Article(id=1187027205029773544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187027204178326004, articleNumber=1009-5438(2024)06-0039-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760938939578, onlineDateStr=2025-10-20, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760938939578, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760938939578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760938939578, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1187027204178326004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2024', volume='50', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1760938939375, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760939191531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1187028261868548309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187027204178326004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1187028261868548310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1187027204178326004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187100785973277639, articleId=1187027205029773544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Process Optimization of Dynamic Control for Bottom Blowing System of 150 t Converter, columnId=1187100781414069182, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The methods of manual dynamic regulation of bottom blowing of converter with steel grade of smelting and dynamic maintenance of furnace profile are proposed aiming at such problems as low gas supply intensity of bottom blowing, short service life of breathable element for bottom blowing and lower combined blowing rate for 150 t top bottom combined blowing converter in Steel-making Plant. Different gas supply intensity models are established and gas supply intensity of bottom blowing is optimized based on the requirements for end point carbon content of steel grade in actual production. As a result, the dynamic control of gas supply intensity of bottom blowing for smelting different steel grades is realized, iron oxide content of final slag of converter and end point product of carbon concentration and oxygen concentration are effectively reduced as well as metallurgical effects of bottom blowing system and quality of molten steel are improved.

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针对炼钢厂150 t顶底复吹转炉底吹供气强度低、底吹透气元件使用寿命短、复吹率偏低等问题,提出转炉底吹随冶炼钢种人工动态调节以及炉型动态维护的方法。根据实际生产钢种终点碳含量要求,建立不同模式底吹供气强度模型,优化底吹供气强度,实现冶炼不同钢种底吹供气强度的动态控制,有效降低了转炉终渣氧化铁含量,降低终点碳氧积,改善了底吹系统的冶金效果,提高了钢水质量。

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付海东(1989-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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付海东(1989-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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付海东(1989-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

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阶段 低碳钢
供气强度
中碳钢
供气强度
高碳钢
供气强度
前期 0.070 0.070 0.070
中期 0.046 0.046 0.046
末期 0.070 0.070 0.060
拉碳后搅 0.050 0.050 0.050
过程待吹 0.050
溅渣 0.100
待生产 0.005
), ArticleFig(id=1187100931318493606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187027205029773544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

150 t转炉底吹模式 m3/(t·min)

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阶段 低碳钢
供气强度
中碳钢
供气强度
高碳钢
供气强度
前期 0.070 0.070 0.070
中期 0.046 0.046 0.046
末期 0.070 0.070 0.060
拉碳后搅 0.050 0.050 0.050
过程待吹 0.050
溅渣 0.100
待生产 0.005
), ArticleFig(id=1187100931389796776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187027205029773544, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供气
模式
吹炼
一期
吹炼
二期
吹炼
三期
吹炼
四期
后搅 取样 后吹 开始
出钢
结束
出钢
溅渣
护炉
等样
低强度模式 0.069 0.048 0.052 0.060 0.084 0.021 0.063 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
中强度模式 0.059 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.074 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
高强度模式 0.055 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.064 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
高碳钢模式 0.059 0.043 0.037 0.043 0.064 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
低碳钢模式 0.069 0.048 0.043 0.053 0.074 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1187100931452711338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1187027205029773544, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同底吹模式底吹供气强度表 m3/(t·min)

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供气
模式
吹炼
一期
吹炼
二期
吹炼
三期
吹炼
四期
后搅 取样 后吹 开始
出钢
结束
出钢
溅渣
护炉
等样
低强度模式 0.069 0.048 0.052 0.060 0.084 0.021 0.063 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
中强度模式 0.059 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.074 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
高强度模式 0.055 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.064 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
高碳钢模式 0.059 0.043 0.037 0.043 0.064 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
低碳钢模式 0.069 0.048 0.043 0.053 0.074 0.021 0.053 0.021 0.021 0.024 0.021
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150 t转炉底吹系统动态控制工艺优化
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付海东 1 , 崔弘 1 , 杨小龙 1 , 王志君 1 , 孙承碧 1 , 韩春鹏 2 , 张胤 2
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2024,50(6): 39-43
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2024, 50(6): 39-43
150 t转炉底吹系统动态控制工艺优化
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付海东1, 崔弘1, 杨小龙1, 王志君1, 孙承碧1, 韩春鹏2, 张胤2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 付海东(1989-),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,工程师,现从事炼钢工艺研究工作。

