Article(id=1187029891326292192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)05-0073-09, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760939580040, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760939580040, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760939580040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760939580040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187029888956510427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760939579476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760941227119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187104195783049896, articleId=1187029891326292192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Applications and Research Status of High Temperature Carburizing and Rare Earth Microalloying for Gear Steel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing demand of high quality carburizing steel for key spare parts as well as proposal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals”, the requirements for such comprehensive properties of carburizing gear steel as wear resistance and strength and toughness are higher. It is the development direction of carburizing gear steel to develop high efficiency, energy saving, low carbon and economic high temperature carburizing technology with rare earth microalloying. In the paper, it is discussed the key problems and regulation of microstructure and properties for applications of rare earth in high temperature carburizing gear steel as well as summarized the applications and development trend of high temperature carburizing for gear steel with rare earth microalloying through introducing the applications and development situations of high temperature carburizing gear steel at home and abroad, which are of great significances for developing high temperature carburizing gear steel with rare earth characteristics.

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随着关键零部件用高品质渗碳钢的需求量日益增长与“双碳”目标的提出,对渗碳齿轮钢的耐磨性以及强韧性等综合性能提出了更高的要求。开发出高效、节能、低碳、经济的稀土微合金化高温渗碳技术是渗碳齿轮钢的发展方向。文章通过介绍国内外高温渗碳齿轮钢的应用及发展现状,讨论稀土在高温渗碳齿轮钢中应用的关键问题以及组织性能的调控,总结了稀土微合金化齿轮钢高温渗碳的应用与发展趋势,对于开发具备稀土特色的高温渗碳齿轮钢具有重要的意义。

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蒋 波(1990-),男,安徽省定远县人,博士,副教授,现从事钢铁材料的先进加工工艺以及组织性能控制的基础理论和应用研究工作。

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蒋 波(1990-),男,安徽省定远县人,博士,副教授,现从事钢铁材料的先进加工工艺以及组织性能控制的基础理论和应用研究工作。

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蒋 波(1990-),男,安徽省定远县人,博士,副教授,现从事钢铁材料的先进加工工艺以及组织性能控制的基础理论和应用研究工作。

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(a)、(c)不加稀土;(b)、(d)加稀土[19]

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钢种 国内代表牌号 国外代表牌号 特点及应用范围
Cr系 20CrH
45CrH
日本SCr420H 具有较高的Cr含量以及Mn含量,淬透性好。常用于汽车变速箱齿轮
Cr-Ni系 20CrNi
12Cr2Ni4
德国ZF1钢 具有较高的淬透性和强韧性,抗冲击载荷高。应用于重载汽车、坦克、航空发动机等装备上的齿轮
Cr-Mo系 20CrMoH
22CrMoH
日本SCM415H、
SCM420H
最大优点是淬火变形小、加工性好、冲击吸收性能好。一般应用于中型或重型卡车的发动机齿轮
Cr-Ni-Mo系 20CrNiMoH 美国SAE8620H、
德国ZFlA系
Cr、Ni、Mo含量较低,具有较高的淬透性和强韧性。常用于减速器和汽轮发动机的齿轮
Cr-Mn系 20MnCr5
25MnCr5
德国MnCr5系 引进钢种中生产难度较大的钢种,要求ω(Si)≤0.12%,并严格要求硫含量,以改善钢的切削性能。主要用于汽车变速箱齿轮
Cr-Mn-Ti系 20CrMnTi 前苏联引进 有较高的低温冲击韧性和淬透性。引入Ti元素细化晶粒,容易形成TiN夹杂物。该系钢种热处理工艺成熟稳定,是目前我国使用最为广泛的齿轮钢
Cr-Mn-B系 16CrMnBH
20CrMnBH
德国ZF6和
ZF7系列
