Article(id=1187029893469585418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)05-0008-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760939580551, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760939580551, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760939580551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760939580551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187029888956510427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760939579476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760941227119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187104193149026972, articleId=1187029893469585418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Application Situations and Prospect of Rare Earth Elements in Iron and Steel Materials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of developing high quality steel, rare earth elements are widely used and effects are significant. In this paper, the mechanisms of action and lack of research of rare earth elements in steel are summarized as well as application situations of rare earth elements in wear-resistant steel, H beam and corrosion-resistant steel are overviewed. The design thinking of determining additive amount of rare earth by scie.pngically applying the first principle of density functional theory and combining mismatch theory with thermodynamic calculations is proposed aiming at such problems as lack of researches for the theory of determining additive amount of rare earth as well as solid solution of rare earth and mechanisms of action of the rare earth at grain boundary in steel, which could provide the thinking and references for design and wide applications of rare earth steel alloy.

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在开发高品质钢进程中,稀土元素在此过程中的应用广泛且效果显著。文章总结了稀土元素在钢中的作用机理及研究不足,综述了稀土元素在耐磨钢、H型钢和耐腐蚀钢中的应用现状。针对稀土添加量确定理论、稀土固溶和晶界处稀土在钢中的作用机理研究匮乏等问题,提出了错配度理论与热力学计算相结合,科学应用密度泛函第一性原理确定稀土添加量的设计思路,为稀土钢合金设计和其广泛应用提供思路和借鉴。

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于 浩(1970-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质功能钢铁材料研发与组织性能智能调控工作。

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于 浩(1970-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质功能钢铁材料研发与组织性能智能调控工作。

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于 浩(1970-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质功能钢铁材料研发与组织性能智能调控工作。

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稀土元素在钢铁材料的应用现状及展望
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于浩 1 , 梁志刚 2, 4 , 郝百川 1 , 何建中 3, 4 , 韩俊刚 1 , 邵慧敏 1
包钢科技 | 2024,50(5): 8-15
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(5): 8-15
稀土元素在钢铁材料的应用现状及展望
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于浩1, 梁志刚2, 4, 郝百川1, 何建中3, 4, 韩俊刚1, 邵慧敏1
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 4.白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 于 浩(1970-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,教授,现从事高品质功能钢铁材料研发与组织性能智能调控工作。

Application Situations and Prospect of Rare Earth Elements in Iron and Steel Materials
Yu Hao1, Liang Zhi-gang2, 4, Hao Bai-chuan1, He Jian-zhong3, 4, Han Jun-gang1, Shao Hui-min1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou 014030, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25
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在开发高品质钢进程中,稀土元素在此过程中的应用广泛且效果显著。文章总结了稀土元素在钢中的作用机理及研究不足,综述了稀土元素在耐磨钢、H型钢和耐腐蚀钢中的应用现状。针对稀土添加量确定理论、稀土固溶和晶界处稀土在钢中的作用机理研究匮乏等问题,提出了错配度理论与热力学计算相结合,科学应用密度泛函第一性原理确定稀土添加量的设计思路,为稀土钢合金设计和其广泛应用提供思路和借鉴。

稀土元素  /  耐磨钢  /  H型钢  /  耐腐蚀钢

In the process of developing high quality steel, rare earth elements are widely used and effects are significant. In this paper, the mechanisms of action and lack of research of rare earth elements in steel are summarized as well as application situations of rare earth elements in wear-resistant steel, H beam and corrosion-resistant steel are overviewed. The design thinking of determining additive amount of rare earth by scie.pngically applying the first principle of density functional theory and combining mismatch theory with thermodynamic calculations is proposed aiming at such problems as lack of researches for the theory of determining additive amount of rare earth as well as solid solution of rare earth and mechanisms of action of the rare earth at grain boundary in steel, which could provide the thinking and references for design and wide applications of rare earth steel alloy.

