Article(id=1187029889489187035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)05-0030-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760939579603, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760939579603, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760939579603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760939579603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187029888956510427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760939579476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760941227119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187036799714083449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187029888956510427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187104192813478108, articleId=1187029889489187035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research Status on Causes and Control of Warping Defect on Surface of Hot Rolled Plate and Strip, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The warping on surface of hot rolled plate and strip is always the common defect that troubles production of high quality strip. The causes for warping defect on surface of steel could be throughout the whole process of steel production such as smelting, continuous casting, hot rolling and cold rolling. The types of warping defect are various and influencing factors are complex. The causes of common warping defect are classified into 5 types based on their morphology and microstructure characteristics, which are subsurface inclusions, surface cracks, subsurface bubbles, rolled-in scale and edgefold of intermediate billet. The probability of occurrence of warping defect for products could be reduced significantly by enhancing management of production equipment and process interfaces, especially increasing the level of continuous casting process from the origin to improve surface quality of ingot blank.

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热轧板带表面翘皮一直是困扰高品质钢带材生产的常见缺陷。钢材表面翘皮缺陷的产生原因可能贯穿于钢铁生产冶炼、连铸、热轧和冷轧全过程,翘皮缺陷种类多、影响因素复杂。依据其形貌和组织特征,可将常见翘皮缺陷的诱因分为5类,分别是皮下夹杂、表面裂纹、皮下气泡、氧化皮压入以及中间坯折边。加强生产设备与工序界面管理,尤其是从源头上提高连铸工艺水平,改善铸坯表面质量,可以大大降低产品翘皮缺陷的发生几率。

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朱宏宇(1999-),男,安徽省马鞍山市人,硕士,现从事连铸坯表面质量控制研究工作。

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朱宏宇(1999-),男,安徽省马鞍山市人,硕士,现从事连铸坯表面质量控制研究工作。

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朱宏宇(1999-),男,安徽省马鞍山市人,硕士,现从事连铸坯表面质量控制研究工作。

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(a)无缺陷;(b)边部缺陷;(c)芯部表面缺陷

, figureFileSmall=HO+pnkOI8TAE/kJeWR3Iag==, figureFileBig=2M1xlTi9+Sff3+OWYkbT1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104303874453882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kEcB049ONRkQylFMKgybTQ==, figureFileBig=ric7jyyUD29lxIUNly2lyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104303933174139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=CN, label=图2, caption=铸坯表面凹陷演变成翘皮缺陷示意图, figureFileSmall=kEcB049ONRkQylFMKgybTQ==, figureFileBig=ric7jyyUD29lxIUNly2lyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104303987700092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WtH5ro6Hs6FrUYCOvWRA8g==, figureFileBig=PFfth1KReNwXznsrhCi8lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104304046420349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=CN, label=图3, caption=翘皮产生示意图, figureFileSmall=WtH5ro6Hs6FrUYCOvWRA8g==, figureFileBig=PFfth1KReNwXznsrhCi8lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104304109334910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xe9P1VVmzAWQ3AFOr9kTeQ==, figureFileBig=A9FZIPYrRRa7iEEpR5bR1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104304163860863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=CN, label=图4, caption=翘皮缺陷金相组织, figureFileSmall=xe9P1VVmzAWQ3AFOr9kTeQ==, figureFileBig=A9FZIPYrRRa7iEEpR5bR1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1187104304235164032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引起翘皮缺陷的因素 形貌特征
表面夹杂 一般呈现为暗灰色或黑色线状缺陷,沿轧制方向分布,在板带材任意位置均有分布,长度大小不等,缺陷组织与基体正常组织之间有明显的分层现象
氧化铁皮 呈麻点状沿轧制方向密集分布,光学显微镜下能发现明显的氧化物分布
铸坯裂纹或角部振痕 板材上下表面,距离边部15~40 mm间断分布的线状缺陷,缺陷处组织有明显脱碳痕迹
皮下气泡、表面针孔 分布位置无明显规律,一般聚集发生,偶有单独出现;光学显微镜下观察为一端翘起,有明显分层现象
轧制过程中发生折边现象 一般分布于板材边部,呈现发纹状、龟纹状、舌状、块状或鱼鳞状,有明显的分层现象,缺陷内部会出现脱碳现象、氧化质点,严重时也会出现氧化铁皮
), ArticleFig(id=1187104304319050113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187029889489187035, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引起翘皮缺陷的不同原因以及对应的形貌特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引起翘皮缺陷的因素 形貌特征
表面夹杂 一般呈现为暗灰色或黑色线状缺陷,沿轧制方向分布,在板带材任意位置均有分布,长度大小不等,缺陷组织与基体正常组织之间有明显的分层现象
氧化铁皮 呈麻点状沿轧制方向密集分布,光学显微镜下能发现明显的氧化物分布
铸坯裂纹或角部振痕 板材上下表面,距离边部15~40 mm间断分布的线状缺陷,缺陷处组织有明显脱碳痕迹
皮下气泡、表面针孔 分布位置无明显规律,一般聚集发生,偶有单独出现;光学显微镜下观察为一端翘起,有明显分层现象
轧制过程中发生折边现象 一般分布于板材边部,呈现发纹状、龟纹状、舌状、块状或鱼鳞状,有明显的分层现象,缺陷内部会出现脱碳现象、氧化质点,严重时也会出现氧化铁皮
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热轧板带材表面翘皮缺陷成因与控制研究现状
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朱宏宇 1 , 王振东 1 , 唐海燕 1 , 刘振起 2 , 李洪鹏 3 , 邓艳通 2 , 张家泉 1
包钢科技 | 2024,50(5): 30-35
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包钢科技 | 2024, 50(5): 30-35
热轧板带材表面翘皮缺陷成因与控制研究现状
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朱宏宇1, 王振东1, 唐海燕1, 刘振起2, 李洪鹏3, 邓艳通2, 张家泉1
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 冶金与生态工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.唐山瑞丰钢铁(集团)有限公司,河北 唐山 063303
  • 3.宁波钢铁有限公司,浙江 宁波 315807
  • 朱宏宇(1999-),男,安徽省马鞍山市人,硕士,现从事连铸坯表面质量控制研究工作。