B元素的加入在钢中形成球状BN,降低钢中固溶N含量,提高钢的韧性。主要应用于重载卡车的传动齿轮及变速箱齿轮
), ArticleFig(id=1187104359251854315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029891326292192, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外主要渗碳齿轮钢的特点及应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢种 国内代表牌号 国外代表牌号 特点及应用范围
Cr系 20CrH
45CrH
日本SCr420H 具有较高的Cr含量以及Mn含量,淬透性好。常用于汽车变速箱齿轮
Cr-Ni系 20CrNi
12Cr2Ni4
德国ZF1钢 具有较高的淬透性和强韧性,抗冲击载荷高。应用于重载汽车、坦克、航空发动机等装备上的齿轮
Cr-Mo系 20CrMoH
22CrMoH
日本SCM415H、
SCM420H
最大优点是淬火变形小、加工性好、冲击吸收性能好。一般应用于中型或重型卡车的发动机齿轮
Cr-Ni-Mo系 20CrNiMoH 美国SAE8620H、
德国ZFlA系
Cr、Ni、Mo含量较低,具有较高的淬透性和强韧性。常用于减速器和汽轮发动机的齿轮
Cr-Mn系 20MnCr5
25MnCr5
德国MnCr5系 引进钢种中生产难度较大的钢种,要求ω(Si)≤0.12%,并严格要求硫含量,以改善钢的切削性能。主要用于汽车变速箱齿轮
Cr-Mn-Ti系 20CrMnTi 前苏联引进 有较高的低温冲击韧性和淬透性。引入Ti元素细化晶粒,容易形成TiN夹杂物。该系钢种热处理工艺成熟稳定,是目前我国使用最为广泛的齿轮钢
Cr-Mn-B系 16CrMnBH
20CrMnBH
德国ZF6和
ZF7系列
B元素的加入在钢中形成球状BN,降低钢中固溶N含量,提高钢的韧性。主要应用于重载卡车的传动齿轮及变速箱齿轮
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齿轮钢高温渗碳和稀土微合金化的应用及研究现状
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蒋波 1 , 张宁 1 , 何建中 2, 3 , 刘周利 2 , 刘雅政 1
包钢科技 | 2024,50(5): 73-81
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(5): 73-81
齿轮钢高温渗碳和稀土微合金化的应用及研究现状
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蒋波1, 张宁1, 何建中2, 3, 刘周利2, 刘雅政1
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 蒋 波(1990-),男,安徽省定远县人,博士,副教授,现从事钢铁材料的先进加工工艺以及组织性能控制的基础理论和应用研究工作。

Applications and Research Status of High Temperature Carburizing and Rare Earth Microalloying for Gear Steel
Jiang Bo1, Zhang Ning1, He Jian-zhong2, 3, Liu Zhou-li2, Liu Ya-zheng1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou 014030, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25
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随着关键零部件用高品质渗碳钢的需求量日益增长与“双碳”目标的提出,对渗碳齿轮钢的耐磨性以及强韧性等综合性能提出了更高的要求。开发出高效、节能、低碳、经济的稀土微合金化高温渗碳技术是渗碳齿轮钢的发展方向。文章通过介绍国内外高温渗碳齿轮钢的应用及发展现状,讨论稀土在高温渗碳齿轮钢中应用的关键问题以及组织性能的调控,总结了稀土微合金化齿轮钢高温渗碳的应用与发展趋势,对于开发具备稀土特色的高温渗碳齿轮钢具有重要的意义。

齿轮钢  /  高温渗碳  /  稀土微合金化  /  组织性能

With the increasing demand of high quality carburizing steel for key spare parts as well as proposal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals”, the requirements for such comprehensive properties of carburizing gear steel as wear resistance and strength and toughness are higher. It is the development direction of carburizing gear steel to develop high efficiency, energy saving, low carbon and economic high temperature carburizing technology with rare earth microalloying. In the paper, it is discussed the key problems and regulation of microstructure and properties for applications of rare earth in high temperature carburizing gear steel as well as summarized the applications and development trend of high temperature carburizing for gear steel with rare earth microalloying through introducing the applications and development situations of high temperature carburizing gear steel at home and abroad, which are of great significances for developing high temperature carburizing gear steel with rare earth characteristics.

gear steel  /  high temperature carburizing  /  rare earth microalloying  /  microstructure and properties
蒋波, 张宁, 何建中, 刘周利, 刘雅政. 齿轮钢高温渗碳和稀土微合金化的应用及研究现状. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (5) : 73 -81 .
