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Article(id=1185887586422763670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)03-0037-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760667233329, onlineDateStr=2025-10-17, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760667233329, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760667233329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760667233329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1185882038939825058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1760665910706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316917348, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201195470770102709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201195470770102710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187122782056890761, articleId=1185887586422763670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Effects of Rare Earth Ce on Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Mold Steel, columnId=1187095652984042303, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Variety Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the paper, the effects of adding rare earth element Ce into Cr12MoNiNb mold steel on its inclusions and mechanical properties are studied. The morphology, size and composition of inclusions are observed and measured with scanning electron microscope, energy spectrometer and field emission electron probe. The size, quantity and precipitation law of inclusions are statistically analyzed with analysis software as well as hardness and room-temperature impact energy of samples are measured with Vickers hardness tester and impact tester. The results showed that circular or elliptical composite inclusions containing rare earth were formed in the mold steel after adding 0.002 8% of rare earth Ce and quantity of inclusions was decreased by 21.43% compared with those of the steel without adding rare earth elements so that liquid steel was purified; average size of inclusions was decreased from 3.95 μm to 3.13 μm, which was decreased by 20.76%. The hardness and room-temperature impact energy of mold steel are increased by adding rare earth Ce. Its Vickers hardness (HV) is increased from 263.0 to 283.0 and room-temperature impact energy is increased from 16.65 J to 20.05 J, which is increased by 20.42%.

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刘朋成(1987-),男,山东省菏泽市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事金属材料组织与性能及理化检测工作。

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刘朋成(1987-),男,山东省菏泽市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事金属材料组织与性能及理化检测工作。

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刘朋成(1987-),男,山东省菏泽市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事金属材料组织与性能及理化检测工作。

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试样编号 C Si O S Ni Mo Nb Al Cr Cu N Ce
M0 1.510 0.305 0.001 8 0.002 2 0.233 0.405 0.190 0.015 11.312 0.086 0.023 4 0
M1 1.519 0.351 0.001 1 0.001 6 0.230 0.041 5 0.190 0.013 11.316 0.081 0.012 9 0.002 8
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试验钢的化学成分(质量分数) %

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试样编号 C Si O S Ni Mo Nb Al Cr Cu N Ce
M0 1.510 0.305 0.001 8 0.002 2 0.233 0.405 0.190 0.015 11.312 0.086 0.023 4 0
M1 1.519 0.351 0.001 1 0.001 6 0.230 0.041 5 0.190 0.013 11.316 0.081 0.012 9 0.002 8
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试样
编号		 夹杂物形貌与类型 平均尺寸
/μm
M0 3.95
M1 3.13
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钢中夹杂物的平均尺寸、类型

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试样
编号		 夹杂物形貌与类型 平均尺寸
/μm
M0 3.95
M1 3.13
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稀土Ce对模具钢夹杂物和力学性能的影响
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刘朋成 1 , 陆斌 1, 2 , 邬宇轩 1 , 田方铖 3 , 陈伟丽 3 , 孙婷婷 3
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025,51(3): 37-42
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025, 51(3): 37-42
稀土Ce对模具钢夹杂物和力学性能的影响
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刘朋成1, 陆斌1, 2, 邬宇轩1, 田方铖3, 陈伟丽3, 孙婷婷3
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司,北京 100083
  • 3.内蒙古科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

    • 刘朋成(1987-),男,山东省菏泽市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事金属材料组织与性能及理化检测工作。

Effects of Rare Earth Ce on Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Mold Steel
Pengcheng Liu1, Bin Lu1, 2, Yuxuan Wu1, Fangcheng Tian3, Weili Chen3, Tingting Sun3
Affiliations
  • 1. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Beijing Baotou Steel Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
  • 3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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摘要
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文章研究了在Cr12MoNiNb模具钢中添加稀土元素Ce对模具钢夹杂物和力学性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、场发射电子探针观察和测量夹杂物的形貌、尺寸及组成,利用分析软件统计夹杂物的尺寸、数量及析出规律,利用维氏硬度计、冲击试验机测量试样的硬度、常温冲击功。结果表明,与未添加稀土元素的钢相比,添加0.002 8%的稀土Ce后,模具钢中形成了含有稀土的圆形或椭圆形复合夹杂物,夹杂物数量减少21.43%,净化了钢液;夹杂物的平均尺寸由3.95 μm减小到3.13 μm,降低了20.76%。添加稀土Ce提高了模具钢硬度和室温冲击功,其维氏硬度(HV)由263.0提高到283.0,室温冲击功从16.65 J提高到20.05 J,提高了20.42%。
Cr12MoNiNb模具钢  /  稀土Ce  /  夹杂物  /  力学性能

