Article(id=1187088798644060693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187088798216241684, articleNumber=1009-5438(2022)04-0046-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1649347200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760953624639, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1661356800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760953624639, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760953624639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760953624639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187088798216241684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2022', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760953624537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760953945042, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187090142570365089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187088798216241684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187090142570365090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187088798216241684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187340476467265912, articleId=1187088798644060693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research and Development of New Type Rare Earth Rail for Heavy Haul Railway of Baotou Steel, columnId=1187340471245357385, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Quality of Variety and Experiment and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the axle load and transport volume of train increase year by year, it’s necessary to use new type high strength rail to satisfy the operating requirements, prolong the service life of rail and reduce the maintenance of railway. The third generation of rare earth heat-treated rail is successfully developed by Baotou Steel through researching the composition optimization and heat treatment process of rare earth rail. Its tensile strength Rm≥1 300 MPa, percentage elongation after fracture A≥10%, tread hardness HB is 380~430. The experimental study showed that the rare earth was easy to attach to the inclusions in high carbon steel rail so that such inclusions as MnS and Al2O3 were modified; simultaneously, the lamellar spacing of pearlite was reduced and austenite grain size was refined by rare earth so as to improve the toughness of high carbon heavy rail steel. The wear resistance and contact fatigue resistance of rail could be significantly improved with new type heat-treated rare earth rail, which is suitable for heavy haul railway and section with small curve.

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随着列车的轴重和运量逐年增加,需要使用新型高强度钢轨以满足使用要求,延长钢轨使用寿命和减少线路维护。包钢通过对稀土钢轨的成分优化与热处理工艺研究,成功开发第三代稀土热处理钢轨,钢轨的抗拉强度Rm≥1 300 MPa,断后延伸率A≥10%,踏面硬度HB为380~430。试验研究表明,稀土在高碳钢轨中易附集在夹杂物上,可以变质MnS和Al2O3等类型夹杂物;同时稀土可以减小珠光体片层间距和细化奥氏体晶粒尺寸,从而改善高碳重轨钢的韧性。新型热处理稀土钢轨可显著改善钢轨耐磨性和抗接触疲劳性能,适用于重载铁路和小曲线路段。

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王嘉伟(1988-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

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王嘉伟(1988-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

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王嘉伟(1988-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

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钢种 抗拉强度Rm
/MPa
延伸率A
/%
踏面硬度
(HBW)
U75VH ≥1 180 ≥10 340~400
U77MnCrH ≥1 180 ≥10 350~410
U78CrVH ≥1 280 ≥10 370~420
U76CrREH ≥1 280 ≥10 370~420
BGREⅢ ≥1 300 ≥10 380~430
), ArticleFig(id=1187340630972842787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187088798644060693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢轨力学性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢种 抗拉强度Rm
/MPa
延伸率A
/%
踏面硬度
(HBW)
U75VH ≥1 180 ≥10 340~400
U77MnCrH ≥1 180 ≥10 350~410
U78CrVH ≥1 280 ≥10 370~420
U76CrREH ≥1 280 ≥10 370~420
BGREⅢ ≥1 300 ≥10 380~430
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编号 化学成分(质量分数)/% 硬度
(HBW)
抗拉强度
/MPa
延伸率
/%
金相
组织
C Si Mn Cr Nb RE
1# 0.78 0.69 0.87 356 1 230 10.0 P
2# 0.80 0.71 0.91 微量 372 1 285 9.5 P
3# 0.79 0.68 1.02 中等含量 389 1 326 9.0 P
4# 0.80 0.75 0.93 中等含量 0.022 392 1 345 10.0 P
5# 0.81 0.82 0.95 中等含量 微量 0.020 401 1 350 11.0 P
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试验钢化学成分及性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 化学成分(质量分数)/% 硬度
(HBW)
抗拉强度
/MPa
延伸率
/%
金相
组织
C Si Mn Cr Nb RE
1# 0.78 0.69 0.87 356 1 230 10.0 P
2# 0.80 0.71 0.91 微量 372 1 285 9.5 P
3# 0.79 0.68 1.02 中等含量 389 1 326 9.0 P
4# 0.80 0.75 0.93 中等含量 0.022 392 1 345 10.0 P
5# 0.81 0.82 0.95 中等含量 微量 0.020 401 1 350 11.0 P
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钢种 C Si Mn P S Cr+Nb RE
BGREⅢ 0.70~0.90 0.60~0.90 0.80~1.10 ≤0.020 ≤0.020 ≤0.70 加入量大于0.02
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BGREⅢ钢轨化学成分范围(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢种 C Si Mn P S Cr+Nb RE
BGREⅢ 0.70~0.90 0.60~0.90 0.80~1.10 ≤0.020 ≤0.020 ≤0.70 加入量大于0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1187340631388078888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187088798644060693, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rm/MPa A/% 踏面硬度(HBW) 横断面硬度(HRC)
A1、B1、C1、D1、E1 A4、B5、C5、D3、E3
最大值 1 365 12.5 398 40.3 37.8
最小值 1 312 10.0 385 38.2 36.5
平均值 1 342 11.0 392 38.9 37.1
技术指标 ≥1 300 ≥10.0 380~430 37.0~44.0 ≥36.0
), ArticleFig(id=1187340631467770665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187088798644060693, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BGREⅢ钢轨工业试制结果