Jiang Bo, Zhang Ning, He Jian-zhong, Liu Zhou-li, Liu Ya-zheng. Applications and Research Status of High Temperature Carburizing and Rare Earth Microalloying for Gear Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (5) : 73 -81 .
齿轮是实现机械设备相交轴之间运动传递的关键零件,在服役过程中长期受到如接触应力、摩擦力、交变载荷冲击力等作用,严苛的服役条件要求齿轮钢具有优异的耐磨性、强韧性和疲劳强度[1]。近些年我国齿轮行业发展迅速,但对齿轮钢钢种的应用研究及质量控制与国外相比还存在一定的差距,为满足蓬勃发展的汽车、工程机械、机器人等领域对高端齿轮的应用需求,开发出高品质齿轮钢并实现由中、低端产品向高端产品的转变迫在眉睫。
齿轮的加工生产流程长、环节多,要经过渗碳、淬火、回火等一系列热处理流程。其中渗碳淬火使齿轮表面具有较高的硬度和耐磨性,而心部仍保持良好的强韧性,是齿轮生产热处理过程中最为关键且重要的一步。传统的齿轮钢渗碳温度在900 ℃左右,渗碳时间长达十几小时甚至几十小时,时间成本高且能耗大,限制了渗碳齿轮钢的发展与应用。21世纪初,国内外开始发展渗碳温度高于950 ℃的高温渗碳工艺,可以有效提高渗碳效率,并通过微合金化抑制奥氏体晶粒粗化。然而,目前齿轮钢高温渗碳过程中还存在渗碳层组织不均匀以及渗碳层表面形成粗大的过剩合金碳化物等问题,不仅对齿轮的耐磨性及强韧性不利,还限制了渗碳效率的进一步提高。稀土是我国特色优势资源,具有独特的外层电子结构和原子尺寸大的特点,常被应用于渗碳热处理领域。已有研究表明,稀土可以在提高低碳合金钢高温渗碳效率的同时优化渗碳层组织,提高渗碳层耐磨性及韧性。
本文论述了国内外渗碳齿轮钢的发展现状以及高温渗碳工艺的研究及应用情况,讨论了稀土在齿轮钢高温渗碳过程中应用的关键问题,提出了稀土微合金化齿轮钢组织性能调控关键。最后总结了稀土在齿轮钢高温渗碳中的应用与发展趋势,对于开发具备稀土特色的微合金化齿轮钢并突破高温渗碳的技术瓶颈具有重要的意义。
低碳合金钢经渗碳、淬火、低温回火后,能够在心部保持足够强度和韧性的条件下,使表层具有很高的硬度和耐磨性,被广泛应用于承受复杂冲击载荷的耐磨件,是汽车齿轮理想的材料[2]。低碳合金渗碳钢的品种繁多,世界各国都根据使用性能要求和本国的资源条件,建立各自的齿轮用钢系列。日本采用Cr-Mo系钢,德国采用Mn-Cr系和Cr-Mo系钢,美国采用Cr-Ni-Mo系钢,法国采用Cr-Ni系和Cr-Mo系钢。目前,国内外满足要求的齿轮钢已发展成为Cr系、Cr-Ni系、Cr-Mo系、Cr-Ni-Mo系、Cr-Mn系、Cr-Mn-Ti系、Cr-Mn-B系,可应用于不同型号的齿轮中,如表1所示。目前我国低碳合金渗碳齿轮钢的主导牌号为Cr-Mn-Ti、Cr-Ni-Mo、Cr-Mo系齿轮钢,其中Cr-Mn-Ti系使用最广泛,是早期从前苏联引进的钢种。我国齿轮行业近些年发展迅速,但对渗碳齿轮钢钢种的应用及质量控制与国外还有一定的差距,主要表现为:产业、产品结构不合理,中低端产品所占比例高达75%,高端齿轮钢依靠国外进口;产品标准相对落后,成分范围宽松;钢的淬透性带较宽并且不够稳定;晶粒度级别的要求低。为满足加速发展的汽车行业以及其他领域对于高端齿轮的应用需求,实现进口产品国产化,仍需进一步开展高品质渗碳齿轮钢的开发。另外,随着汽车轻量化和绿色节能产业的升级发展,复合材料、高分子材料甚至纳米材料等新型材料都逐渐应用于齿轮生产制造中,也对传统的渗碳齿轮钢行业造成了一定的冲击和影响。
