +1~+5 +1~+5
2 对角线 ≤5 测量时间/min 28 13 14
偏差值/mm 3 4 3
3 水平弯曲 ≤11 测量时间/min 68 7 -
偏差值/mm 9 8 -
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某厂180T冶金起重机试验情况统计

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序号 项目名称 技术要求
/mm
项目 测量情况
传统测量方法 测量新技术
方案1 方案2
1 轨距 +1~+7 测量时间/min 20 5 11
偏差值/mm +2~+5 +1~+5 +1~+5
2 对角线 ≤5 测量时间/min 28 13 14
偏差值/mm 3 4 3
3 水平弯曲 ≤11 测量时间/min 68 7 -
偏差值/mm 9 8 -
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序号 项目名称 技术要求
/mm
项目 测量情况
传统测量方法 测量新技术
方案1 方案2
1 轨距 +1~+7 测量时间/min 20 5 11
偏差值/mm +1~+6 +1~+5 +1~+6
2 对角线 ≤5 测量时间/min 28 13 14
偏差值/mm 4 4 4
3 水平弯曲 ≤+10 测量时间/min 68 7 -
偏差值/mm- 7 7 -
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某厂冶金起重机试验情况统计

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序号 项目名称 技术要求
/mm
项目 测量情况
传统测量方法 测量新技术
方案1 方案2
1 轨距 +1~+7 测量时间/min 20 5 11
偏差值/mm +1~+6 +1~+5 +1~+6
2 对角线 ≤5 测量时间/min 28 13 14
偏差值/mm 4 4 4
3 水平弯曲 ≤+10 测量时间/min 68 7 -
偏差值/mm- 7 7 -
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冶金起重机测量技术的研究及应用
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张肇鹏 , 苏保全 , 陈娥
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025,51(2): 68-71
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025, 51(2): 68-71
冶金起重机测量技术的研究及应用
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张肇鹏, 苏保全, 陈娥
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司工程服务公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 张肇鹏(1977-),男,蒙古族,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,,现从事冶金设备技术管理工作。

Research and Application of Measurement Technology for Metallurgy Crane
Zhaopeng Zhang, Baoquan Su, E Chen
Affiliations
  • Engineering Service Co. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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文章主要对冶金起重机轨距、对角线和主梁水平弯曲的测量方法进行研究。传统采用钢丝、尺子等工具对起重机测量的方法存在效率低、精度差、条件苛刻、安全风险大等缺点,为了精确、高效地完成冶金起重机测量工作,研究了几种使用仪器和工具进行冶金起重机轨距、水平弯曲、对角线测量的方法,对传统起重机测量方法进行了改进、革新,实践证明这些措施极大地提高了冶金起重机的测量效率。

冶金起重机  /  全站仪  /  机械

In this paper, the measurement methods of gauge, diagonal and horizontal bending of main beam for metallurgy crane are mainly studied. Traditional measurement methods for crane with such tools as steel wire and ruler are with such disadvantages as low efficiency, poor accuracy, strict conditions and high safety risk. In order to finish the measurement work of metallurgy crane accurately and efficiently, several methods for measuring gauge, horizontal bending and diagonal of metallurgy crane using instruments and tools are studied as well as the traditional measurement methods of crane are improved and innovated. Practices show that the efficiency of measuring metallurgy crane is greatly improved with these measures.