Research Status on Causes and Control of Warping Defect on Surface of Hot Rolled Plate and Strip
Zhu Hong-yu1, Wang Zhen-dong1, Tang Hai-yan1, Liu Zhen-qi2, Li Hong-peng3, Deng Yan-tong2, Zhang Jia-quan1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Tangshan Reafon Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063303, Hebei, China
  • 3. Ningbo Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315807, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25
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热轧板带表面翘皮一直是困扰高品质钢带材生产的常见缺陷。钢材表面翘皮缺陷的产生原因可能贯穿于钢铁生产冶炼、连铸、热轧和冷轧全过程,翘皮缺陷种类多、影响因素复杂。依据其形貌和组织特征,可将常见翘皮缺陷的诱因分为5类,分别是皮下夹杂、表面裂纹、皮下气泡、氧化皮压入以及中间坯折边。加强生产设备与工序界面管理,尤其是从源头上提高连铸工艺水平,改善铸坯表面质量,可以大大降低产品翘皮缺陷的发生几率。

热轧板带材  /  翘皮缺陷  /  连铸板坯  /  表面缺陷

The warping on surface of hot rolled plate and strip is always the common defect that troubles production of high quality strip. The causes for warping defect on surface of steel could be throughout the whole process of steel production such as smelting, continuous casting, hot rolling and cold rolling. The types of warping defect are various and influencing factors are complex. The causes of common warping defect are classified into 5 types based on their morphology and microstructure characteristics, which are subsurface inclusions, surface cracks, subsurface bubbles, rolled-in scale and edgefold of intermediate billet. The probability of occurrence of warping defect for products could be reduced significantly by enhancing management of production equipment and process interfaces, especially increasing the level of continuous casting process from the origin to improve surface quality of ingot blank.