渗碳过程是指C原子从饱和表层渗透到有限深度的过程,使表层到心部获得不同的C含量梯度,以便淬火后获得较高的表面硬度和耐磨性,而心部保持较好的韧性,图1为典型汽车齿轮钢传统渗碳淬火工艺[3]。常规渗碳温度一般在900~930 ℃之间,渗碳时间长达10~20 h不等,能耗高且渗层组织不理想。研究表明,渗碳温度从常见的920 ℃提高到1 000 ℃时,可缩短渗碳时间50%以上,显著提高生产效率并降低生产成本,高温渗碳(渗碳温度大于950 ℃)被认为是提高渗碳效率最有效的方法[4]。在获得相同渗碳层深度的情况下,采用高温渗碳工艺将大幅缩短渗碳时间,提高渗碳效率,减少能源消耗。
齿轮钢经950 ℃以上的高温渗碳,表面氧化程度很严重,需采用真空渗碳炉。20世纪60年代起前苏联就开展了高温渗碳工艺试验,但是因为缺少高温渗碳配套设备及技术不成熟,所以没有被推广[5]。20世纪70年代美国Hayes公司公布VSQ型真空渗碳炉研制成功,并成功进行了高温渗碳试验,对Cr-Ni-Mo系齿轮钢进行了高温渗碳,研究结果表明,高温真空渗碳能明显缩短有效渗碳层深度在1.0 mm左右时的渗碳时间。随后,德国、美国、日本等公司相继开发出先进的耐高温渗碳炉,另外,低压真空渗碳技术的发展使得高温渗碳技术开始被关注。限制高温渗碳广泛应用的另一个突出问题在于如何提高渗碳温度的前提下仍能保持晶粒尺寸细小,齿轮钢经950 ℃以上渗碳时,容易造成晶粒粗化,对材料的性能不利。常规渗碳齿轮钢通过添加Al形成析出相AlN阻止晶粒长大,而析出相AlN在950 ℃以上高温渗碳时容易固溶,钉扎晶界的作用减弱[6-7]。21世纪初,德国学者Bleck利用微合金元素Nb、Ti形成高温下更稳定的NbC、TiN以及(Nb,Ti)(C,N)析出相来钉扎晶界,实现1 000 ℃以上的高温渗碳,渗碳后直接淬火,晶粒度大于5级[8]。微合金化技术的使用让高温渗碳工艺被广泛应用。
设备是工艺的基础,齿轮热处理的质量在很大程度上需要热处理设备来保证。我国早期由于设备及热处理工艺限制,一直没有开展高温渗碳的系统研究。直到21世纪初,钢铁研究总院的王毛球、杨延辉等人针对齿轮钢的高温渗碳工艺开展系统的研究,开发了通过Nb、Ti、B微合金化细化晶粒的高温渗碳齿轮钢[9-10],至此,微合金化高温渗碳技术在国内被广泛应用于渗碳齿轮钢,特别是Nb微合金化高温渗碳齿轮钢的研究与应用快速发展。然而大多数关于齿轮钢高温渗碳的研究工作是在实验室条件下通过伪渗碳的工艺环境下进行,缺乏相应的工业生产背景和实际渗碳气氛研究,对齿轮钢实际渗碳后的组织性能控制关键技术尚不成熟。突破现有的渗碳温度瓶颈,提高齿轮生产效率并保证齿轮产品组织性能,开发适合我国现有工艺条件的高温渗碳齿轮钢,仍是一项具有挑战性的工作。
晶粒尺寸是渗碳齿轮钢的重要指标,细小均匀的奥氏体晶粒对稳定钢材的末端淬透性,减少齿轮热处理后的变形量,提高渗碳钢的综合性能具有重要意义。齿轮的生产流程较长,经历了多项热处理过程,原材料的加热与轧制过程、齿轮毛坯的加热和锻造过程以及高温渗碳过程,均可能出现晶粒粗化等问题,从而恶化最终齿轮产品的性能。一般汽车渗碳齿轮钢晶粒度要求不小于6级,通过添加一定量细化晶粒元素或微合金元素Nb、V、Ti等可以达到细化晶粒的目的。Nb微合金化是抑制钢中奥氏体晶粒长大的有效手段,在高温渗碳齿轮钢中的应用最为广泛。