In the paper, the effects of adding rare earth element Ce into Cr12MoNiNb mold steel on its inclusions and mechanical properties are studied. The morphology, size and composition of inclusions are observed and measured with scanning electron microscope, energy spectrometer and field emission electron probe. The size, quantity and precipitation law of inclusions are statistically analyzed with analysis software as well as hardness and room-temperature impact energy of samples are measured with Vickers hardness tester and impact tester. The results showed that circular or elliptical composite inclusions containing rare earth were formed in the mold steel after adding 0.002 8% of rare earth Ce and quantity of inclusions was decreased by 21.43% compared with those of the steel without adding rare earth elements so that liquid steel was purified; average size of inclusions was decreased from 3.95 μm to 3.13 μm, which was decreased by 20.76%. The hardness and room-temperature impact energy of mold steel are increased by adding rare earth Ce. Its Vickers hardness (HV) is increased from 263.0 to 283.0 and room-temperature impact energy is increased from 16.65 J to 20.05 J, which is increased by 20.42%.

Cr12MoNiNb mold steel  /  rare earth Ce  /  inclusions  /  mechanical property
刘朋成, 陆斌, 邬宇轩, 田方铖, 陈伟丽, 孙婷婷. 稀土Ce对模具钢夹杂物和力学性能的影响. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (3) : 37 -42 .
Pengcheng Liu, Bin Lu, Yuxuan Wu, Fangcheng Tian, Weili Chen, Tingting Sun. Effects of Rare Earth Ce on Inclusions and Mechanical Properties of Mold Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (3) : 37 -42 .
正文
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我国模具工业从起步到飞跃发展历经了半个多世纪,近年来,由于我国模具产业规模的扩大和资金的大量投入,模具制造水平有了较大提高。在大型、精密、复杂、高效和长寿命模具方面又上了新台阶[1-3]。进入21世纪,在经济全球化的新形势下,随着资本、技术和劳动力市场的重新整合,中国将成为世界装备制造基地。而在现代制造业中,无论哪一行业的工程装备,都越来越多地采用由模具工业提供的产品。为了适应用户对模具制造的高精度、短交货期、低成本的迫切要求,模具行业正广泛应用现代先进制造技术来加速模具的技术进步,这是各行各业对模具这一基础工艺装备的迫切需求。
钢中的非金属夹杂物作为钢的天然组成成分,对钢的力学性能,尤其是冲击韧性影响巨大。为提高钢材力学性能,研究人员[4-6]发现稀土元素能显著提高钢材的纯净度,这是源于稀土元素特有的4f电子层结构,使其具有良好的化学活性,能够捕捉钢中硫和氧等有害元素,从而减小钢中非金属夹杂物对钢材力学性能的危害。
