Article(id=1187029894279082277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)05-0089-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760939580745, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760939580745, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760939580745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760939580745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187029888956510427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760939579476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760941227119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187104193778168029, articleId=1187029894279082277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Measurement and Calculation of Carbon Footprint and Carbon Reduction Research for Production of Screw-thread Steel Based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the important steel of basic building components, screw-thread steel is widely used in such engineering constructions as buildings, bridges and roads. Its proportion of carbon emission is higher in building materials due to its large consumption so that the management and evaluation research of carbon footprint in its manufacturing process are particularly important. In this article, the key direction for its carbon reduction is found out through analyzing operation and conversion of carbon flow in its production process. The data of carbon emission and carbon footprint of products is qua.pngied as well as all of potential influencing factors are calculated with the LCA method so as to ide.pngy and control key areas of carbon emission, which could provide guidance for Baotou Steel to establish measures and plans of carbon reduction as well as environmental product declarations(EPD) of screw-thread steel products are successfully released on the EPD platform.

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螺纹钢是基础建筑构件的重要钢材,被广泛应用于房屋、桥梁、道路等工程建设,因其用量大,螺纹钢在建材中的碳排放占比也较高,其制造流程的碳足迹管理和评价研究显得尤为重要。文章通过分析螺纹钢生产过程碳素流的运行和转换,找出螺纹钢减碳的重点方向。采用LCA方法,对产品的碳排放和碳足迹数据进行量化,对所有潜在影响因素进行计算,从而识别控制碳排放重点区域,为包钢制定减碳措施和规划提供指导,并成功实现了螺纹钢产品在EPD平台上发布环境产品声明。

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胡 波(1973-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事线棒材生产工艺研究及新产品研发工作。

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胡 波(1973-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事线棒材生产工艺研究及新产品研发工作。

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胡 波(1973-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事线棒材生产工艺研究及新产品研发工作。

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碳素转换 转换前 转换后 主要转换工序
一次转换 焦炭、焦炉煤气、烟气等 焦化、烧结、球团
二次转换 焦炭、煤 高炉煤气、铁水中的碳、烟气 炼铁
三次转换 铁水中的碳 转炉煤气、烟气 炼钢
四次转换 煤气 烟气、副产品 各工序
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碳素在生产中主要转换过程

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碳素转换 转换前 转换后 主要转换工序
一次转换 焦炭、焦炉煤气、烟气等 焦化、烧结、球团
二次转换 焦炭、煤 高炉煤气、铁水中的碳、烟气 炼铁
三次转换 铁水中的碳 转炉煤气、烟气 炼钢
四次转换 煤气 烟气、副产品 各工序
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工序 产物 温度/℃
焦化 焦炭 1 000~1 030
荒煤气 830~850
烧结 烧结矿 700~800
球团 球团矿 1 100~1 120
炼铁 炉渣 1 530~1 540
铁水 1 480~1 510
炼钢 转炉烟气 1 180~1 220
转炉渣 1 670~1 690
出钢钢水 1 620~1 630
连铸 连铸开浇钢水 1 570~1 590
热轧 开轧铸坯 970~1 030
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主要工序产物温度

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工序 产物 温度/℃
焦化 焦炭 1 000~1 030
荒煤气 830~850
烧结 烧结矿 700~800
球团 球团矿 1 100~1 120
炼铁 炉渣 1 530~1 540
铁水 1 480~1 510
炼钢 转炉烟气 1 180~1 220
转炉渣 1 670~1 690
出钢钢水 1 620~1 630
连铸 连铸开浇钢水 1 570~1 590
热轧 开轧铸坯 970~1 030
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序号 LCIA指标 单位 合计
1 不可再生资源耗竭潜力
(ADP):化石燃料
MJ 20.03
2 非生物资源资源耗竭潜力
(ADP):矿石元素
kg Sb eq. 0.000 01
3 全球变暖潜力(GWP100) kg CO2 eq. 2.170
4 酸化潜力(AP) kg SO2 eq. 0.002 51
5 富营养化潜力(EP) kg P O 4 3 - eq. 0.002 96
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1 kg HRB400E螺纹钢生命周期影响评价结果