rare earth elements  /  wear-resistant steel  /  H beam  /  corrosion-resistant steel
于浩, 梁志刚, 郝百川, 何建中, 韩俊刚, 邵慧敏. 稀土元素在钢铁材料的应用现状及展望. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (5) : 8 -15 .
Yu Hao, Liang Zhi-gang, Hao Bai-chuan, He Jian-zhong, Han Jun-gang, Shao Hui-min. Application Situations and Prospect of Rare Earth Elements in Iron and Steel Materials[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (5) : 8 -15 .
中国稀土资源丰富,储量居于世界前列。稀土元素包括了镧系在内的17种元素,具备独特的化学和物理特性。稀土广泛应用于钢铁工业、纺织业、化工产业以及陶瓷制造业等领域,在这些行业中,稀土构成的合金或化合物得到了广泛的应用,或者更为常见的是通过添加稀土元素来改善材料的性能。20世纪中叶,我国已经开始了稀土在钢中的应用研究。稀土元素凭借其特殊的外部电子结构、化学特性等优势用于改性夹杂物、提高材料的强度、净化钢液等,逐渐成为应用于高附加值钢铁材料的重要微合金元素。稀土元素原子半径大,易失去核外电子形成正离子,化学性质非常活泼。钢液添加稀土后,稀土元素易与钢液中的磷、硫和氧等结合形成高熔点稀土化合物,变质钢内夹杂物,减少钢中杂质,进一步净化钢液。本文分析、总结了稀土在钢中的作用机理和稀土元素在耐磨钢、H型钢和耐腐蚀钢中的应用,阐述了目前耐磨钢、H型钢和耐腐蚀钢中引入稀土元素后的深层机理和作用,为稀土钢的发展提供了借鉴思路。
大量从事稀土在钢铁方面相关应用研究的学者发现,稀土元素可明显改善钢中夹杂物、微区域等的化学成分、显微组织与结构,进而调控钢材的综合性能。稀土对钢材成分、组织结构的影响可以归纳为以下几个方面。
钢中添加可与O、S等反应的稀土元素,生成具有高熔点的稀土夹杂物。在冶炼的动力学条件下,夹杂物从钢液中排出,降低O、S等元素含量,起到脱氧、脱硫的作用,从而达到净化钢液的目的。稀土元素不仅能降低O、S等元素含量,还可以与钢中的有害元素,如As、Sn、Bi等元素反应,减小它们的偏聚作用,降低对晶界的危害,进而提高钢材的性能,如改善钢液的流动性、钢材的力学性能与加工性能等。Yang等人[1]研究了稀土元素在高碳铬轴承钢中夹杂物的形成顺序,对于此类夹杂物的控制和去除提供了参考。
稀土元素能够与钢中的部分夹杂物和有害相产生反应,从而改变部分夹杂物的存在状态、大小、分布、种类、结构以及形状等,从而降低或者消除夹杂物引起的危害。钢铁在加热和冷却过程中,夹杂物和钢基体会因变形程度差异而导致两者之间的界面应力分布不均,产生应力集中,甚至出现微裂纹。然而,恰恰是稀土强大的脱S去O作用,形成稀土夹杂物,提高了钢材的整体性能。
Yang等人[1]通过在高碳铬轴承钢中加入不同含量的稀土元素,经过一系列的相关反应,将原本钢中不规则的Al2O3和MnS改性为规则的稀土夹杂物,指出O、S、As、P和C元素依次与稀土产生反应。王皓等人[2]发现在IF钢中加入Ce后,生成的条状MnS夹杂物改性成了稀土硫化物及稀土氧硫化物。Geng等人[3]研究了Ce处理对高强度低合金钢的夹杂物和铸态组织的影响。
