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The industrial trial production of corrosion-resistant rail is successfully realized through strictly implementing its process system of smelting, continuous casting, heating and rolling. The comprehensive detection for microstructure, mechanical performances and corrosion resistance of trial-produced rail is carried out. The results showed that the tensile strength of rail could reach over 1 050 MPa, top surface hardness of rail head (HBW) was over 300, cross section of rail was uniform perlite and trace amount of ferritic structure as well as lamellar spacing of pearlite was reduced by 21% compared with that of traditional hot rolled U75V rail. Compared with U75V rail, the corrosion resistance of trial-produced rail for simulating coastal atmospheric environment is improved by 45.3% and corrosion resistance of simulating acid rain is improved by 54.9%, which could reach the design indexes.

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通过严格执行耐腐蚀钢轨的冶炼、连铸、加热及轧制工艺制度,成功实现耐腐蚀钢轨的工业试制。对试制钢轨的显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀特性进行综合检测,结果表明:钢轨抗拉强度达1 050 MPa以上,轨头顶面硬度(HBW)超过300,钢轨断面为均匀珠光体加微量铁素体组织,珠光体片层间距较传统热轧U75V钢轨缩小21%。试制钢轨模拟沿海大气环境的耐腐蚀性能相比U75V钢轨提高45.3%,模拟酸雨环境的耐腐蚀性能相比U75V钢轨提高54.9%,达到了设计指标。

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郑 瑞(1985-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品研发及质量攻关工作。

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郑 瑞(1985-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品研发及质量攻关工作。

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郑 瑞(1985-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品研发及质量攻关工作。

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2.北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司,北京 100083
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伤损类型 高速铁路无砟道线路 铁路线路(重载部分)
轻伤 重伤 轻伤 重伤
钢轨锈蚀 - 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足8 mm或轨腰厚度不足12 mm 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足8 mm或轨腰厚度不足14 mm 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足5 mm或轨腰厚度不足8 mm
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60 kg/m钢轨维修规则[3]

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伤损类型 高速铁路无砟道线路 铁路线路(重载部分)
轻伤 重伤 轻伤 重伤
钢轨锈蚀 - 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足8 mm或轨腰厚度不足12 mm 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足8 mm或轨腰厚度不足14 mm 经除锈后,轨底厚度不足5 mm或轨腰厚度不足8 mm
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检测项目 标准要求
/mm
实测范围
/mm
合格率
/%
轨高 176±0.5 175.8~176.2 100
轨底宽度 150±0.8 149.5~150.3 100
轨腰厚度 16.5±0.5 16.4~16.6 100
轨头对称度 ≤0.3 0.1~0.2 100
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60 kg/m钢轨几何尺寸检测结果

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检测项目 标准要求
/mm
实测范围
/mm
合格率
/%
轨高 176±0.5 175.8~176.2 100
轨底宽度 150±0.8 149.5~150.3 100
轨腰厚度 16.5±0.5 16.4~16.6 100
轨头对称度 ≤0.3 0.1~0.2 100
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试样编号 Rp0.2
/MPa
Rm
/MPa
A
/%
Z
/%
A 691 1 076 13.0 42
B 743 1 095 12.5 38
C 689 1 103 13.5 32
D 731 1 121 12.5 32
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拉伸性能检验结果

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试样编号 Rp0.2
/MPa
Rm
/MPa
A
/%
Z
/%
A 691 1 076 13.0 42
B 743 1 095 12.5 38
C 689 1 103 13.5 32
D 731 1 121 12.5 32
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试样编号 1 2 3 4 5 平均值
A 309 309 309 310 310 309
B 310 310 310 311 311 310
C 308 306 308 308 306 307
D 309 309 310 312 309 310
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轨头顶面硬度(HBW)检验结果

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试样编号 1 2 3 4 5 平均值
A 309 309 309 310 310 309
B 310 310 310 311 311 310
C 308 306 308 308 306 307
D 309 309 310 312 309 310
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试样
编号
A类 B类 C类 D类 DS类
细系 粗系 细系 粗系 细系 粗系 细系 粗系
A 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 1.0
D 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
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非金属夹杂物检验结果

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试样
编号
A类 B类 C类 D类 DS类
细系 粗系 细系 粗系 细系 粗系 细系 粗系
A 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 1.0
D 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
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钢种 1 2 3 4 5 平均值
U75V 0.335 0.242 0.256 0.277 0.268 0.256
0.249 0.239 0.181 0.25 0.336
0.311 0.234 0.245 0.263 0.215
0.205 0.252 0.162 0.147 0.335
0.356 0.249 0.215 0.271 0.295
耐腐蚀钢轨 0.232 0.267 0.264 0.165 0.172 0.211
0.245 0.354 0.181 0.331 0.228
0.163 0.132 0.145 0.256 0.138
0.216 0.168 0.162 0.327 0.134
0.167 0.251 0.116 0.176 0.286
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钢轨珠光体片层间距 μm