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序号 LCIA指标 单位 合计
1 不可再生资源耗竭潜力
(ADP):化石燃料
MJ 20.03
2 非生物资源资源耗竭潜力
(ADP):矿石元素
kg Sb eq. 0.000 01
3 全球变暖潜力(GWP100) kg CO2 eq. 2.170
4 酸化潜力(AP) kg SO2 eq. 0.002 51
5 富营养化潜力(EP) kg P O 4 3 - eq. 0.002 96
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基于LCA的螺纹钢生产碳足迹测算及减碳研究
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胡波 1 , 曹晓明 2 , 王洪涛 1 , 徐小明 3 , 班华 2 , 苗志刚 1 , 侯德强 1 , 武伟东 1
包钢科技 | 2024,50(5): 89-93
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(5): 89-93
基于LCA的螺纹钢生产碳足迹测算及减碳研究
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胡波1, 曹晓明2, 王洪涛1, 徐小明3, 班华2, 苗志刚1, 侯德强1, 武伟东1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司长材厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.包钢(集团)公司节能环保中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.包钢集团节能环保科技产业有限责任公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 胡 波(1973-),女,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事线棒材生产工艺研究及新产品研发工作。

Measurement and Calculation of Carbon Footprint and Carbon Reduction Research for Production of Screw-thread Steel Based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)
Hu Bo1, Cao Xiao-ming2, Wang Hong-tao1, Xu Xiao-ming3, Ban Hua2, Miao Zhi-gang1, Hou De-qiang1, Wu Wei-dong1
Affiliations
  • 1. Long Products Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Center of Baotou Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. Baotou Steel Group Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Technology Industry Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25
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螺纹钢是基础建筑构件的重要钢材,被广泛应用于房屋、桥梁、道路等工程建设,因其用量大,螺纹钢在建材中的碳排放占比也较高,其制造流程的碳足迹管理和评价研究显得尤为重要。文章通过分析螺纹钢生产过程碳素流的运行和转换,找出螺纹钢减碳的重点方向。采用LCA方法,对产品的碳排放和碳足迹数据进行量化,对所有潜在影响因素进行计算,从而识别控制碳排放重点区域,为包钢制定减碳措施和规划提供指导,并成功实现了螺纹钢产品在EPD平台上发布环境产品声明。

螺纹钢  /  碳足迹  /  LCA  /  减碳

As the important steel of basic building components, screw-thread steel is widely used in such engineering constructions as buildings, bridges and roads. Its proportion of carbon emission is higher in building materials due to its large consumption so that the management and evaluation research of carbon footprint in its manufacturing process are particularly important. In this article, the key direction for its carbon reduction is found out through analyzing operation and conversion of carbon flow in its production process. The data of carbon emission and carbon footprint of products is qua.pngied as well as all of potential influencing factors are calculated with the LCA method so as to ide.pngy and control key areas of carbon emission, which could provide guidance for Baotou Steel to establish measures and plans of carbon reduction as well as environmental product declarations(EPD) of screw-thread steel products are successfully released on the EPD platform.