稀土元素加入钢中后将会形成如稀土硫化物等稀土化合物,由于其微小的固态质点,增加了形核位置,起到较为明显的细化晶粒的作用。此外,稀土自身具备细化钢中晶粒的作用,凭借其原子半径较大,化学性质活泼,难以固溶于奥氏体中,易与基体元素结合形成弥散分布的金属间化合物,阻碍原子扩散,抑制奥氏体晶粒长大。Yang等人[4]研究发现,稀土元素使A36船板钢的铁素体晶粒变小,带状珠光体更加弥散分布于铁素体基体中,使船板钢的强度得到提高。
稀土微合金化指的是稀土元素固溶于钢中,通过固溶作用与固态反应来优化钢材组织,进而获得优良的性能。添加到钢中的稀土元素除了与O、S反应之外,剩余的稀土元素以固溶态形式存在于钢中,一部分固溶于晶粒内部,另一部分会偏聚在晶界。其中,在晶界处的稀土原子,一方面可以降低晶界处杂质元素的含量,另一方面会造成晶格畸变。需要注意的是,稀土和杂质元素的反应会对晶界处的能量与结构产生影响,提高钢材组织与成分的均匀性,起到强化晶界的作用。稀土元素能够与Nb、V、Ti等元素产生微合金化协同作用,通过球化、弥散分布以及细化沉淀相等方式来影响沉淀相的溶解和析出,进而改善钢材的塑韧性、耐磨性等,使得微合金钢获得更加优异的综合性能。
稀土在钢中作用机制的研究方面,净化钢液和改善夹杂物机理已渐为明确。稀土元素添加至钢中,先后与O、S、P、C等元素反应,起到净化钢液、改性和细化夹杂物的作用。但钢中稀土元素的作用机制研究至今,仍存在如下问题。
(1)固溶Ce和偏聚在晶界处的Ce所起到的积极作用。因固溶Ce所起到的固溶强化效果无法有效定量计算,不明确固溶于铁碳合金中的Ce元素与Fe、C元素的键能作用以及原子尺度上Ce对铁素体性能的影响,尚不明确偏聚在晶界处的Ce对晶界的影响机制。
(2)稀土和其他合金元素的合金化协同作用机制。钢中稀土元素与其他微合金化元素(如Nb、V、Ti)的协同作用机制有待进一步研究,从而科学设计具有核心竞争力的复合微合金化成分体系,开发新型稀土微合金化钢种。
耐磨钢作为具有良好抵抗磨损性能的材料,在工业生产中大量应用。1882年,英国Robert Hadfield首次发明出耐磨钢,种类为高锰钢,广泛应用于多种耐磨件[5]。目前耐磨钢的种类主要有三类,分别为高锰钢、耐磨铸铁和低合金耐磨钢。耐磨钢发展至今,国外瑞典奥克隆德、德国迪林根、德国蒂森克虏伯和日本JFE均已生产出较好的耐磨钢板[6-7]。20世纪末,瑞典钢铁公司SSAB生产的HARDOX系列耐磨钢,硬度值(HB)可达到400~600。2006年,SSAB发明的HARDOX Extreme耐磨钢的硬度(HB)高达700[8]。德国迪林根V系列中厚耐磨钢板,硬度值(HB)达到400~500[9]。日本JFE在1980年生产的EVERHARD高韧性系列耐磨钢硬度值(HB)达到360~500,具有良好冷弯加工性、焊接性和低温韧性[10]。我国耐磨钢起步较晚,发展至今,宝钢、首钢、鞍钢、武钢、南钢等企业已批量生产出高强耐磨钢[11-14]。2009年,国家标准委员会首次通过并颁布国标GB/T 24186—2009《工程机械使用高强度耐磨钢》。2022年,国家标准委员会更新先前国标,颁布GB/T 24186—2022《工程机械用高强度耐磨钢板和钢带》。