Process Optimization of Dynamic Control for Bottom Blowing System of 150 t Converter
Fu Hai-dong1, Cui Hong1, Yang Xiao-long1, Wang Zhi-jun1, Sun Cheng-bi1, Han Chun-peng2, Zhang Yin2
Affiliations
  • 1. Steel-making Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25
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针对炼钢厂150 t顶底复吹转炉底吹供气强度低、底吹透气元件使用寿命短、复吹率偏低等问题,提出转炉底吹随冶炼钢种人工动态调节以及炉型动态维护的方法。根据实际生产钢种终点碳含量要求,建立不同模式底吹供气强度模型,优化底吹供气强度,实现冶炼不同钢种底吹供气强度的动态控制,有效降低了转炉终渣氧化铁含量,降低终点碳氧积,改善了底吹系统的冶金效果,提高了钢水质量。

转炉底吹  /  底吹供气强度  /  碳氧积

The methods of manual dynamic regulation of bottom blowing of converter with steel grade of smelting and dynamic maintenance of furnace profile are proposed aiming at such problems as low gas supply intensity of bottom blowing, short service life of breathable element for bottom blowing and lower combined blowing rate for 150 t top bottom combined blowing converter in Steel-making Plant. Different gas supply intensity models are established and gas supply intensity of bottom blowing is optimized based on the requirements for end point carbon content of steel grade in actual production. As a result, the dynamic control of gas supply intensity of bottom blowing for smelting different steel grades is realized, iron oxide content of final slag of converter and end point product of carbon concentration and oxygen concentration are effectively reduced as well as metallurgical effects of bottom blowing system and quality of molten steel are improved.

