Article(id=1187669714957386233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)02-0053-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761092125881, onlineDateStr=2025-10-22, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761092125881, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761092125881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761092125881, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187669711266394222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761092125001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761096958502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187689984480915468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187669711266394222, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187669715326484987, articleId=1187669714957386233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Study on Assembly for Pretwisted Blades of Turbine, columnId=1187100786392711543, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The assembly for pretwisted blades of turbine has significant effect on its overall performance. In this paper, its deformation mechanism is studied and simulation experiments are carried out through finite element model to verify the accuracy of assembly system for pretwisted blades. The process parameters of manually tapping blades are obtained using high speed camera and piezoelectric type impact sensor as well as corresponding mathematical model is established. The parameters of this model are adjusted in software to design the assembly system for pretwisted blades of turbine. The final results indicated that sufficient impact could be generated by the assembly system to meet assembly requirements when the range of air source pressure was between 0.4 MPa and 0.6 MPa so that feasibility and effectiveness of the system were verified.

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汽轮机预扭叶片的装配对其整体性能具有重要影响。文章研究了预扭叶片的变形机制,并通过有限元模型进行仿真试验,以验证预扭叶片装配系统的准确性。使用高速相机和压电式冲击力传感器获取人工敲击叶片的工艺参数,并建立相应的数学模型。在软件中调整该模型的参数,设计汽轮机预扭叶片装配系统。最终结果表明,在气源压力范围为0.4 MPa至0.6 MPa时,该装配系统能够产生足够的冲击力以满足装配需求,从而验证了该系统的可行性与有效性。

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韩占华(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事设备管理工作。

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韩占华(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事设备管理工作。

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韩占华(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事设备管理工作。

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编号 v1/(m·s-1) v2/(m·s-1) t1/s F1/N t2/s F2/N
1 9.81 -1.17 0.002 5 13 198 0.001 11 370
2 9.84 -1.17 0.002 4 13 250 0.000 9 12 685
3 9.80 -1.16 0.002 8 11 296 0.001 11 586
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人工装配参数表

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编号 v1/(m·s-1) v2/(m·s-1) t1/s F1/N t2/s F2/N
1 9.81 -1.17 0.002 5 13 198 0.001 11 370
2 9.84 -1.17 0.002 4 13 250 0.000 9 12 685
3 9.80 -1.16 0.002 8 11 296 0.001 11 586
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冲击次数 位移量UA 位移量UB 位移量UC 位移量UD
1 0 0 9.12e-12 1.26e-15
2 0 1.01e-11 2.79e-7 3.19e-10
3 0 5.28e-8 5.98e-4 8.91e-6
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冲击后预扭叶片位移量mm

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冲击次数 位移量UA 位移量UB 位移量UC 位移量UD
1 0 0 9.12e-12 1.26e-15
2 0 1.01e-11 2.79e-7 3.19e-10
3 0 5.28e-8 5.98e-4 8.91e-6
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编号 输入气压
/MPa
冲击力 高速相机
传感器冲力/N 冲击力平均值/N 冲击/N 冲击力平均值/N
1 0.4 12 000 12 369.47
2 0.4 12 203 12 161.33 12 426.44 12 374.41
3 0.4 12 281 12 327.33
4 0.5 13 479 13 602.43
5 0.5 13 361 13 437.00 13 570.12 13 661.21
6 0.5 13 471 13 811.08
7 0.6 14 688 14 951.88
8 0.6 14 421 14 631.67 14 960.21 14 903.80
9 0.6 14 786 14 799.32
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冲击力测量结果

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编号 输入气压
/MPa
冲击力 高速相机
传感器冲力/N 冲击力平均值/N 冲击/N 冲击力平均值/N
1 0.4 12 000 12 369.47
2 0.4 12 203 12 161.33 12 426.44 12 374.41
3 0.4 12 281 12 327.33
4 0.5 13 479 13 602.43
5 0.5 13 361 13 437.00 13 570.12 13 661.21
6 0.5 13 471 13 811.08
7 0.6 14 688 14 951.88
8 0.6 14 421 14 631.67 14 960.21 14 903.80
9 0.6 14 786 14 799.32
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汽轮机预扭叶片装配研究
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韩占华 1 , 张宝军 1 , 贺花芳 2 , 王敏 3
包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025,51(2): 53-58
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包钢科技 | 设备与自动化 2025, 51(2): 53-58
汽轮机预扭叶片装配研究
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韩占华1, 张宝军1, 贺花芳2, 王敏3
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢管有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司运输部,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 韩占华(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事设备管理工作。