screw-thread steel  /  carbon footprint  /  LCA  /  carbon reduction
胡波, 曹晓明, 王洪涛, 徐小明, 班华, 苗志刚, 侯德强, 武伟东. 基于LCA的螺纹钢生产碳足迹测算及减碳研究. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (5) : 89 -93 .
Hu Bo, Cao Xiao-ming, Wang Hong-tao, Xu Xiao-ming, Ban Hua, Miao Zhi-gang, Hou De-qiang, Wu Wei-dong. Measurement and Calculation of Carbon Footprint and Carbon Reduction Research for Production of Screw-thread Steel Based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (5) : 89 -93 .
为快速推进“双碳”工作,工信部在《“十四五”工业绿色发展规划》中提出要推动全生命周期减碳,强化全生命周期理念[1]。产品全生命周期减碳就是要从产品生产的全流程,即从“摇篮”到“坟墓”的全过程,来分析减碳的关键因素,强化全生命周期理念就是为了全面评价和管理产品生产过程对环境的潜在影响,其评价方法就是生命周期评价(LCA),其实施的关键要素就是碳足迹核算及管理。
螺纹钢作为国民经济建设中重要的建筑、加工用钢材,用量最大,在碳排放中占比较高,所以螺纹钢被国家列入第一批节能与可再生能源利用通用规范里,其产品生命周期管理和评价研究尤为重要。包钢是国内钢铁行业第二家开展LCA研究的企业,近年来一直持续开展产品的碳排放核算及分析工作[2]。本文通过分析螺纹钢制作过程碳素流的运行和转换,开展螺纹钢生命周期评价,为包钢螺纹钢生产碳减排工作提供技术指导,为下游建筑行业准确计算建筑碳排放提供数据支撑。
钢铁产品制造过程中,碳的主要来源是煤,煤是最重要的生产能源。碳随着生产一直转换和变化,从固定碳转变为煤气和CO2等的同时,产生能量。因此,降碳的研究对象不只是碳素流,同时还有流程中的能量转换。包钢生产螺纹钢的流程如图1所示,以下碳素流研究均基于此流程进行。
包钢使用的煤主要有焦煤、烟煤、无烟煤,其中包括精煤、动力煤,在整个生产流程中,碳的化学变化主要发生在焦化、烧结、炼铁、炼钢等过程中。碳素在钢铁生产中主要转换过程如表1所示。
经过计算,煤及煤气在主要生产工序的分配情况如图2所示,其中高炉炼铁工序占94.34%,炼铁工序是碳素流转化和控制的重点。
碳素转换过程伴随着复杂的化学反应和物理变化,在红焦冷却过程,以及生产焦炭产生煤气、烟气的同时,还会产生大量的热量。主要工序产物温度如表2所示[3]
表2可以看出,在碳素流的运行及耗散过程中,会带来焦炭、烧结矿、铁水、钢水、炉渣、坯料、烟气等的显热,这些显热的总量大约为450 kgce/t。这些显热也会在运行过程中有所损失,热损失主要包括炉体散热、冷却水显热、未回收的烟气显热、界面热损失以及热轧材的热损失等等[4]
热损失的计算公式为:
$Q=c \times m \times \Delta t$
式中:Q为热损失,kJ/t;c为水、烟气、铁水、钢水、铸坯及热轧材等的比热容,kJ/(m3·℃)或kJ/(t·℃);m为各种余热载体的质量,t;Δt为各种余热资源的初始温度与基准温度的差值,℃。
通过计算可知,包钢螺纹钢生产流程的热损失为107~142 kgce/t,约占外购能源的17%~22%,热损失构成如图3所示。
从以上数据可以看出,碳素流的高效运行,余热余能的有效回收,对能源利用效率和碳减排至关重要。碳减排的重点研究方向应是减少碳素进入、提高能源利用效率、有效回收余热余能。
以上部分是对碳足迹定性的分析,那么如何量化碳足迹,从而确定产品的低碳水平呢?目前国际通用的标准方法是生命周期评价方法,这种方法可以对产品的碳排放进行量化。通过对所有潜在影响因素进行计算,从而识别控制碳排放重点区域,为制定减碳措施和规划提供指导。同时,通过LCA评价,企业可以为下游用户提供产品碳足迹报告,这对提高绿色企业形象和品牌影响力,促进企业绿色高质量发展具有重要意义。螺纹钢LCA评价研究主要有以下几方面。
(1)确定功能单位。本次研究中规定功能单位为1 kg螺纹钢。
(2)确定研究边界。本研究的边界为从“摇篮到大门”,包括主生产系统和能源生产系统。把包钢螺纹钢生命周期系统边界分为三个阶段:外购原辅料与能源开采、产品生产阶段、循环再利用阶段(不含下游使用过程),如图4所示。