低合金耐磨钢按照组织分类,分为马氏体耐磨钢、贝氏体耐磨钢和双相耐磨钢。马氏体耐磨钢通过添加Mo、Nb、V、Ti和稀土等合金元素提高钢材淬透性,细化基体晶粒,形成微小第二相,增加位错密度,通过固溶、细晶、析出强化,进而提高钢材硬度和冲击韧性。彭军等[15]将V、Ti加入耐磨钢中,基体中析出碳化物第二相,当V和Ti添加量为0.2%时,晶粒尺寸最小,耐磨性最好,SSFS钢的强度和耐磨性显著高于传统锻造球磨机衬板钢BMS。马氏体/贝氏体耐磨钢通过贝氏体和马氏体的有效配合,贝氏体弥补马氏体冲击韧性和断裂韧性差等问题,获得了屈服强度为902 MPa、冲击韧性为25 J/cm2、耐磨性提高了32%的强韧性耐磨钢。董天顺等[16]采用不同工艺制备了贝氏体/马氏体双相钢,并对比分析了组织和磨粒磨损情况,在正火+回火热处理工艺下,耐磨钢抗拉强度为1 732 MPa,而采用等温淬火+回火热处理工艺耐磨钢抗拉强度为1 509 MPa。干摩擦或油润滑条件下,采用正火+回火热处理工艺的复相钢耐磨性更好。
钢中添加稀土元素,奥氏体稳定性提高,延缓了奥氏体的分解,钢的淬透性提高,能够减小奥氏体晶粒尺寸和细化马氏体板条,增强耐磨钢的塑韧性,改善钢的耐磨性。Su等[17]通过添加0.003 0%Ce进行微合金化处理,研究发现0.003 0%的Ce可形成细小的球形CeAlO3、CeAlO3-MnS和椭圆形Ce2O2S-CaO,增强了夹杂物与基体之间的结合力。稀土Ce的添加有助于细化铸态组织,防止过冷奥氏体的先共析铁素体转变,并促进贝氏体铁素体的形成,同时提高屈服强度、屈服比和表面硬度。
宿成等[18]添加RE采用一步Q&P工艺(淬火配分工艺)开发了稀土NM400热轧卷板,钢中微量稀土易于钢中O和S结合,形成近似球状的高熔点RE-S-O化合物,有效地降低MnS和Al2O3-CaO复合夹杂物的形成概率,细化组织,提高耐磨钢的低温韧性,在-60 ℃情况下,NM400稀土耐磨钢的横向冲击功较常规NM400耐磨钢提高了92.3%。王晓磊等[19]研究稀土Ce对高体积分数TiC粒子超级耐磨钢组织性能的影响,Ce可以将高钛耐磨钢中TiC、TiN粒子改性为Ce2O2S-TiC、Ce2O2S-TiN、CeP-TiC和xCeP·yCe2O3-TiC稀土复合粒子。随着Ce含量的增加,耐磨钢低温韧性和耐磨性先提高后下降,在Ce含量为0.002 5%时,其综合性能最佳,相对耐磨性为未添加Ce试验钢的1.27倍。王汝杰[20]自主设计稀土改性Si-Mn-B系贝氏体/马氏体复相耐磨钢,研究发现,淬火温度对抗拉强度影响最大,回火温度对屈服强度的影响最大,淬火保温时间对冲击功的影响最大。
H型钢由工字钢发展而来,是一种截面经济合理、强度性能优良且重量轻的型材[21]。热轧H型钢因其效率高、生产周期短等优点而占有了很大的市场份额,广泛应用于铁道车辆、海洋石油平台、石油能源、重型机械以及高层建筑等众多领域[22]。国外对低温高韧性热轧H型钢的研究较早,从20世纪60年代起,主要发达国家就已研发用于海上平台的钢材,并对其生产进行了标准化。其中,日本的钢种牌号主要有SM400B、SM490YB以及SS400系列等[23]。新日铁开发出的低温高韧性H型钢在-46 ℃的平均冲击功大于等于54 J[24]。20世纪80年代末,位于卢森堡的阿尔贝德公司已经开发出在低温条件下具有高韧性的H型钢。目前,国内H型钢的常见钢种主要还是集中在Q235、Q355、Q390、Q420以及Q460等,对于其冲击功的要求标准普遍是B、C、D级。