Study on Assembly for Pretwisted Blades of Turbine
Zhanhua Han1, Baojun Zhang1, Huafang He2, Min Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1 Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Transportation Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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汽轮机预扭叶片的装配对其整体性能具有重要影响。文章研究了预扭叶片的变形机制,并通过有限元模型进行仿真试验,以验证预扭叶片装配系统的准确性。使用高速相机和压电式冲击力传感器获取人工敲击叶片的工艺参数,并建立相应的数学模型。在软件中调整该模型的参数,设计汽轮机预扭叶片装配系统。最终结果表明,在气源压力范围为0.4 MPa至0.6 MPa时,该装配系统能够产生足够的冲击力以满足装配需求,从而验证了该系统的可行性与有效性。

汽轮机预扭叶片  /  装配  /  有限元分析

The assembly for pretwisted blades of turbine has significant effect on its overall performance. In this paper, its deformation mechanism is studied and simulation experiments are carried out through finite element model to verify the accuracy of assembly system for pretwisted blades. The process parameters of manually tapping blades are obtained using high speed camera and piezoelectric type impact sensor as well as corresponding mathematical model is established. The parameters of this model are adjusted in software to design the assembly system for pretwisted blades of turbine. The final results indicated that sufficient impact could be generated by the assembly system to meet assembly requirements when the range of air source pressure was between 0.4 MPa and 0.6 MPa so that feasibility and effectiveness of the system were verified.