hot rolled plate and strip  /  warping defect  /  continuous casting billet  /  surface defects
朱宏宇, 王振东, 唐海燕, 刘振起, 李洪鹏, 邓艳通, 张家泉. 热轧板带材表面翘皮缺陷成因与控制研究现状. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (5) : 30 -35 .
Zhu Hong-yu, Wang Zhen-dong, Tang Hai-yan, Liu Zhen-qi, Li Hong-peng, Deng Yan-tong, Zhang Jia-quan. Research Status on Causes and Control of Warping Defect on Surface of Hot Rolled Plate and Strip[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (5) : 30 -35 .
热轧扁平材作为高端板带产品的冷轧基料,常用于汽车、家电等行业,对表面质量要求极高。这类钢种一般为低碳、超低碳或亚包晶微合金钢,多采用铝脱氧精炼,连铸过程容易发生絮流,铸坯容易产生表面裂纹或夹杂缺陷,其热轧材中常见的表面翘皮缺陷也多与铸坯质量有关。生产中,热轧表检一旦发现翘皮缺陷,轻则按协议品处理,重则要求退坯修磨。另外,翘皮缺陷还会造成轧辊的擦划伤,降低轧辊的寿命,受损的轧辊甚至会造成后续钢材表面损伤。目前,企业对于发生翘皮缺陷的带材一般使用打磨、切边等手段降级处理,或在铸坯未进入加热炉前进行扒皮,大大降低了产品成材率,提高了生产成本[1-3]
翘皮缺陷的产生原因复杂且影响因素较多,按照冶金流程可以分为炼钢因素和轧制因素。炼钢因素包括铸坯表面裂纹、表面夹杂、表面气孔、皮下气泡等,轧制因素包括加热制度、轧制制度、除鳞工艺与效果等[4-9]。除此之外还有外在因素也会导致表面翘皮的产生,例如轧辊表面出现裂纹或龟裂等设备损伤或故障[10]
角裂纹分布于铸坯的角部,一般可以分为角横裂纹和角纵裂纹。角裂纹多发生在铸坯振痕或表面凹陷区域,裂纹内部易氧化,热轧过程中不能轧合[11]。胡明谦等人针对BG420CL钢种,对铸坯角部振痕进行不同程度的火焰清理,发现清理过振痕的铸坯没有发生翘皮缺陷[12]。由于角部裂纹处于铸坯边部,所以该缺陷引起的表面翘皮多聚集于轧材边部,呈现为边部翘皮。
在精炼或连铸过程中,若钢水中裹入过量的气体或者有易析出气体的元素,随着温度降低,其在铸坯中的溶解度不断降低,容易从坯壳凝固前沿析出,在皮下形成气泡。气孔类翘皮缺陷相对集中,通常为多处翘皮聚集,其分布位置规律不明显[13]
赵烁等[14]根据板坯皮下气泡或表面气孔在板坯表面位置深度的不同,提出了不同的演变机制。如图1,当气泡深度较浅时,如缺陷(a),此类缺陷对板材表层组织没有产生显著影响,所以危害较小,认为不易发生表面缺陷;而当深度较深时,如缺陷(b),由于气泡较深且接近椭圆形状,气泡内部易附着夹杂物或保护渣等异物,在轧制过程中不能随钢基体协同变形,易形成表面翘皮缺陷;当铸坯表面缺陷为皮下气泡时,气泡完全封闭,如缺陷(c),该缺陷没有显露于铸坯表面,较为隐蔽,在轧制时气泡上部变薄,甚至被压裂,从而也会形成表面翘皮缺陷。
夹杂物在铸坯中任意位置均有分布,所以由夹杂物引起的表面翘皮缺陷位置分布无明显规律,可能发生在轧材表面的任意位置。其中,超低碳钢铸坯凝固钩内捕捉的皮下夹杂物极易引起的翘皮缺陷,往往发现有白色或者黑色的长条状翘皮缺陷在带钢表面沿轧制方向分布[15]