现如今,国内满足-40 ℃冲击韧性的H型钢稳定生产能力相对较弱,且大部分是235~355 MPa强度的耐低温H型钢,355 MPa以上的耐低温H型钢市场占有份额不高。因此,对于高强度低合金钢品种的H型钢开发与研究还需要进一步加强,尤其是深海平台用热轧H型钢(低温韧性要求级别需达到E级)。对于耐低温H型钢的生产,有不少学者开展了相关研究。李建中等人[25]在钢中加入Cr、Ni等元素,采取铌微合金化生产出-40 ℃冲击功良好的H型钢,虽然强度和低温韧性均满足指标,但由于Nb、Ni为贵重金属,因此其生产成本大大提高。郭达[26]采取了Nb、V、Ti复合微合金化生产Q345E级H型钢,虽然获得了较高的低温冲击功,但由于添加过多的昂贵金属,加大了生产成本。汪杰等人[27]对比研究了Nb-V、Nb-Ti复合微合金化生产耐低温H型钢,发现采取Nb-Ti复合微合金化生产的H型钢的-40 ℃冲击功要低于Nb-V复合微合金化生产的H型钢。由此可以看出,由于对耐低温H型钢的服役环境更为严格,其开发主要是采取Nb、V、Ti的单个或多个复合微合金化。但是,微合金化元素的过分添加无疑会使得H型钢的生产成本大幅上升,不符合可持续性发展与降本增效的要求。
稀土元素非常活泼,容易和钢中的S、O元素结合,使钢液得到净化,从而有效提高钢材韧性。Liu等人[28]研究了稀土元素含量对B450NbRE钢冲击韧性的影响,得出了最佳稀土含量。Lian等人[29]研究了稀土对Q355低合金钢显微组织和冲击行为的影响,发现夹杂物和析出相的形貌与分布对其力学性能有重要影响。Gao等人[30]研究了不同稀土含量对H13钢的冲击韧性影响,发现冲击韧性的提高得益于稀土加入后形成尺寸更细小、弥散分布的夹杂物以及晶粒细化。
暴露在大气环境中的钢材占全球钢铁产量的60%,钢材处在环境湿度大的空气中时,钢材表面会生成细小液滴,并逐步吸附更多的水蒸汽形成液膜,液膜相互连通直至均匀地包覆在钢材表面后,钢材就会发生腐蚀现象[31]。大气腐蚀本质上是电化学腐蚀,其典型状态是干湿交替循环。在表面液膜比较薄的情况下,基体中的Fe很容易接触到大气中的氧气而发生氧化反应变成Fe2+,这时腐蚀过程以阳极反应为主。在表面液膜比较厚的情况下,基体中的Fe很难直接接触到氧气,这时腐蚀过程以阴极反应为主。
通常情况下,钢材的腐蚀起点是相界、晶界和夹杂物等容易引起点蚀的位置,随后,由点蚀发展为全面腐蚀。控制钢中夹杂物的种类和大小是提高钢的抗点蚀性的有效途径。Gong[32]等在Q420钢中加入适量稀土元素后,夹杂物转变为球形稀土氧硫化物,其抗点蚀性能优于长条形硫化物,因此,微区电化学腐蚀减弱,腐蚀速率也显著降低。且随着Q420钢中稀土含量的增加,钢中夹杂物的数量和尺寸先减小后增大,稀土含量为0.01%时,夹杂物数量最少,尺寸最小,此时耐蚀性也最好。Liu[33]等研究了球形稀土硫化物和稀土氧硫化物的腐蚀机理,试验钢的点蚀不是在夹杂物周围的基体中发生的,而是在两类夹杂物的中心部位发生的,这表明基体在模拟溶液中的耐蚀性高于夹杂物作为阴极相的耐蚀性。Liu[34]等研究了稀土夹杂物在微合金钢中引起点蚀的产生机理。通过第一性原理计算得出,稀土夹杂物与钢基体的功函数值依次为:Ce2O2S<Ce2O3<CeAlO3<钢基体,浸没试验中稀土夹杂物与钢基体腐蚀溶解倾向的强弱顺序依次为:Ce2O2S>Ce2O3>CeAlO3>钢基体。