bottom blowing of converter  /  gas supply intensity of bottom blowing  /  product of carbon concentration and oxygen concentration
付海东, 崔弘, 杨小龙, 王志君, 孙承碧, 韩春鹏, 张胤. 150 t转炉底吹系统动态控制工艺优化. 包钢科技, 2024 , 50 (6) : 39 -43 .
Fu Hai-dong, Cui Hong, Yang Xiao-long, Wang Zhi-jun, Sun Cheng-bi, Han Chun-peng, Zhang Yin. Process Optimization of Dynamic Control for Bottom Blowing System of 150 t Converter[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2024 , 50 (6) : 39 -43 .
炼钢厂150 t转炉采用顶底复吹工艺,目前底吹控制系统数据准确性不高,底吹供气流量波动大,抗干扰能力差,数据反馈波动大,无法通过数据准确判断炉内钢水搅拌情况,且无法向调节阀系统提供准确的数据依据。炉龄达到4 000炉后,底吹透气元件堵塞,无法达到全炉役使用底吹系统。通过底吹长寿化技术的应用以及底吹流量的动态调节,转炉终点冶金效果得到改善,转炉碳氧积以及转炉渣中全铁含量较之前有所降低。根据现场实际炉体侵蚀情况,对炉型进行动态控制,在保证炉体安全的前提下,实现了全炉役的复吹。
转炉底吹控制系统的目标是利用底吹通入惰性气体对钢水搅拌,改善转炉冶炼的动力学条件,从而降低钢水氧含量以及渣中全铁含量,达到降低转炉碳氧积以及降低钢铁料消耗的目的[1]。为达到特定的冶金效果,必须对炼钢过程的底吹供气强度以及转炉冶炼过程进行相应的调节,同时技术人员需依据炉型特点对底吹供气强度模型实时修改。
炼钢厂转炉底吹采取8支底吹枪炉底半径0.4R布局,透气元件采取集数式底吹透气元件。调节阀采用原始的模拟量气动薄膜阀控制阀门,阀门调节反应速度慢,且对流量传感器的依赖非常高,每调整一次流量,阀门需要结合流量传感器的数据,用几十秒的时间进行增大、减小调节才能达到预期的流量值。该控制系统准确度不高,现使用的涡街流量计波动大,抗干扰能力差,给出数据的真实性存在疑问,无法通过数据准确判断炉内钢水搅拌情况,且无法向调节阀系统提供准确的数据依据。该系统的控制方式为调节总管的流量,8支底吹枪的流量自由分配,无法对单支底吹枪单独供气,若有一支枪堵塞,其他7支枪就要承担总管给出的流量。炉役结束后,对转炉底吹系统进行改造,提高转炉底吹系统控制灵敏度以及全炉役可视化升级。同时对底吹总管调节流量范围进行优化,优化后供气范围为0.027~0.128 m3/(t·min)。
在实际生产中,转炉整个供氧时间内分为三个阶段,冶炼前期的硅锰氧化,冶炼中期的碳氧化,冶炼后期的均匀温度、成分。目前整个供氧时间内底吹模式如表1所示,冶炼前期采用高强度搅拌,供气强度一般控制在0.070 m3/(t·min),到冶炼中期时供气强度控制在0.046 m3/(t·min),到冶炼末期将供气强度控制在0.070 m3/(t·min)。随着生产过程中铁水成分变化,冶炼过程控制发生较大变化。现有底吹供气方案是一成不变的,不同钢种底吹供气强度无变化,同时对拉碳后底吹供气强度没有明确界定,从而影响到底吹的实际效果,已经不能满足现阶段的生产需要。
顶底复吹转炉底吹系统的运行情况直接影响转炉冶炼终点碳氧积、渣中全铁含量等关键指标。因此通过改善底吹供气工艺,提高底吹冶金效果,降低转炉终点碳氧积,可以降低转炉终点钢水氧含量,降低脱氧剂消耗,降低转炉钢铁料消耗,满足炼钢厂高质量、低成本生产。
熔池反应初期,随炉渣熔化,熔池热力学条件有利于脱磷[2],此时,应增强底吹供气强度,改善熔池动力学条件。在冶炼前期低温脱磷反应进行时,提高顶吹氧枪与底吹系统耦合作用,改善熔池动力学条件,增加渣-金界面反应接触面积,提高脱磷反应速率,提高前期脱磷率。同时在转炉含铁原料加入量高的生产模式下,提高前期底吹供气强度,可以有效抑制冶炼前期强氧化性带来的炉口溢渣情况。
熔池反应中期,根据熔池内反应热力学条件,低温脱磷反应逐渐减弱,此时开始碳氧反应。在反应过程中,熔池大量消耗铁水中碳与炉渣中FeO,炉渣氧化性降低,应降低底吹供气强度,适当减弱熔池内氧化还原反应的速率,保证炉渣中FeO含量,减少转炉炉内“返干”现象的发生,确保冶炼平稳可控,减轻中期氧枪粘钢及金属喷溅。
熔池反应后期,随钢液中碳含量降低,熔池内自由氧含量升高。通过提高底吹供气强度,改善熔池动力学条件,使钢液中自由氧与钢水中碳充分结合,生成气体排出,从而降低钢水中自由氧含量,达到控制钢水终点氧含量及降低炉渣氧化性的目的。
根据炼钢厂150 t转炉实际熔池液位,开展底吹强度对于熔池搅拌效果的水模试验,调整完善原供气方案中各个拐点的时机与参数,以确定对应的后期供气流量,同时强化“后搅”模式,尤其在生产低碳含量钢种时,进一步促进C、O反应,降低终点钢水氧含量,降低碳氧积,提高钢水质量。
熔池动力学条件直接影响冶炼过程熔池内钢液质量、动量、能量的传输,从而直接影响转炉冶炼过程脱磷、脱碳、提温等效果[3]。通过不同底吹强度对熔池内的矢量速度影响情况进行模拟,得出最佳底吹强度,具体模拟的三种供气强度分别为0.04 m3/(t·min)、0.08 m3/(t·min)、0.12 m3/(t·min),分析不同底吹供气强度模式下对熔池速度场、湍动能和湍流耗散率的影响。