在钢液凝固过程中,亚包晶钢发生δ-Fe相向γ-Fe相转变过程坯壳体积收缩,由此造成与结晶器铜板之间产生空隙大且不均匀,致使初凝坯壳不均匀生长[16],严重时形成表面凹陷,坯壳凹陷区域表层奥氏体晶粒粗化,极易发生沿晶裂纹。微合金钢中,强氮化物形成元素易在高温形成二次相,并在原始奥氏体晶界析出,使钢材在受拉应力时表面易萌生裂纹,最终也会导致翘皮缺陷的产生[17-18]
相关研究表明[19-22],板坯在加热炉中加热和保温后,板坯各个部位温度基本相同,出加热炉后的各个部位温差不大。但在经过除鳞处理和多道轧制后,芯部与角部温差凸显,角部温度较芯部温度低,金属流动性差,再加上立辊调宽,加剧边部与芯部的温差,而且宽度上的变形往往传递不到芯部,从而造成“狗骨状(dog-bone)”凸起[23]。如图2,韦军尤等[24]也指出在轧制过程中,轧材的边部降温速度大于中间降温速度,因此轧材边部会先进入奥氏体+铁素体两相区,造成轧材在宽度方向上存在力学性能差异,且由此形成的凹陷可能会形成翘皮缺陷。
根据上述表面翘皮缺陷产生机理,可将其影响因素分为以下5类,分别为铸坯表面或皮下夹杂(脱氧产物,结晶器卷渣,水口结瘤物脱落等非金属夹杂物)、压入型氧化铁皮、表面裂纹、皮下气泡(表面针孔)以及中间坯折边现象。表1为以上各种翘皮缺陷的形成原因及其对应的形貌特征。
由于翘皮缺陷产生的原因众多,其形貌特征也有差异,所以可以通过观察翘皮缺陷位置、缺陷形貌等特征等初步判断缺陷发生区域和原因,从而针对性地开展工作。
铸坯上缺陷如针状气孔、裂纹和振痕等缺陷遗传至热轧带材上引起的翘皮缺陷形貌特征见图3(a)。当缺陷是在轧制加热前便出现在铸坯上时,由于加热过程中它们与铸坯表面处于相同的暴露时间和温度,缺陷处同样存在脱碳层,严重时会在脱碳层出现过烧以及氧化质点。而当轧制时出现缺陷,如图3(b)所示,加热时铸坯表面形成的脱碳层可能会与内部组织发生不连续变形,由于缺陷处没有经过长时间的加热,其组织应和基体组织相近,且裂纹中不存在氧化物[25-26]
氧化质点是高温产物,是氧化铁前沿氧扩散析出的结果。铸坯在热轧前需要经过一定时间的加热和保温,如果铸坯表面存在裂纹等缺陷,其中Si、Mn等元素在高温下会发生不同程度的氧化[27]。研究表明,铸坯在加热炉加热保温时,由于长时间处于高温状态,缺陷处氧元素充分扩散,氧化质点尺寸较大,甚至可达10 μm;而在热轧过程中,由于温度较低、时间短,在粗轧工序所产生的氧化质点尺寸最大不超过5 μm[28]。所以通过氧化质点尺寸大小大致可以判断缺陷产生于加热炉前还是加热炉后。
图4(左),李军[29]在对翘皮缺陷进行腐蚀后,在电镜下观察时发现翘皮缺陷处组织与基体组织一致,并且翘起部位与基体缺口处外观形貌高度吻合,认为该缺陷是在轧制过程中受外力作用而从表面剥落。如图4(中),苏振军[30]等在观察翘皮缺陷的金相组织时发现基体正常组织为较为细小的等轴铁素体,而翘皮缺陷处为较为粗大的晶粒,且内部出现氧化质点。认为导致翘皮缺陷出现的原因在经加热炉之前便已经存在,在加热过程中,缺陷部位长时间处于高温状态而出现氧化质点。如图4(右),潘以庆[31]等发现翘皮处晶粒较为细小,基体组织的晶粒大多为不规则多边形,晶粒大小相差较大。而且发现翘皮缺陷处表层组织弥散了大量的Fe3C,认为是板坯上表面的皮下夹杂物改变了微区的碳含量,对周围组织产生了渗碳作用,因此其认为是皮下夹杂物导致翘皮缺陷。
综上所述,铸坯表面缺陷是引起板带材表面产生翘皮缺陷的重要因素之一,因此消除铸坯的表面缺陷是控制翘皮缺陷的重要途径。如前所述,铸坯表面缺陷遗传至轧材形成翘皮缺陷的主要来源为铸坯表面夹杂物以及表面裂纹,因此控制热轧材表面翘皮缺陷应重点从控制铸坯表面夹杂物和表面裂纹入手。
刘华松[32]指出,对于连铸坯表面横裂纹的改善,应围绕减小连铸坯变形、减小坯壳奥氏体晶粒尺寸、降低析出物影响、避免膜状铁素体的形成以及在遭受较大变形时避开第三脆性区等。也有研究者将其分为温度和组织控制思路[33]