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Rm/MPa A/% 踏面硬度(HBW) 横断面硬度(HRC)
A1、B1、C1、D1、E1 A4、B5、C5、D3、E3
最大值 1 365 12.5 398 40.3 37.8
最小值 1 312 10.0 385 38.2 36.5
平均值 1 342 11.0 392 38.9 37.1
技术指标 ≥1 300 ≥10.0 380~430 37.0~44.0 ≥36.0
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包钢新型重载铁路用稀土钢轨研发
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王嘉伟 1 , 赵桂英 1 , 涛雅 1 , 梁正伟 1 , 王永明 2
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022,48(4): 46-50
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022, 48(4): 46-50
包钢新型重载铁路用稀土钢轨研发
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王嘉伟1, 赵桂英1, 涛雅1, 梁正伟1, 王永明2
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 王嘉伟(1988-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事钢轨新产品研发工作。

Research and Development of New Type Rare Earth Rail for Heavy Haul Railway of Baotou Steel
Jia-wei Wang1, Gui-ying Zhao1, Ya Tao1, Zheng-wei Liang1, Yong-ming Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Chief Engineer Office of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2022-08-25
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随着列车的轴重和运量逐年增加,需要使用新型高强度钢轨以满足使用要求,延长钢轨使用寿命和减少线路维护。包钢通过对稀土钢轨的成分优化与热处理工艺研究,成功开发第三代稀土热处理钢轨,钢轨的抗拉强度Rm≥1 300 MPa,断后延伸率A≥10%,踏面硬度HB为380~430。试验研究表明,稀土在高碳钢轨中易附集在夹杂物上,可以变质MnS和Al2O3等类型夹杂物;同时稀土可以减小珠光体片层间距和细化奥氏体晶粒尺寸,从而改善高碳重轨钢的韧性。新型热处理稀土钢轨可显著改善钢轨耐磨性和抗接触疲劳性能,适用于重载铁路和小曲线路段。

稀土钢轨  /  冶炼  /  轧制

With the axle load and transport volume of train increase year by year, it’s necessary to use new type high strength rail to satisfy the operating requirements, prolong the service life of rail and reduce the maintenance of railway. The third generation of rare earth heat-treated rail is successfully developed by Baotou Steel through researching the composition optimization and heat treatment process of rare earth rail. Its tensile strength Rm≥1 300 MPa, percentage elongation after fracture A≥10%, tread hardness HB is 380~430. The experimental study showed that the rare earth was easy to attach to the inclusions in high carbon steel rail so that such inclusions as MnS and Al2O3 were modified; simultaneously, the lamellar spacing of pearlite was reduced and austenite grain size was refined by rare earth so as to improve the toughness of high carbon heavy rail steel. The wear resistance and contact fatigue resistance of rail could be significantly improved with new type heat-treated rare earth rail, which is suitable for heavy haul railway and section with small curve.