北京科技大学的何国宁通过Nb微合金化实现了20MnCr5齿轮钢高温渗碳过程的晶粒细化、均匀化,晶粒尺寸由20.0 μm细化到15.2 μm;并提高了渗层的韧性及耐磨性,冲击功提高了17 J[11]。此外,还有一些关于Nb-V、Nb-Ti复合微合金化齿轮钢高温渗碳的研究。Alogab等人在Ti微合金化齿轮钢中添加0.02%~0.10%的Nb元素,在1 050 ℃下伪渗碳1 h,没有异常的晶粒长大现象[12]。综上所述,Nb元素是齿轮钢高温加热过程中效果较好的晶粒细化元素,Nb元素与Ti、V元素复合添加后的晶粒细化作用更加突出。然而,笔者在以往研究Nb微合金化齿轮钢在高温渗碳时容易存在以下问题:渗碳层出现大尺寸未溶NbC,如图2(a)所示;渗碳层组织不均匀,容易出现细小晶粒聚集分布,如图2(b)所示;渗碳层表面形成粗大的过剩合金碳化物与残余奥氏体,如图2(c)所示。以上问题的出现会恶化渗碳层组织和性能。
在钢铁材料中,当温度一定时,钢中Nb、C固溶度积一定。因此,在高温渗碳条件下,渗碳温度提高后,由于表面渗碳快,导致渗碳层表面碳浓度快速升高,Nb元素的固溶度下降,容易出现如图2(a)所示的大尺寸的未溶NbC。而Nb元素分布的不均匀也会导致显微组织中出现如图2(b)所示的晶粒大小分布不均匀的现象,降低了渗碳层的耐磨性和韧性。
稀土是我国特色优势资源,其具有外层电子结构独特、较强的化学活性以及价态可变和原子尺寸大的特点。众多研究表明,稀土加入到钢中后,不仅可以细化晶粒,还可以以稀土化合物形式存在以改性夹杂物,使夹杂物或微合金析出相呈细小弥散分布。稀土加入到钢中后,大部分以稀土化合物的形式存在,刘香军等人通过第一性原理计算从原子尺寸上证实稀土元素还能以固溶态形式存在于钢中[13]。王海燕等人通过理论计算了稀土元素在钢中与Nb和C的结合能,研究表明稀土加入后可以使fcc-Fe中C和Nb的固溶度增加,而bcc-Fe中C和Nb的固溶度则有所下降,即促进了bcc-Fe中含Nb析出相的析出[14]。安胜利等人研究了稀土Ce对低碳贝氏体微合金钢中Ti(C,N)析出行为的影响,研究表明,Ce的加入使Ti(C,N)析出量增加了28.97%,平均粒径减小了0.10 μm[15]。方琪等人研究表明,稀土元素加入含有0.08%C微合金钢后可以促进在1 250 ℃时Nb的固溶,且有利于Nb的第二相粒子析出,如图3所示[16]。此外,大量研究表明,大部分稀土以化合物形式存在于钢中,还具有细化组织、改性夹杂物的作用,对高温渗碳钢的耐磨性及强韧性的提高有积极作用[17-18]。综上所述,稀土复合微合金化齿轮钢高温渗碳过程中含Nb相的固溶析出行为,是减少大尺寸未溶NbC并促进析出相细小弥散分布、实现渗碳层耐磨性及韧性提高的重要手段,稀土复合微合金化高温渗碳技术是渗碳齿轮钢的重要发展方向。
一般来说,高温渗碳工艺包括排气、均温、强渗、扩散和淬火五个阶段,高温渗碳工艺主要是通过提高强渗和扩散阶段的温度来提高渗碳效率,有时甚至还会采用高碳势进行渗碳。渗碳过程一般采用多温度梯度的变温工艺,渗碳初期表面碳浓度梯度高,渗碳速度也比较快,强渗阶段在较低温度下进行;碳浓度梯度随着渗碳的进行开始变小,渗碳速度降低,在较高温度下进行短时扩散。两段变温工艺既可以提高渗碳速度,又能减少齿轮在高温段的渗碳时间,降低晶粒的长大趋势。另外,渗碳过程中还采用多碳势梯度,使碳浓度梯度平稳过渡,增加有效渗碳层与过渡区厚度,并使渗碳齿轮性能均匀。高温高碳势快速渗碳是改善齿轮钢传统渗碳成本高、能耗大、时间长的有效手段,但渗碳温度提高导致组织粗大的问题仍然存在,是齿轮钢高温渗碳亟需解决的问题之一。