pretwisted blades of turbine  /  assembly  /  finite element analysis
韩占华, 张宝军, 贺花芳, 王敏. 汽轮机预扭叶片装配研究. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (2) : 53 -58 .
Zhanhua Han, Baojun Zhang, Huafang He, Min Wang. Study on Assembly for Pretwisted Blades of Turbine[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (2) : 53 -58 .
汽轮机是一种由转子和静子构成的蒸汽动力设备,能够将高温高压蒸汽的动能转化为机械能,并在核电机组中扮演重要角色[1-2]。汽轮机叶片安装在转子轮槽中,对发电效率至关重要[3]。其结构设计、振动强度、装配及运行方式等因素直接影响汽轮机组的安全性和可靠性,因此,叶片的装配工艺和技术是影响整体性能和使用寿命的关键环节。
目前,汽轮机叶片的装配主要依赖人工操作,效率较低且安全性不足。因此,开发一套自动化装配系统以取代传统的手工敲击方式,可以提高叶片的安装精度和稳定性,并显著提升工作效率。同时,针对汽轮机叶片装配过程的数值模拟,为预扭叶片的装配系统提供了理论基础和技术支持。
美国通用电气公司研发了适用于特定叶根形状的安装设备,以及用于燃气涡轮发动机叶片的半自动拆装装置[4-7]。王志刚和申如国等提出了一种新的汽轮机预扭叶片装配工具及其实验平台[8-9]。2020年,上海电气电站设备有限公司推出了一种专用于汽轮机叶片的独立单作用击打装置[10]。然而,当前国内外在汽轮机叶片自动化装配领域的研究仍较为有限,大多数设备依赖瞬时高速冲击来完成叶片的紧固。
在冲击过程中,通常会导致结构的显著不可逆变形,从而消耗大量输入的动能。冲击动力学的研究通常使用有限元分析软件,如LS-DYNA和Abaqus。LS-DYNA主要用于处理三维空间中的高速碰撞及爆炸后产生的动力学响应,尤其在材料研究方面表现突出[11]。而Abaqus则被广泛认可为解决复杂工程问题的强大工具,尤其在模拟材料受低速和高速冲击时表现优异,国际上关于使用Abaqus进行冲击动力学分析的研究也相对丰富[12]
本文将聚焦于汽轮机预扭叶片,运用有限元分析等软件研究叶片装配中的冲击动力学特性,并设计装配试验台,以验证所设计系统的有效性。
预扭叶片装配的质量指标指的是装配过程中因敲击而引起的叶片扭转量,必须确保该扭转量在规定的公差范围内。如图1所示,展示了三个预扭叶片的相对扭转位置变化,圈中部位指示了扭转量检查的具体位置[13]
在装配过程中,预扭叶片受到两侧叶片槽的限制,需在叶根自然扭转的基础上通过敲击引入一定的扭转量。装配完成后,必须检测预扭叶片是否符合质量指标;若不符合,则需拆除并重新装配。
利用高速相机拍摄单次敲击钎子的过程,锤头上贴有反光标记,通过软件分析其运动轨迹,以获取敲击速度和时间等参数。试验结果表明,锤子与钎子接触初期,敲击速度达到最大值;随后,敲击速度逐渐减小,直至分离瞬间接近零。由于反弹力主要由工人控制,反弹速度的增加使得控制变得更加困难,因此采用第一次反弹速度作为计算值,如图2所示。
人工敲击装配过程是一个高速冲击的过程。根据冲量定理,通过高速相机采集到的人工敲击力F1可用于分析该过程的动态特性。
F1= m ( v 1 - v 2 ) t 1
式中,v1v2分别表示人工敲击锤子的最大冲击速度和回弹速度,m为锤子的质量,t1为冲击持续时间。人工装配工艺参数见表1
使用软件进行数据采集和分析,冲击力传感器记录的人工敲击力平均值为12 581.33 N,而高速相机测得的平均值为11 880.33 N,二者之间的相对误差为5.731%。最终,F1和F2平均值为12 230.83 N
从冲击动力学的角度来看,汽轮机预扭叶片的人工装配过程可视为一个典型的二元冲击系统。在这一过程中,预扭叶片作为能量传递和转换的介质,锤子并不直接接触预扭叶片,而是通过钎子这一弹性杆,以应力波的形式将能量传递给预扭叶片。
在预扭叶片装配中,撞击过程的微小变形可以视为弹性杆几乎不发生变形的碰撞。在分析这一过程中,我们需要考虑应力和质点的速度。可以将锤钎撞击简化为两个有限长杆之间的碰撞问题,如图3所示,其中钎子的质量为md,锤子的质量为mh,并且锤子以速度Vh向钎子撞去。
在两个有限杆的撞击过程中,当锤子以速度Vh撞向钎子时,撞击界面会产生两列压缩波。一列向下传播的下传压缩波沿钎子向下传播;另一列向上传播的上传压缩波沿锤子向上传播。当机械波到达介质界面时,根据界面连续条件,界面处的速度相同。在碰撞发生时,假设锤子的横截面积为Ah,钎子的横截面积为Ad,则作用力和反作用力相等,但方向相反。设撞击后两杆的应力分别为σh、σd,则有:
$A_{h} \cdot \sigma_{h}=A_{d} \cdot \sigma_{d}$
若两杆波阻抗相同,面积之比Ah/Ad=m,撞击后钎子质点速度为:
v= m · v h 1 + m
撞击点的速度与钎子的材料特性、撞击区域面积以及预扭叶片的材料特性和撞击区域面积密切相关。如果撞击速度极高,导致应力峰值超过预扭叶片材料的屈服极限,那么该速度便是材料的屈服速度。在预扭叶片的装配过程中,预扭叶片保持恒定速度。