rare earth rail  /  smelting  /  rolling
王嘉伟, 赵桂英, 涛雅, 梁正伟, 王永明. 包钢新型重载铁路用稀土钢轨研发. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (4) : 46 -50 .
Jia-wei Wang, Gui-ying Zhao, Ya Tao, Zheng-wei Liang, Yong-ming Wang. Research and Development of New Type Rare Earth Rail for Heavy Haul Railway of Baotou Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (4) : 46 -50 .
铁路是我国国民经济的大动脉,随着我国国民经济的快速发展,铁路运输发挥了至关重要的作用,国家修建了大秦铁路、朔黄铁路、神华铁路等重载铁路运输专用线以缓解国内资源的供需矛盾。铁路运输日趋繁忙,列车轴重、行车速度及密度大幅度提高,钢轨的服役条件越来越恶劣,使用寿命大大缩短。特别是重载或小半径曲线,由于钢轨硬度偏低、强度不足,使钢轨产生严重磨耗和发生接触疲劳伤损,致使钢轨使用寿命降低,线路养护费用增加,严重影响行车安全。对于重载运输线路如大秦铁路线,国内HB340硬度级别U75V热处理钢轨已不能满足线路使用的要求[1],急需研究开发更高硬度和强度级别的钢轨;对于小半径曲线段线路,需要开发合适的高硬度和强度级别的热处理钢轨[2]
包钢针对铁路用轨的这种需要,开发了热处理态HB380硬度级别的高强度钢轨。在钢种成分方面添加了具有包钢自身资源特点的稀土(RE)元素和Nb元素[3],新钢种钢轨称为包钢三代稀土高强钢轨(BGREⅢ)。通过实验室钢种成分设计、工业试验、小批量工业试生产等阶段研究,钢轨已达到抗拉强度Rm≥1 300 MPa、断后延伸率A≥10%。踏面硬度(HB)380~430等性能指标要求。
目前国内标准主要应用于重载铁路钢轨钢种有U75VH、U77MnCrH、U78CrVH、U76CrREH(包钢二代稀土钢轨)四个钢轨钢种[4],包钢自主研发的BGREⅢ三代稀土钢轨强度和硬度均高于以上四种钢轨,并且随着强度和硬度的提高,钢轨仍然能保持良好的韧性[5]。钢轨力学性能指标见表1
根据研制目标及国内外开发高强钢轨的经验,选择微合金化和热处理的途径来提高钢轨强度。国内外高强钢轨普遍使用Cr、V等合金元素。在钢中Cr和Fe形成连续固溶体,与碳形成多种碳化物,可提高钢的强度和耐磨性,增加淬透性,改善抗氧化和抗腐蚀能力,并且Cr-Fe合金价格较低。Nb固溶于铁素体中,以碳化物形态存在,可细化组织和晶粒,提高强度和韧性,包钢第一代稀土钢轨(BNbRE钢轨)采用过Nb微合金化来提高钢轨强度和韧性,钢轨在大秦铁路线服役效果良好[6]。稀土可以净化钢质,改变夹杂物形态,分布在碳化物和固溶体中,可以提高钢轨的韧塑性和改善耐磨性,而且稀土是包钢的特色资源,因此考虑采用[7]
采用实验室小炉炼钢和热模拟试验,以试验钢性能为依据进行钢种成分筛选,确定钢种成分范围,由大量试验钢结果中选出5炉试验钢为代表,试验钢化学成分及性能见表2
表2结果分析,钢轨C、Si、Mn含量大致相同时,试验钢添加Cr元素后钢轨强度、硬度显著提高,韧性指标延伸率少量降低,试验钢加入Cr、Nb和稀土元素后能保证钢轨具有良好的强度和硬度,同时具有良好的韧性,延伸率指标明显提高,钢轨力学性能指标均满足设计目标要求[8]。BGREⅢ钢轨最终化学成分范围见表3
采用4#试验钢进行CCT和TTT曲线的测定,为工业在线热处理提供数据支持。检测结果表明,BGREⅢ钢轨在线热处理冷却速度应控制在1.5~4.0 ℃/s,钢轨强韧性满足目标要求,金相组织为珠光体[9]
采用包钢现有钢轨生产设备,结合实验室研究结果进行钢轨工业试生产,工业试验的工艺流程为:铁水预处理→复吹转炉冶炼→LF精炼→VD真空脱气→方坯连铸→步进炉加热→万能轧制→在线热处理→步进式冷床冷却→矫直→探伤→加工→检查入库。