稀土对夹杂物的改性是稀土提高钢的耐蚀性的主要原因,此外,稀土的加入对锈层的影响也是稀土改善钢耐蚀性的重要原因。Liu[35]等以低碳钢(Q235)和耐候钢(09CuPCrNi)为研究对象进行了盐雾试验,图1为不同钢在5.0% NaCl溶液中的盐雾腐蚀速率。稀土元素的加入提高了低碳钢和耐候钢的耐蚀性,一方面,稀土元素改变了夹杂物的形貌,从而减缓了微区电化学腐蚀,抑制了点蚀的发生。另一方面,稀土原子倾向于向锈层和基体之间的界面偏析,且促进了α-FeOOH的形成,提高了锈层的附着力和致密性。Lian[36]等对稀土合金化后的Q235B钢和Q355B钢在周期浸泡槽中经过干湿循环后的锈层进行了深入研究,结果表明,稀土元素的加入增加了锈层的厚度。稀土原子向界面迁移,填充锈层和基体之间的孔隙和缺陷,阻止腐蚀离子的迁移,提高锈层的附着力,减缓基体的腐蚀速度。此外,稀土改性的分散的细小夹杂物可作为腐蚀反应的活化点,有利于形成连续均匀的锈层。
如何科学合理地确定合金体系中稀土添加量是制约稀土钢大量应用的原因之一,稀土元素活泼,在钢中形成稀土夹杂物。马钰等[37]在55SiCr钢中添加0.026 0%的Ce,钢中稀土元素过量,出现大尺寸不规则的夹杂物,影响了钢材的各项性能。Gong等[38]研究了La对40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢中夹杂物的影响,加入稀土La后,夹杂物由MnS和Al2O3转变为LaS和La2O2S-LaS复合夹杂物,但当La含量过多时,夹杂物数量显著增加,这说明过量的稀土会导致夹杂物聚集长大,损害钢的性能。武吉宙等[39]探究了La对管线钢显微组织的影响。引入La元素后,显微组织由块状铁素体、粒状贝氏体转变为铁素体板条、尺寸较小的块状铁素体和针状铁素体,但当La含量增至0.022%时,试验钢显微组织开始变大,针状铁素体数量显著减小,稀土在用于改性钢中夹杂物和组织时其添加量至关重要。
稀土钢在生产应用过程中,存在共性关键制约性技术问题,阻碍了高品质稀土钢的产业化步伐。
(1)稀土元素的添加方式。钢中稀土元素的添加方式对成品钢性能具有决定性作用。炼钢连铸过程中,稀土易与空气、钢渣和耐火材料等发生反应,降低了稀土钢产率[40]。稀土加入工艺目前有炉内加入法、钢包喷粉法、中间包喂丝法、结晶器喂丝法等多种工艺,其中连铸结晶器喂线法具有稀土回收率高、分布均匀的特点。另外,服役于不同环境的稀土钢对稀土元素的加入方法仍需注意,有待进一步优化。
(2)稀土元素的添加条件。中科院李殿中院士提出新型控氧方案,通过降低钢液和稀土金属中的总氧含量,稀土添加前熔体氧含量小于0.002 0%,添加稀土元素后,钢中总氧含量小于0.006 0%。通过控制夹杂物和稀土固溶,制备出性能稳定且优越的低氧稀土钢[41]
(3)稀土元素添加量的确定方法。服役环境不同,钢的服役性能要求亦不同,对于稀土钢,要求的稀土夹杂物、固溶稀土和稀土化合物含量不尽相同。根据不同稀土的存在状态,应合理设计不同的稀土元素添加量。高通量表征技术、第一性原理、热力学和动力学的多维运用计算,与人工智能和机器学习的有效结合,科学合理地确定稀土元素添加量。
(4)表征稀土元素所用的技术。发展至今,固溶在晶内和(或)偏聚在晶界处的稀土仍需要高端表征技术探寻其对钢的深度影响机制,可结合内耗法、三维原子探针、密度泛函理论第一性原理、透射电子表征手段及其他高端表征技术,从而进一步确认固溶态稀土和晶界处偏聚的稀土对钢组织及性能的影响机制。