本文以添加和未添加稀土Ce的铸态Cr12MoNiNb模具钢为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、场发射电子探针观察和测量夹杂物的形貌、尺寸及组成,利用分析软件统计夹杂物的尺寸、数量及析出规律,利用维氏硬度计和冲击试验机测量试样的硬度、室温冲击功,研究稀土元素Ce对铸态模具钢夹杂物尺寸、形貌、组成及力学性能影响。
1 试验材料与方法
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1.1 试验材料
以高碳高铬模具钢为原料,采用25 kg真空感应炉冶炼,加入稀土Ce制备试验用钢,浇注方式为半连续浇注,以保证铸锭化学成分均匀。利用直读光谱仪、碳硫分析仪、氧氮分析仪和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪检测试验钢的化学成分,见表1。
1.2 试验方法
利用钼丝切割机在两种对比试验钢上切取15 mm×10 mm×5 mm的试样,将试样抛光,确保表面无划痕,清洁无污渍。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),结合能谱仪(EDS)及场发射电子探针(EPMA)对夹杂物的形貌、分布及其组成进行分析。利用夹杂物扫描软件对扫描电子显微镜500倍视野下的100个区域内的夹杂物进行数量及尺寸统计。
采用450SVD型维氏硬度计对铸态试样进行硬度检测,沿试样表面依次打十个点,去掉最高与最低的两个值取平均值。在铸坯中部利用钼丝切割机切取冲击毛坯试样,经磨床磨制成10 mm×8 mm×55 mm的U型缺口夏比冲击试样,如图1所示。在室温下利用摆锤式冲击试验机进行冲击功检测,对冲击断裂试样采用扫描电子显微镜观察其断口形貌。
在Factsage8.1热力学软件Equilib模块中,选用FToxid、FTmisc和FSstel及自建数据库研究试验钢中非金属夹杂物的析出规律及析出量。
2 试验结果与分析
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2.1 试验钢中夹杂物形貌与组成
图2为未添加稀土元素Ce的试验钢夹杂物EPMA形貌。由图2可以看出,未添加稀土元素Ce的试验钢夹杂物主要分为三类:第一类为长条状的AlN夹杂物,见图2(a);第二类主要是在长条状AlN夹杂物的基体上富集氧化物而形成的AlN-Al2O3复合夹杂物,见图2(b);第三类是以Al2O3夹杂物为形核中心,周围包裹着硫化物而形成的Al2O3-Al2S3的复合夹杂物,见图2(c)。
在试验钢中添加0.002 8%的稀土Ce后,试验钢夹杂物EPMA形貌见图3。由图3可以看出,添加稀土Ce能够改变钢中夹杂物的形貌,此时钢中夹杂物主要分为两类:第一类是以球形的Ce-O-S为核心、边缘处有少量的不规则的AlN伴生所形成的稀土复合夹杂物,见图3(a);第二类是由不规则尺寸的AlN和球形的Ce-O-S所组成的复合夹杂物,见图3(b)。
比较两种试验钢夹杂物的形貌图,可以看出,稀土元素Ce加入模具钢中可以改变试验钢中夹杂物的形貌,使AlN从粗大的长条状变成细小的点状和不规则形状,使硫化物从不规则形状变成球状,消除了对钢韧性影响极大的Al2O3夹杂物。由于稀土元素改变了钢中夹杂物的性质,减小了钢塑性变形时的应力集中点,降低了变形时裂纹萌生几率,提高了钢的冲击韧性。
2.2 试验钢中夹杂物的尺寸、数量统计
利用OTS全自动非金属夹杂物分析系统对添加与未添加稀土Ce的试验钢中夹杂物尺寸、数量和成分进行统计分析,试样统计面积为1 mm2,试验钢中夹杂物的形貌、类型及其平均尺寸统计结果见表2及图4。从表2及图4的统计结果可以看出,未添加稀土Ce的钢中夹杂物的主要类型是AlN、Al2O3及Al2O3-Al2S3,其形貌主要为有棱角的不规则形状。而添加稀土Ce的钢中夹杂物的主要类型是被改性成圆形的Ce-O-S、Ce-S和改性不完全的Ce-Al-O-S-N及AlN。未加稀土Ce的试验钢中夹杂物的平均尺寸为3.95 μm,其中大于5 μm的夹杂物占比达到37.8 %,夹杂物总量为98个。加入稀土Ce后,试验钢夹杂物的尺寸明显变小,其平均尺寸为3.13 μm,与未加稀土Ce的试验钢相比,夹杂物平均尺寸减小了20.76%,钢中的夹杂物总数为77个,与未加稀土Ce的试验钢相比下降了21.43%。
2.3 夹杂物析出规律的热力学模拟
为了研究稀土元素对铸态Cr12MoNiNb模具钢中夹杂物析出规律的影响,根据表1的实测成分,利用FactSage8.1热力学软件中的Equilib模块,在Cooling Calculation选项中选择Scheil-Guiliver Cooling,鉴于软件中稀土硫氧化物热力学数据缺失,本文在软件优化库中补充了Ce2O2S热力学数据,在Equilib模块中选择FToxid、FTmisc、FSstel和自建数据库,对试验钢中的夹杂物析出规律进行模拟,计算结果如图5所示。