Yang等人通过理论计算分别研究了钢中加入La和Ce元素与N原子扩散的作用机制,发现稀土元素的加入有利于N原子扩散能垒的降低,并且发现Ce元素降低N原子扩散能垒的效果要大于La元素,如图4所示[19]。笔者对钢中C原子在不同晶体结构中的扩散过程进行了分子动力学理论计算,结果表明,加入Ce后,钢中C原子的扩散能垒会被降低,进而增大C原子的扩散系数,有利于C原子的扩散跃迁。赵文军等人通过试验研究发现20Cr2Ni4A渗碳齿轮钢的有效硬化层为2.0 mm时,常规渗碳所需的时间为20 h,而稀土渗碳仅需15 h,渗碳效率提高了20%以上[20]。Bell等人调研了稀土元素对20CrMnTi渗碳层深度的影响,如图5所示,在相同的渗碳时间下,含稀土钢在渗碳温度为860 ℃和920 ℃时的渗碳层均比不含稀土钢的厚;含稀土钢的渗碳层比不含稀土钢的厚5%~30%,随着稀土含量和渗碳时间的增加,渗碳层的厚度明显增加[21]。综上所述,在获得相同厚度渗碳层的条件下,稀土微合金化齿轮钢可以实现高温渗碳过程中渗碳温度和碳势的降低,实现渗碳效率的提高。在齿轮钢的高温渗碳过程中引入稀土是提高渗碳效率的关键措施,进一步说明了稀土复合微合金化高温渗碳技术是渗碳齿轮钢的重要发展方向。
对于齿轮钢的组织性能在高温渗碳淬火过程的控制,关键在于包括渗碳层深度、碳浓度梯度、硬度梯度分布和显微组织类型及分布在内的渗碳层组织性能控制。高温渗碳齿轮钢的渗碳层较传统渗碳工艺下齿轮钢的渗碳层要厚,但在渗碳齿轮心部具有一定强度的情况下,渗碳层深度不宜太深。浅层渗碳的部件,疲劳破坏发生在靠近渗层和心部界面处;渗层过深时,更容易在表面发生疲劳破坏。渗碳层与碳浓度梯度密切相关,表面至心部的碳浓度梯度分布平缓,可以在淬火后获得渗碳层与基体平稳的过渡区组织以及合理硬度梯度,使得渗碳层与基体具有良好的强韧性匹配。高温渗碳使渗碳层表面碳含量上升并增加碳化物形成的趋势,在晶界形成网状或粗大块状碳化物,降低齿轮的耐磨性及韧性。所以高温渗碳时的碳势不宜太高,渗碳齿轮表面碳含量一般控制在0.85%~1.05%范围内,可获得合适的表面硬度,提高齿轮齿面的耐磨性能,并获得合适碳浓度梯度与硬度梯度[22]。稀土元素可以增加碳原子在渗层的扩散通道,提高了碳原子的扩散能力,从而提高渗碳效率,可避免由碳势偏差引起最终碳浓度梯度的波动,实现碳浓度梯度的平稳过渡。刘国强等人研究了20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢的稀土渗碳行为,与常规渗碳相比,稀土渗碳所形成的碳浓度梯度与硬度梯度变化趋势更为平缓,渗层表面的碳浓度与硬度也有所提高[20]。陶思伟等人研究发现添加5%稀土元素使20CrMnTi钢表面渗层硬度(HV)由719提高至824,渗碳层厚度由0.1 mm提高至0.4 mm,而且过渡层硬度下降更为平缓[23]
渗碳层组织类型与分布是衡量渗碳件工艺性能的重要指标,也是决定服役性能的关键因素。渗碳层组织主要是回火马氏体+少量残余奥氏体+少量弥散分布的碳化物[9]。碳化物是渗碳层中的主要强化相,其存在的形态、数量和分布状态是影响表面耐磨性及韧性的重要因素。高温渗碳齿轮钢中加入稀土可以改善渗碳层内碳化物的形态与分布,在渗碳淬火过程中尽可能让晶界的碳化物发生溶解,在晶内形成较为细小均匀的碳化物,起到强化作用并同时提高表面耐磨性。