(3)生命周期清单分析。LCA清单数据包括碳素流(基本流)的输入和输出,数据类型包括上游阶段数据、运输数据、包钢生产单元过程投入产出数据。这些数据最终归纳为八类:产品、副产品、能源消耗、原料消耗、辅助材料消耗、大气排放、水体排放和固体废弃物。计算数据来自包钢现场生产数据,部分数据采用背景数据库数据。数据收集整理后通过LCA计算模型完成清单计算,计算工作通过包钢LCA系统完成。
(4)生命周期影响评价及结果解释。分析包钢螺纹钢的环境特点,选取适合包钢螺纹钢的生命周期影响评价类型,具体结果见表3图5
表3图5的分析结果可以看出,企业内部CO2排放量占总排放量81.67%,主要来源是燃料的燃烧以及石灰石、白云石等矿石的分解,外部运输占3.62%,主要是物料的运输,上游负荷占24.96%,副产品外部使用带来的收益占10.25%。
节能是降碳的重点,根据生命周期影响评价结果,利用敏感性分析的方法,计算各工序的平均敏感度,分析螺纹钢在各个工序对能源消耗影响的主要因素。发现钢坯单耗、连铸工序的钢水单耗、精炼工序的钢水单耗、转炉工序的铁水单耗、铁水预处理工序的铁水单耗的平均敏感度依次减小,范围在70%~95%,都大于50%,属于重大影响,因此是影响环境负荷的关键因素。副产品的焦炉煤气、高炉煤气的平均敏感度都在-10%左右,对能耗指标的影响是负相关,提高煤气及其副产品的回收率是降低能耗的重要途径。通过分析结果可以发现对于节能工作来说,提高成材率比工序节能效果更明显,因此节能方案、节能措施首先要保证不能影响成材率。
近年来,包钢不断强化能源管理,加强节能减排工作,先后完成了多项余热利用节能项目,有效降低了产品综合能耗。结合包钢螺纹钢生产的能耗分析以及生命周期评价,提出以下减碳工艺路径。
(1)利用钢铁企业的产品生命周期评价模型,持续分析钢铁企业及其产品的资源、能源消耗和环境排放的主要影响因素,可以为环境改进提供参考,安排低碳改造的优先次序。
(2)在生产中,各单元过程的直接资源和能源消耗、直接环境排放会随着工艺流程一直向下累积到最终产品上。从平均敏感度结果可知,工序成材率(或原材料利用率)是影响各类环境指标的最重要的因素,并且随着工序增加平均敏感度增大,说明越到后道工序越重要,因此成材率的管理对降低碳足迹至关重要。
(3)通过产品生命周期评价,发现降低能耗和碳排放应当重点关注如下问题:①能源消耗的主要影响因素为焦炭与焦煤的消耗量及热值、高炉煤气的损失及放散量等;②提高副产品煤气的回收率,是降低能耗的重要途径;③水资源消耗的重要影响因素在制水过程水的损耗,由于煤炭发电过程的水耗较高,因此各个工序的电耗也是水耗指标的重要影响因素,可以说节电就是节水;④能源的使用量与能源的结构(如能源种类、清洁能源使用)对于碳排放的影响同等重要;⑤提高高炉渣等副产品的回收利用,能让钢铁产品生命周期碳排放得到有效改善。
(4)在HRB400E螺纹钢成分基础上,通过添加合金元素,可以生产HRB500E、HRB600等高强钢筋、耐蚀钢筋,使建筑用钢在满足建筑要求的前提下,使用重量减少20%~40%,同时还能延长建筑物的使用寿命。因此,从全生命周期的角度来看,大力推广应用高性能螺纹钢产品,是重要的减排手段,对降低下游行业的碳排放具有重要意义。
通过采取一系列的节能降碳措施,2022年12月,包钢在钢铁行业EPD平台上发布了包钢热轧带肋钢筋的环境产品声明,包钢螺纹钢碳排放综合水平达到了国内先进水平。
国务院办公厅近期印发了关于《政府采购领域“整顿市场秩序、建设法规体系、促进产业发展”三年行动方案(2024—2026年)》,方案中指出:“适时将碳足迹管理有关要求纳入政府采购需求标准,扩大政府绿色采购范围。对获得绿色产品认证或符合政府绿色采购需求标准的产品实施优先采购或者强制采购,促进绿色低碳发展。”因此持续降低螺纹钢产品的碳排放对产品的生产和销售意义重大。下一步包钢还需继续挖掘碳减排潜力,快速推动节能改造,大力普及可再生能源回收利用,尽快实现限制产能替代,优化螺纹钢品种,逐步减少低端产品产量,积极探索低碳冶金技术和碳捕集利用储存技术,在减碳方面起到示范引领作用,为全社会实现碳中和目标做出积极贡献。
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2024年第50卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司长材厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.包钢(集团)公司节能环保中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.包钢集团节能环保科技产业有限责任公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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