在钎子与预扭叶片碰撞时,钎子以V0速度撞击预扭叶片,导致预扭叶片发生较大变形,而钎子的变形相对较小。若将钎子视为刚体,设预扭叶片质量为mr,截面积为Ar,则根据连续条件,碰撞界面处钎子与预扭叶片的速度相等,且作用力相等。
$v_{d}=v_{r}, A_{d} \cdot \sigma_{d}=A_{r} \cdot \sigma_{r}$
使用软件构建叶片及转子的三维几何模型。由于对整个部件进行全面网格加密会显著增加计算时间和成本,因此仅对需要高精度模拟的局部区域进行网格加密,以平衡计算精度与效率。在对预扭叶片装配模型进行适当分割后,导入软件完成网格划分,再将网格文件导入软件进行数值模拟分析。汽轮机预扭叶片装配的有限元模型如图4所示。
根据人工敲击工艺参数,人工装配过程中每次敲击力约为12 000 N,且装配过程涉及多次连续冲击。在高速冲击仿真分析中,需要考虑应力波在预扭叶片内部的传播。通过数据传递技术,可以有效实现连续撞击过程中的数据输入和输出,确保模拟的准确性,从而捕捉到动态响应和累积效应。数据传递流程如图5所示。
流程需首先创建第一次冲击作用并提交作业,计算得到预扭叶片装配的第一个冲击模型。随后,在此基础上进行第二次冲击作用,运用数据传递方法将上一次冲击的计算结果作为本次仿真的初始状态,继续进行冲击仿真分析,如此循环,逐步累积多个冲击作用。数据传递方法主要用于在仿真过程中传递预扭叶片的应力、应变等关键信息。因此,在选择仿真部件时,应仅选择能够发生形变的实体部件,排除被定义为刚体或受到刚性约束的部件。
研发的汽轮机预扭叶片装配系统总体结构包括助力机械手、冲击气缸、击打装置、移动平台和气动控制系统,如图6所示。
预扭叶片装配系统的工作原理如下:移动平台将整台机器移动至需装配的转子附近,确定工作范围后撤下平台并固定助力机械手底座。机械手随后移动击打装置至叶片上方,对准并敲击叶片,完成装配后将设备移至空闲位置。系统采用双作用冲击气缸,通过喷嘴控制冲击力,实现对预扭叶片的精确装配,并可完成不同型号叶片的装配。
该系统解决了人工敲击装配预扭叶片的三个技术问题:一是冲击力可预调,满足不同叶片装配质量要求;二是具备单击和连续敲击两种模式,且可自由切换;三是设备整体移动和调整方便,且配备安保装置。
预扭叶片经过1次冲击、3次冲击、5次冲击的应力图和位移云图,见图7图8
扭转量是评估预扭叶片装配质量的重要指标,其数值反映了叶片的装配程度。在图9所示的预扭叶片上,将叶根顶部的四个角分别标记为点A、点B、点C和点D。通过测量这四个点各自的相对位移,可以计算出当前预扭叶片的扭转量。
各点产生相对位移计算公式:
$U_{M}=U_{M n}-U_{M_{0}}$
式中,M表示点ABCD的位置,n为冲击次数,UMn为点M在第n次冲击后的位移,{U}_{M0}为点M的初始位移。所测每次敲击力约为12 000 N,在此冲击力下,预扭叶片经过3次冲击产生的位移量如表2所示。
经过3次冲击,点A、点B、点C和点D的总位移量分别为0、5.28e-8 mm、5.98e-4 mm和8.91e-6 mm。仿真过程中,通过数据传递技术实现连续冲击间的数据输入与输出,准确反映多次撞击过程,并据此计算预扭叶片的扭转量。
通过设置高速相机、传感器及对应分析软件,在0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa、0.6 MPa气源气压下冲击力测量结果如表3所示。
在相同输入压力下,最终冲击力取自高速摄像机测得的冲击力与冲击力传感器的平均值。根据表3,当气源气压为0.4 MPa时,平均冲击力为12 267.87 N;当气源气压为0.5 MPa时,平均冲击力为13 549.11 N;当气源气压为0.6 MPa时,平均冲击力为14 767.74 N。在气源压力范围为0.4 MPa至0.6 MPa时,系统的冲击力输出能够满足预扭叶片的装配要求。
以预扭叶片为研究对象,通过高速相机和冲击力传感器采集人工装配工艺参数,如敲击速度、冲击时间和冲击力。基于冲击动力学理论,分析了装配过程中预扭叶片的变形机制。接着,利用有限元分析等软件对装配过程进行仿真建模,以验证理论并分析预扭叶片的扭转量。
最后,设计了汽轮机预扭叶片装配系统,并讨论了仿真实验结果,表明该系统在不同气源压力下能够产生符合设计要求的冲击力,有效完成预扭叶片的装配任务,且装配质量满足要求。系统设计包含单击和连续打击两种模式,以适应不同装配需求。此外,未来可能结合智能算法,实现精确定位和自动检测装配质量,从而进一步提升智能化装配系统。
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2025-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢管有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司运输部,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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