metallurgy crane  /  total station  /  machinery
张肇鹏, 苏保全, 陈娥. 冶金起重机测量技术的研究及应用. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (2) : 68 -71 .
Zhaopeng Zhang, Baoquan Su, E Chen. Research and Application of Measurement Technology for Metallurgy Crane[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (2) : 68 -71 .
起重机是机械设备中蕴藏危险因素最多,事故发生率较大的机械。建国以来,我国钢铁工业发展很快,冶金设备不断更新换代,而冶金起重机更新速度则相对较慢,一些六七十年代制造的产品仍然在服役。随着钢铁产量的提高,冶金起重机的负荷率和作业率不断提高,有的转炉不断增容,工作繁忙程度有增无减,因此,为满足生产需要对冶金起重机的测量提出了更高要求[1]
冶金行业是我国大型起重机的主要使用场所,易出现损伤、破坏,尤其是冶金起重机金属结构部分的破坏和损伤。金属结构部分是冶金起重机的重点监护对象,其重大危险源集中在金属结构部分,一旦破坏,后果不堪设想,如某钢厂一台冶金起重机,突然发生主梁跨中断裂,造成很大的经济损失。因此,对冶金行业中起重机,尤其是对大型起重机的金属结构实施测量是非常必要的。
起重机测量相关国家标准大都是在2010年前后制定的,而且未对起重机测量方法做出更新,如《起重设备安装工程施工及验收规范》GB 50278—2010[2]、《通用桥式起重机》GB/T 14405—2011[3]、《通用门式起重机》GB/T 14406—2011[4]等国家标准,依然采用钢丝和尺子等传统工具对起重机进行测量。
采用钢丝、尺子等工具对起重机测量的方法存在测量过程繁琐、计算复杂、条件苛刻、安全风险大等缺点。随着科学技术的发展,各种先进仪器在精度和便携性上有革命性提升,传统测量方法急需进行改变。本文研究了几种使用仪器和工具进行起重机轨距、水平弯曲、对角线的测量方法,通过仪器和工具来提高起重机检测效率和精度。
传统起重机轨距测量采用钢尺或者全站仪配合棱镜杆和钢尺进行。使用钢尺测量起重机轨距时,需要弹簧秤配合进行,并且需要进行修正计算[5]。如果中间有障碍物,需要将尺子从障碍物中间穿过,在整个操作过程中危险性较大,并且测量人员无法保证尺子处于水平状态,很难保证测量人员安全和测量数据准确性。
利用全站仪配合棱镜杆和钢尺进行起重机轨距测量时,先使用钢尺分别从轨道一侧端头开始每两米标记一个测量点,将棱镜杆靠在轨道侧面标记点处,利用全站仪对边测量或者坐标测量功能进行测量。使用此方法进行测量会产生以下误差:两根轨道在初始安装过程中,其端头起始位置存在偏差,导致测量结果是轨道斜距,并非轨道实际距离,具体误差产生原理见图1。使用钢尺和立棱镜杆过程中产生人为误差;钢尺下垂、热胀冷缩产生误差;棱镜杆靠在轨道侧面标记点时产生误差。该测量方法产生误差较大,且测量步骤较为繁琐。
为了解决钢尺测量起重机轨距时,所造成的人员安全和测量数据准确性问题,我们研究了一种起重机轨距测量装置,一种利用激光测距仪配合管水准气泡和测距仪平台测量轨距的方法,成功地解决了传统测量方法中存在的各项问题。此方法采用全站仪进行测量,使用最小二乘法将两根轨道和两根轨道端部横向定位线测量数据拟合成直线,直线拟合公式见公式(1)、(2),经过综合分析后便可得到更加准确的结果。
K= n i = 1 n x i y i - i = 1 n y 1 i = 1 n x i n i = 1 n x i 2 - ( i = 1 n x i ) 2
b= i = 1 n x i 2 i = 1 n y i - i = 1 n x i i = 1 n x i y i n i = 1 n x i 2 - ( i = 1 n x i ) 2
式(1)、(2)中:K为轨道直线方程斜率;b轨道直线方程的截距;n为每条轨道坐标测量总数量;Xi为轨道第i个测量北坐标值;yi为轨道第i个测量东坐标值。
该操作方法已申请专利CN113536231B[6]
采用传统起重机对角线测量方法时,先使用线坠配合钢尺给行走轮中部定位,采用钢板尺和线坠进行测量时存在较大人为误差。从放尺、读数、计算、画中线、吊线坠到在轨道上标记测量点,每一步操作稍有误差就会造成测量数据偏差较大。况且许多起重机车轮都会设置限位器或扫轨器,使用这种手段进行检测较为困难。最终导致起重机对角线测量过程中,出现无法测量或者测量偏差大、效率低等一系列问题,给技术人员带来很大困扰。