在新型耐磨钢合金系统设计上,北京科技大学于浩团队使用Thermo-calc软件,并与错配度理论巧妙结合,最终确定最佳Ce元素添加量。合金体系中,第二相粒子与基体的错配度关系往往影响其形核有效性。合适的两相错配度可促进基体液相凝固晶核的形成,促进凝固组织晶粒的细化[42]。Thermo-calc软件在确定钢中稀土夹杂物含量随稀土元素含量变化后,计算各夹杂物与基体两相中沿最密排晶向的原子间距错配度(Misfit)和两相中沿最密排晶面的晶面间距错配度(Mismatch)值,通过控制满足Misfit<10%且Mismatch值<10%的稀土夹杂物含量,最终确定最佳Ce元素含量。团队使用淬火+低温回火热处理工艺制备不含稀土和含稀土耐磨钢。
热处理后,稀土耐磨钢组织主要为片状马氏体,同时含有少量的残余奥氏体。对于最佳Ce含量的耐磨钢,在4 J冲击功的冲击磨粒磨损试验条件下,1.5 h后的磨损量最少,为0.698 4 g。磨损表面为浅沟槽和微切削形貌,为典型的微切削磨损机制。在残余奥氏体的作用下,呈现出3 200 μm的硬化层,表现出优异的耐磨性,较不含Ce耐磨钢耐磨性提高了5%。冲击断口形貌显示出一定数量的韧窝[43]
团队将稀土元素Ce引入耐低温H型钢中,稀土钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到389 MPa和577 MPa,伸长率均在31%左右,-40 ℃冲击功为45.3 J,显微硬度(HV)达到180.6。34Ce钢的力学性能满足技术指标的要求。试验钢的基体组织由铁素体和珠光体组成,铁素体为多边形状,其内部存在部分位错,热轧过程中发生再结晶形成了新的细小等轴晶粒;珠光体为典型的片层状结构,珠光体中的渗碳体片层并非是连续的,且在珠光体中的铁素体片层中存储了部分位错。在相组成方面,稀土Ce元素的添加并未对试验钢XRD衍射峰产生影响,与Ce元素含量微小有关。EBSD试验结果表明添加微量稀土Ce元素提高了大角度晶界占比,提高了钢材的平均KAM值,增大了几何必须位错密度,促进了试验钢等效晶粒的细化。Ce元素改变了钢中夹杂物的形貌,由矩形变成近球状,四周棱角逐渐光滑。含Ce钢中的稀土夹杂物为Ce-Al-O系夹杂物,夹杂物形状的改善与尺寸的减小,降低了钢材应力集中的现象,增强其与基体的协同变形能力,这有助于提高含Ce钢的综合力学性能。
团队采用EPMA技术对稀土钢Ce元素进行了测定,发现Ce元素易偏聚在晶界处,TEM结果显示含Ce钢的晶界附近的位错累积效果更高。Ce元素在晶界的偏聚与晶粒尺寸的减小,使得在变形过程中阻碍位错的运动,增强晶界处位错的累积能力,从而提高了钢材的应变硬化能力。随着Ce元素的添加,纤维区和剪切唇区占比增加,放射区占比减少,冲击断口的韧窝分布增多,韧性提高。示波冲击试验显示含Ce钢冲击功的提高主要是抗裂纹扩展能力显著提高,裂纹扩展路径呈现十分显著的锯齿状,极不平滑,在主裂纹扩展过程中发生多次转折而形成一定数量的二次裂纹,增大了裂纹扩展路径,并且在裂纹附近的组织发生了严重的变形,应变程度增大,由此消耗更多的冲击能量,大大提高其低温冲击韧性[44]