转炉冶炼采用经过脱硫预处理的铁水,出钢碳含量不小于0.08%,出钢温度不低于1 630 ℃。LF精炼工艺采用石灰、萤石加发泡剂造渣,埋弧加热,加热过程用电石和硅钙粒扩散脱氧造白渣。VD真空脱气,破真空后进行软吹使夹杂物充分上浮,将稀土铈铁合金加入钢包中。连铸采用280 mm×380 mm铸坯规格,长水口和浸入式水口保护浇注,并加强密封。连铸操作采用恒拉速浇注,过热度不低于30 ℃,凝固末端加电磁搅拌[10]
钢坯在加热炉内加热4 h以上,钢坯表面进行高压水除鳞,钢坯经BD1、BD2和CCS三套轧机进行轧制,共轧制13道次,开轧温度1 150~1 200 ℃,终轧温度900~950 ℃,终轧结束后钢轨进入余热淬火线快速冷却,淬火入口温度在680~820 ℃,淬火出口温度保持在450~550 ℃[11],钢轨出余热淬火线后进入步进式冷床冷却,冷却至室温后进行矫直和超声波探伤。钢轨力学性能检验结果见表4
稀土可以净化钢质,改变夹杂物形态,分布在碳化物和固溶体中,可以提高钢轨的韧塑性和改善耐磨性[12]。采用电解法检测稀土在钢轨中的含量,在钢轨轨头取Φ10 mm×65 mm的圆棒,电解夹杂物,检测钢轨中稀土含量为0.023%,夹杂物中稀土含量为0.02%,表明稀土更易与夹杂物相结合,少量存在于钢轨的基体中。通过扫描电镜对拉力断口稀土夹杂物形态进行分析,见图1
BGREⅢ钢轨的断裂形式以准解理断裂为主,解理片数量较多并且有明显的卷曲形貌,同时解理片上有典型的撕裂棱,这些都对吸收冲击过程中的能量有利,此时,高碳稀土钢的韧性为最佳。对夹杂物成分扫描,稀土附集在夹杂物上,可以变质MnS和Al2O3等类型夹杂物。同时稀土可以减小珠光体片层间距和细化奥氏体晶粒,从而改善高碳重轨钢的韧性。见图2图3
针对BGREⅢ钢轨进行磨损试验,采用U75VH、U76CrREH和BGREⅢ钢轨进行对比试验,三个钢种硬度(HB)检测结果为356、382和398。磨损试验依据GB 12444.1—90《金属磨损试验方法MM型磨损试验》标准进行试验[13]。磨损试验设备型号为AMSLER MM型磨损试验机,磨耗转速:车轮试样为200 r/min,钢轨试样为180 r/min;磨耗压力为490 N。每磨耗1万次时对车轮和钢轨试样进行一次清洗,用感量为0.1 mg的分析天平承重,当磨耗10万转时试验终止,试验结果见图4
通过试验数据可以看出,钢轨失重量随钢轨硬度的提高而降低,BGREⅢ耐磨性明显优于其他两种钢轨[14]。目前重载铁路钢轨下线原因主要是磨耗超限,特别是小曲线段钢轨侧磨尤其突出,因此,包钢BGREⅢ三代稀土钢轨更适用于重载铁路线,以提高钢轨使用寿命。
(1)通过开展成分和热处理工艺研究,成功开发出包钢三代稀土钢轨(BGREⅢ),钢轨抗拉强度Rm≥1 300 MPa、延伸率A≥10%、踏面硬度(HB)380~430,钢轨耐磨性良好。
(2)稀土与钢液中的氧硫结合力强,可以变质MnS和Al2O3等类型夹杂物。同时稀土可以减小珠光体片层间距和细化奥氏体晶粒,从而改善高碳重轨钢的韧性。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(zdzx2018024)
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2022年第48卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2022-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
  • 出版时间:2022-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-08
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内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(zdzx2018024)
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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