通过制作工装的手段来解决起重机对角线测量过程中,出现无法测量、测量偏差大、效率低等问题的方法是可靠的,其中上海金艺检测技术有限公司发明了一种在役行车车轮中心投影测量装置。本装置由测量座、螺杆、卡钳、绕线杆、绕线、垂球和指示杆组成,可单人快速完成车轮分中取点,有效提高测量效率,减少人员投入,且使用方便,取代了原有挂线测量方式,可适用于各种类型的行车车轮,以往某些条件下无法测量的车轮现在使用本装置也可方便实现测量,并且精度更高,已申请专利(CN206818198U[7])。
我们研制了一种测量起重机对角线专用装置,包括:框架、棱镜杆固定装置、线坠孔、水准气泡平台、水准气泡、紧固螺栓、隔板等,其特征是此装置可以配合棱镜杆或者线坠将起重机行走轮踏面中心位置准确标记在轨道面上,利用全站仪对标记点位进行测量,通过计算得到对角线尺寸,该测量装置已申请专利(CN216791107U[8])。本装置是通过行走轮侧面和轮缘面来测量起重机的对角线,成功地解决了上述问题,但是测量值不能反映出车轮踏面的磨损情况。
两种装置的适用性不同,在后续的研究中将制作更加简单、精确的对角线测量工装。
传统测量方法是:在主梁腹板上方,离上翼缘板约100 mm处,将两等高块分别置于主梁的两端,紧拉一根直径为0.49~0.5 mm的钢丝平行于上翼缘板,从主梁端部第一块大隔板起,在每块大隔板处用钢尺测量腹板与钢丝间距并记录。每个间距与等高块厚度之差即为主梁水平方向弯曲值,负值表明主梁向走台侧凸曲,正值表明主梁向走台侧凹曲,弯曲最大绝对值与主梁两端第一块大隔板距离之比即为主梁水平方向弯曲度。
此方法需要拉设钢丝配合弹簧秤、钢尺进行测量,测量人员需要读取弹簧秤拉力值并进行修正计算,使用这种方法测量起重机水平弯曲时,危险性较大,准备时间长,并且很难保证数据准确性。
我们研究了一种利用全站仪测量起重机水平弯曲的方法,该方法充分利用了全站仪的免棱镜测量模式对起重机的水平弯曲进行测量,利用点到点的距离、最小二乘法和点到直线距离公式计算出水平弯曲值,并通过计算方位角判断出主梁内弯、外弯。该法适用性强、操作简单,无需人员靠近起重机进行测量,不足是对全站仪免棱镜模式的测量精度要求高,需进行多次测量取平均值。该测量方法已申请专利(CN113884049A[9])。
将冶金起重机的传统测量方法和各种新技术的测量方法分别在某厂180T和100T冶金起重机上进行试验,试验采用GPT-7500全站仪、DS32水准仪和FLUKE 424D激光测距仪对两台冶金起重机分别进行测量,下面分别对两次试验结果进行说明。
某厂180T冶金起重机跨度22.000 m,轨距设计值为10 000 mm,测量结果见表1
表1可以看出,采用传统测量方法和使用各种新技术的测量方法对轨距、对角线和水平弯曲测量结果偏差值都在允许范围内。在轨距测量中采用测量新技术方案1测量时间为5 min,较传统测量方法的20 min快4倍;在对角线测量中采用测量新技术方案1测量时间为13 min,较传统测量方法的28 min快2倍;在主梁水平弯曲测量中采用测量新技术方案1测量时间为7 min,较传统测量方法的68 min快10倍。
某厂100T冶金起重机跨度20.000 m,主小车轨道间距设计值为7 500 mm,测量结果见表2
表2中数据得出结论与本文3.1得出结论一致。
(1)采用传统测量方法测量冶金起重机的总时间是116 min,其中轨距用时20 min,对角线用时28 min,水平弯曲的用时为68 min;
(2)采用测量新技术测量冶金起重机的总时间是25 min,其中轨距用时5 min,对角线用时13 min,水平弯曲的用时为7 min;
(3)由(1)、(2)可以得出结论:采用新技术后测量效率为116 min/25 min=4.64,提升4.64倍。
通过对比试验可以看出,采用试验用时最少的新技术测量方案与传统测量方法进行比较,可以得出结论是采用新技术后测量效率提升4.64倍,并能够满足冶金起重机日常检测苛刻要求。
参考文献 引证文献
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-10-22
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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