首先需要严格控制钢中S、Cu、Sn等易晶界偏析元素的含量,其次控制连铸过程中微合金元素碳氮化物析出程度[34]。将Nb、Al、N等元素控制在允许范围下限,或在钢中加入一定的Ti以固定N元素[35]
由于铸坯在铸机中运行时,在经过弯曲、矫直时,铸坯的外弧或内弧侧将承受拉应力的作用,若此时铸坯处于600~900 ℃的第三脆性区域,易发生表面裂纹。因此根据温度调控方案可以分为两种思路:一是强化冷却,降低铸坯表面温度,在弯曲和矫直时将温度降低至脆性温度以下,即“冷行”法;二是弱化冷却,铸坯表面以高于脆性温度区间上限的温度通过弯曲矫直,即“热行”法。目前大多数企业采用热行法,通过提高拉速、减弱冷却来实现,这显然也有利于高温热装。此外,由于铸坯角部为二维传热,热交换效率大于铸坯表面,导致铸坯角部温度低于铸坯表面,易产生裂纹。通过弱化角部冷却也可以减轻角部裂纹的产生。
减小铸坯表层γ晶粒尺寸能够显著改善铸坯热塑性。对于凝固后形成的γ晶粒,即初生γ晶粒,其粗化过程受到成分与冷却条件的影响。一方面可以通过调控成分降低晶粒粗化倾向,另一方面增大晶粒长大过程中的冷却速率也可以抑制最终的晶粒尺寸[36]
有些学者[37-39]提出SSC(Surface Structure Control)工艺,在热循环过程中通过γ→α→γ的二次相变控制合金元素固溶析出或在晶内析出,抑制先共析铁素体膜恶化塑性。马范军[17]也提出了铸坯表层微观组织控制(SMC)工艺,该工艺通过控制铸坯冷速、冷却最低温度、回温速度及回温温度来减少奥氏体晶界的先共析铁素体膜和碳氮化物析出相,同时细化晶粒尺寸,提高铸坯表面塑性,降低表面裂纹出现的风险。
铸坯表面或皮下夹杂物的控制一要提高上铸机钢水的洁净度,二要加强保护浇注,控制中间包和结晶器卷渣。其中,结晶器卷渣为表面夹杂物的主要来源,而结晶器卷渣主要是由于结晶器内弯月面行为以及结晶器内流动状态不合理导致的[40-41]。通过调控结晶器内钢液流场来控制结晶器内液面波动以减少液面卷渣,目前常见的手段有控制单位时间吹氩量、调节拉速和水口浸入深度以及使用特殊设计的水口来降低钢液液面波动以降低卷渣的风险[42]。同时结晶器内钢液液面也不宜过于平静,过于平静的液面使得钢液液面温度较低,不利于结晶器保护渣熔化,使弯月面下渣困难,坯壳与结晶器铜板传热不良,易造成铸坯表面裂纹。王巍[43]等也指出通过优化中间包和改进浸入式水口浇注工艺,可以有效降低板材表面夹杂型翘皮缺陷。此外,要保持产品质量的稳定性与一致性,连铸恒温恒拉速水平的提高至关重要。必要时,应对不同浇注工况下的产品进行分级处理。
(1)翘皮缺陷产生的直接原因是由于钢基体与缺陷处组织或晶粒度差异大、塑性变形不协调所致;此外,铸坯表面因凹坑或凹陷等缺陷,轧制过程中在轧辊多道次的作用下发生表面局部粘连或折叠现象,从而在终轧冷却过程形成翘皮缺陷。
(2)铸坯表面质量与板带材翘皮缺陷关系密切,加强铸坯表面夹杂物和表面裂纹控制尤为重要。
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2024年第50卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
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    1.北京科技大学 冶金与生态工程学院,北京 100083
    2.唐山瑞丰钢铁(集团)有限公司,河北 唐山 063303
    3.宁波钢铁有限公司,浙江 宁波 315807
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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