模拟结果显示,底吹介质通过透气元件进入转炉熔池,并与熔池内钢液形成气液混合区,气液混合过程带动钢液并呈现向上的矢量运动,到达熔池表面后,钢液呈现向两侧运动趋势,在动能作用下带动附近钢液运动,实现对转炉熔池的搅拌。从试验结果分析可知,底吹供气强度对转炉熔池动力学条件的改善起到关键作用。分析炼钢厂转炉8孔底吹系统,在每个底吹透气元件上方均有气液混合区。随底吹供气强度增加,气、液两相区矢量速度增大,熔池表面液面波动增大。随着底吹供气强度的增加,转炉内钢液的矢量速度增加,熔池动力学条件改善,冶金效果也随之改善。
根据炼钢厂冶炼钢种终点碳含量控制的要求,区分不同的钢种,将底吹供气模式分为高碳工艺模式、低碳工艺模式,取消中碳模式。对于低碳钢,在保证去除碳的同时,碳氧积尽量低,底吹强度尽量大;对于高碳钢(重轨系列),为了避免终点碳含量过低,适当降低底吹强度。同时根据炉型情况、铁钢比控制情况、废钢情况,将底吹供气模式分为工艺模式低、工艺模式中、工艺模式高三种模式。细化底吹供气模式,实现供气模式匹配现场生产。
通过水力学模型模拟试验分析0.04 m3/(t·min)、0.08 m3/(t·min)、0.12 m3/(t·min)三种不同底吹强度在H=0.5 m以及H=1.0 m线段上的速度分布,结果如图1所示。
不同线段不同流量时,速度最大值均在距离中心轴线1.4 m的位置。由于底吹气流的影响,H=0.5 m线段上的速度大于H=1.0 m线段上的速度,同时随着底吹强度的增加,转炉内钢液的速度增加。在H=1.0 m线段上,底吹强度为0.04 m3/(t·min)速度最大值为0.003 5 m/s,底吹强度为0.08 m3/(t·min)速度最大值为0.011 m/s,底吹强度为0.12 m3/(t·min)速度最大值为0.016 m/s,当底吹强度大于0.08 m3/(t·min)时,H=1.0 m线段上的速度随底吹强度的变化波动较小,而底吹单元附近侵蚀以及喷溅概率增加。
根据以上分析炼钢厂150 t转炉生产不同钢种,制定底吹供气强度模式,具体见表2
底吹供气元件在使用过程中形成由金属、炉渣复合而成的“蘑菇头”状保护性覆盖物,具有透气性能良好、抗冲刷能力强的特点[4]。如何在转炉炉役期间快速形成复合蘑菇头,并且在转炉全炉役保证复合蘑菇头使用效果是保证底吹供气元件使用寿命的关键。同时随着底吹供气强度的增加,受高温钢水的冲刷,炉体耐火砖侵蚀严重,而频繁的维护炉底,必然造成炉底上涨甚至堵塞底吹供气元件,导致底吹效果减弱。因此终渣成分及炉底高度直接影响蘑菇头的大小和形状[5]
(1)灵活调整终渣MgO含量的控制范围。接班后,每班必须测量炉底厚度,根据液面情况,调整当班白云石用量。液面高度在正常范围(2.4~2.6 m)时,终渣MgO含量按7.8%~8.0%控制;液面高度高出正常范围上限(2.6 m)时,终渣MgO含量按7.4%~7.8%控制;液面高度低于正常范围下限(2.4 m)时,终渣MgO含量按8.0%~8.5%控制。
(2)溅渣护炉工艺优化。出钢结束后,选择“溅渣操作”模式。溅渣过程中,规定溅渣料加入情况,加白云石150~250 kg,加入时间间隔大于30 s,防止溅渣料粘结。保持低枪位溅渣同时根据炉口喷溅炉渣情况调整枪位,溅渣时间不大于4 min。溅渣结束后,进行前后摇炉操作,并加入白灰铺大面,先向炉前倾动至100°~110°,然后将转炉倾动至兑铁位置,准备加废钢、兑铁水。溅渣过程强化留渣操作以及溅渣后炉渣铺炉底及装入侧,保护装入侧底吹供气元件及炉体。
(3)底吹支路单独控制,确保炉况安全和底吹效果。炼钢厂150 t转炉由于无副枪等终点判断设备,每炉钢必须进行倒渣取样操作,转炉装入侧受高温钢水浸泡,转炉装入侧炉底以及三角区的侵蚀较其他部位快,造成转炉炉底不平,炉体安全存在较大问题。对处于装入侧的底吹支管单独控制,依据激光测厚仪数据相应调整各个风口供气强度。底吹管路的单独控制保证了各个风口所在的炉衬侵蚀程度一致。
通过对炉渣MgO含量的动态控制、规范与优化溅渣工艺以及底吹供气支路的单独控制,炼钢厂150 t转炉实现了全炉役炉底、炉型的稳定控制,实现了全炉役的复吹。
底吹流量实现动态模型控制,改善了底吹气体对熔池的搅拌作用,吹炼过程平稳,不易发生喷溅,吹炼终点碳氧积及炉渣全铁含量较之前有所降低,如图2图3所示。转炉炉龄达到6 000炉时,碳氧积控制在0.002 1以内,炉渣全铁含量控制在17.51%以内,较之前均有一定幅度的降低。
采用新底吹供气方案,改善了熔池的动力学条件,转炉脱磷率由77.4%提高至83.9%,如图4所示,在提高脱磷率同时,缓解了高含铁冷料模式下吹炼前期高氧化性炉渣带来的溢渣喷溅,实现了吹炼前期的平稳可控,炼钢厂150 t转炉双渣比例明显降低。
采用新底吹供气方案实现了底吹供气强度随生产钢种变化实时同步调整,使熔池反应过程动力学条件得到有效改善,冶炼过程脱磷率得到了提高。同时在冶炼供氧时间内,碳氧反应均匀性得到了改善,降低了冶炼终点碳氧积,避免了终点钢水过氧化;降低了终渣全铁含量和钢铁料消耗,缓解了高含铁冷料模式下,吹炼前期高氧化性炉渣带来的溢渣喷溅。
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2024年第50卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-10-20
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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