在耐蚀钢方面,团队引入稀土元素,利用第一性原理、密度泛函理论计算,结合周期浸润腐蚀试验和电化学分析手段评价钢的腐蚀性。晶胞总能量越低,合金系统稳定性越好,耐蚀性越好。基于密度泛函理论第一性原理,Fe-C-Sn和Fe-C-Ce超晶胞的总能量均低于Fe-C超晶胞,表明加入Sn和Ce均能提高合金系统的耐蚀性,同时Fe-C-Sn-Ce超晶胞总能量最低,即同时加入Sn和Ce在改善合金系统耐蚀性方面的效果更好。态密度被定义为在给定的窄能量范围内每单位体积金属的量子态数,因此可以使用态密度来评估电子结构。图2为四种体系的态密度图。态密度峰值对应的横坐标越大,表示核外电子越容易分布在高能量区域,体系越容易失去电子。Fe-C、Fe-C-Sn、Fe-C-Ce和Fe-C-Sn-Ce四种体系的态密度峰值相差不大,而态密度峰值时的横坐标依次减小,即耐蚀性依次增强。
热轧后,耐蚀钢组织为铁素体和珠光体两相组织,周期浸润腐蚀试验24 h后的腐蚀时间里,不含Ce钢的质量损失和腐蚀速率均最大,其次是34Ce钢,而21Ce310Sn钢最小。腐蚀168 h时,34Ce钢和21Ce310Sn钢的腐蚀速率与不含Ce钢相比分别下降了4.0%和7.1%,即21Ce310Sn钢的耐蚀性能最好,34Ce钢次之,不含Ce钢最差,Ce元素和Sn元素的添加均能明显提高钢的耐蚀性能。由表面腐蚀产物宏观形貌和除锈后基体表面形貌可得,21Ce310Sn钢的腐蚀均匀性最好。极化曲线显示,21Ce310Sn钢的自腐蚀电位最高,腐蚀电流密度最小,达到11.7 mA/cm2[45]
稀土微合金化高品质钢发展至今,不同钢种已广泛应用于各种各样的服役环境中,稀土元素在钢中的作用机理不断清晰完善,多品类稀土钢产业化发展不断推进,但随着高品质钢种发展的不断推进,以及极端服役环境的出现,现有的稀土钢已无法满足高端装备制造业和极端服役环境的发展和需求,亟需更加系统、全面、深入地研究和揭示稀土元素在钢中的作用机理以及稀土合金科学、合理添加量的计算理论和过程控制技术,以促进钢铁行业新质生产力的发展。新型稀土钢的研发不仅可以突破行业发展的壁垒,完善相关的基础理论,同时也能够产生新的经济效益和社会效益。
钢中稀土元素的影响机制探究至今,在基础理论和实际应用中的关键共性技术方面仍需不断深入研究,稀土微合金化有较大提升空间,探寻稀土元素的高级表征技术,确定稀土添加量的相关理论,创新稀土添加的工艺、装备及方式等。稀土钢合金设计过程中,科学使用密度泛函理论第一性原理、错配度理论对确定稀土元素添加量具有一定的指导作用。未来稀土钢产业化可通过集成计算、大数据分析、机器学习及人工智能(简称融合驱动)进行一体化调控,从合金系统设计、冶炼、轧制到热处理工艺等,结合具体生产线,参考不同钢种的工况,利用融合驱动技术,制定相应的控制措施,提高国内稀土钢的品质(高质量、均质性和稳定性),从而提升其在钢铁产品中的核心竞争力,具有广阔的市场前景。
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2024年第50卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
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    1.北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    4.白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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