从图5(a)可以看出,钢中的非金属夹杂物主要有三种,分别是Al2O3、AlN及Al2S3,且Al2O3在高温熔融态下就已经形成,在液相线以下析出量不随温度的变化而变化。而AlN和Al2S3则是在FCC-Fe线以下开始析出,在液相线附近达到稳定。有趣的是,Al2S3在模拟计算中含量较少,其晶体结构与Al2O3相似,因此在试验钢中两者多以复合夹杂物的形式存在。加入稀土Ce后,如图5(b)所示,Ce2O3在熔炼过程中已经开始形核析出,并在FCC-Fe线之上快速析出,达到最大值;CeAlO3也是在熔炼过程中已经开始形核析出,与Ce2O3所不同的是,在FCC-Fe线附近就达到最大值,使析出结束;而Ce2S3则是在FCC-Fe线与液相线之间开始析出,在液相线附近析出结束。Al2O3和AlN的析出规律与未加稀土的试验钢相似,但由于Al2O3的析出量较少,在试验试样中未观察到,究其原因,笔者认为由于钢中加入稀土元素Ce以后,Ce首先在高温液态金属中与铝和氧发生反应,生成CeAlO3与Ce2O3,使钢中游离的铝和氧含量下降,不足以形成Al2O3夹杂物,导致在添加稀土元素Ce的试验钢中最终观察到的夹杂物为CeAlO3、Ce2S3、Ce2O3和AlN,与实际观察得到的结果相同。
2.4 稀土元素Ce对模具钢冲击性能及硬度的影响
为了探索稀土Ce的加入对铸态Cr12MoNiNb模具钢力学性能的影响,对铸态试验钢进行硬度及冲击性能测试,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,稀土的加入使试验钢的硬度值(HV)由263.0提高到283.0,提高了20.0。添加稀土Ce的试验钢的室温冲击功由16.65 J提高到20.05 J,提高了3.40 J,增大了20.42%。
两组试样的室温冲击断口形貌如图7所示。由图7可知,未加稀土元素Ce的试验钢断口形貌为解理断口,添加稀土元素Ce的试验钢断口形貌为解理+局部轫窝。由此说明添加稀土元素Ce的试样断口与未添加稀土元素Ce的试样断口相比,出现了少量的韧窝区,这些细小的韧窝区能够减缓裂纹扩展的速度以及增大其移动时所遇到的阻力,对于增强材料的冲击韧性起到了至关重要的作用[7]。
总之,添加活性稀土元素Ce后,Ce一方面与钢液中的O、S结合,形成形状规则且没有棱角的稀土夹杂物并吸附或包裹在传统夹杂物上,改变了夹杂物的密度,使这些夹杂物容易上浮去除,提高钢液的纯净度;另一方面,稀土加入钢中可以使传统的不同形状有棱角的非金属夹杂物变性,变成圆形或近圆形的夹杂物,有效降低夹杂物周围的应力集中[8-10],提高了铸态Cr12MoNiNb模具钢的常温冲击性能。同时稀土原子的半径大于铁原子半径,在钢中稀土原子容易偏聚在晶界处[11],阻碍有害元素在晶界处的偏聚,细化晶粒,提高晶界强度,在钢进行常温冲击试验时,会使材料的断裂方式由沿晶断裂向穿晶断裂过渡,钢材的冲击韧性得到了提高[12]。
3 结论
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(1)添加0.002 8%的稀土Ce后,Cr12MoNiNb模具钢形成了含有稀土的复合夹杂物,有效抑制了钢中非金属夹杂物的形核,并且将钢中有棱角不规则的非金属夹杂物转变成圆形或近圆形的稀土夹杂物。
(2)添加稀土Ce后净化了钢液,使试验钢中夹杂物数量下降21.43%;细化了夹杂物尺寸,使夹杂物平均尺寸由未加稀土Ce的3.95 μm减小到加稀土Ce的3.13 μm,减小了20.76%。
(3)稀土Ce的加入使试验钢的硬度(HV)由263.0提高到283.0,室温冲击功从16.65 J提高到20.05 J,提高了20.42%。
基金
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  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZY21394)
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  • 接收时间：2025-02-26
  • 首发时间：2025-10-17
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-26
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内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZY21394)
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司,北京 100083
    3.内蒙古科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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