赵勇等人对20CrMnTi齿轮钢渗碳行为的研究表明,添加稀土后的渗碳渗层组织中碳化物的形状和大小都优于未添加稀土的渗碳试样,呈细小颗粒状分布,如图6(a)(b)所示,渗碳层中析出大量细小弥散的碳化物时,将比常规渗碳层具有更好的耐磨性以及冲击性能[24]。渗碳齿轮心部的组织及其强韧性指标对其疲劳强度影响很大,图6(c)(d)分别为稀土渗碳和常规渗碳的心部组织,均为板条马氏体+微量的游离铁素体,稀土渗碳的心部组织更细一些[20]。晶粒尺寸是影响齿轮钢性能的重要因素,稀土复合微合金化改善渗碳层组织进而提高耐磨性的同时,也能够细化渗碳齿轮钢的基体组织进而提高强韧性。刘会亭等人研究了稀土元素在20CrNi2Mo渗碳钢在长时间加热渗碳热处理过程中的作用,结果表明稀土元素对细化渗碳钢的奥氏体晶粒及提高其力学性能具有很好的效果。20CrN12Mo在930 ℃经14 h加热后奥氏体晶粒粗大(3~4级),加入稀土后奥氏体晶粒细化至7级;经过二次淬火后,稀土钢20CrNi2MoRE的冲击韧性由26.6 J提高到42.6 J[25]
高温渗碳结合Nb微合金化可以实现齿轮钢渗碳效率的提高和晶粒的细化,是渗碳齿轮重要的发展方向。但Nb微合金化应用在齿轮高温渗碳中容易出现以下问题:渗碳层中形成大尺寸未溶NbC,渗碳层组织不均匀,渗碳层表面形成粗大的过剩合金碳化物与残余奥氏体。上述问题在恶化渗碳层组织性能的同时限制渗碳效率的提高,难以达到高性能渗碳钢技术要求。中国热处理行业“十四五”发展规划也指出,齿轮热处理仍需深入开展高温渗碳的工艺研究,提高渗碳齿轮质量和生产效率,适应绿色制造、“双碳”政策的大环境。为满足加速发展的汽车行业以及其他领域对于高端齿轮的需求,需开展高品质渗碳齿轮钢的开发,以下方面将成为高温渗碳齿轮钢的研究重点。
(1)发展稀土等微合金化高温渗碳技术。稀土具有独特的外层电子结构以及原子尺寸大的特点,在齿轮钢加入稀土有望在改善Nb的固溶与析出行为、改质夹杂物以及促进C原子扩散等方面发挥作用,有效解决高温渗碳齿轮钢渗层中普遍存在的组织分布不均匀、表面过剩碳化物过多、性能不稳定等问题,在提高高温渗碳效率、改善渗碳层组织结构以及提高耐磨性和强韧性能等方面获得突破。
(2)实现高温渗碳齿轮钢渗碳层组织性能精确调控。密切关注齿轮钢棒材的加热与轧制过程、齿轮毛坯的加热锻造和高温渗碳过程的质量控制,在各个阶段配合发挥稀土作用,调控渗碳齿轮钢的显微组织进而提高其综合性能。实现全流程精确调控稀土复合微合金化高温渗碳齿轮钢的显微组织和性能,使齿轮的表层具有高硬度、耐磨性和韧性,同时心部保持足够强度和韧性。
(3)围绕未来汽车行业以及其他领域对于齿轮零部件综合性能提高的迫切需求,通过“产学研用”,加强上游钢铁企业、科研院所与下游齿轮零部件生产企业的合作,打破基础理论、关键技术和工业应用的壁垒,提出稀土微合金化高温渗碳技术及控制理论,推进稀土复合微合金化高温渗碳齿轮钢的研发与应用。
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2024年第50卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
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    1.北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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