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钢种 1 2 3 4 5 平均值
U75V 0.335 0.242 0.256 0.277 0.268 0.256
0.249 0.239 0.181 0.25 0.336
0.311 0.234 0.245 0.263 0.215
0.205 0.252 0.162 0.147 0.335
0.356 0.249 0.215 0.271 0.295
耐腐蚀钢轨 0.232 0.267 0.264 0.165 0.172 0.211
0.245 0.354 0.181 0.331 0.228
0.163 0.132 0.145 0.256 0.138
0.216 0.168 0.162 0.327 0.134
0.167 0.251 0.116 0.176 0.286
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腐蚀介质 钢种 平均失重率/(g·m-2·h-1) 相对腐蚀率/%
72 h 120 h 168 h 72 h 120 h 168 h
3.5% NaCl U75V 4.79 3.42 2.85 149 145 142
耐腐蚀钢轨 3.21 2.36 2.01
H2SO4+HNO3(pH=4) U75V 5.62 4.15 3.40 151 158 156
耐腐蚀钢轨 3.72 2.63 2.18
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加速腐蚀试验结果

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腐蚀介质 钢种 平均失重率/(g·m-2·h-1) 相对腐蚀率/%
72 h 120 h 168 h 72 h 120 h 168 h
3.5% NaCl U75V 4.79 3.42 2.85 149 145 142
耐腐蚀钢轨 3.21 2.36 2.01
H2SO4+HNO3(pH=4) U75V 5.62 4.15 3.40 151 158 156
耐腐蚀钢轨 3.72 2.63 2.18
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耐腐蚀钢轨工业试制
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郑瑞 1 , 董捷 1 , 薛虎东 1, 2, 3 , 边影 1
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025,51(3): 54-58
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2025, 51(3): 54-58
耐腐蚀钢轨工业试制
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郑瑞1, 董捷1, 薛虎东1, 2, 3, 边影1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司,北京 100083
  • 3.西南交通大学 机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 郑 瑞(1985-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨产品研发及质量攻关工作。

Industrial Trial Production of Corrosion-resistant Rail
Rui Zheng1, Jie Dong1, Hudong Xue1, 2, 3, Ying Bian1
Affiliations
  • 1. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Beijing Baotou Steel Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
  • 3. School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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通过严格执行耐腐蚀钢轨的冶炼、连铸、加热及轧制工艺制度,成功实现耐腐蚀钢轨的工业试制。对试制钢轨的显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀特性进行综合检测,结果表明:钢轨抗拉强度达1 050 MPa以上,轨头顶面硬度(HBW)超过300,钢轨断面为均匀珠光体加微量铁素体组织,珠光体片层间距较传统热轧U75V钢轨缩小21%。试制钢轨模拟沿海大气环境的耐腐蚀性能相比U75V钢轨提高45.3%,模拟酸雨环境的耐腐蚀性能相比U75V钢轨提高54.9%,达到了设计指标。

钢轨  /  耐腐蚀  /  工业试制

The industrial trial production of corrosion-resistant rail is successfully realized through strictly implementing its process system of smelting, continuous casting, heating and rolling. The comprehensive detection for microstructure, mechanical performances and corrosion resistance of trial-produced rail is carried out. The results showed that the tensile strength of rail could reach over 1 050 MPa, top surface hardness of rail head (HBW) was over 300, cross section of rail was uniform perlite and trace amount of ferritic structure as well as lamellar spacing of pearlite was reduced by 21% compared with that of traditional hot rolled U75V rail. Compared with U75V rail, the corrosion resistance of trial-produced rail for simulating coastal atmospheric environment is improved by 45.3% and corrosion resistance of simulating acid rain is improved by 54.9%, which could reach the design indexes.

rail  /  corrosion-resistant  /  industrial trial production
郑瑞, 董捷, 薛虎东, 边影. 耐腐蚀钢轨工业试制. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (3) : 54 -58 .
Rui Zheng, Jie Dong, Hudong Xue, Ying Bian. Industrial Trial Production of Corrosion-resistant Rail[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (3) : 54 -58 .
钢轨暴露在不同的大气环境中会发生不同的腐蚀。我国幅员辽阔,各地区气候条件不一样,因此,钢轨腐蚀的情况也不同[1]。西南地区、东北沿海地区铺设的钢轨在服役过程中会受到潮湿、海洋大气的腐蚀。有的隧道由于受到渗水等因素影响,钢轨及扣件腐蚀速率快,钢轨的服役寿命缩短至1年以下,严重影响钢轨使用寿命和铁路运输安全[2]。针对以上问题,需要开发一种锈蚀速度慢、锈层均匀稳定,且具有较好强韧性的耐腐蚀钢轨。
目前我国铁路线路对钢轨锈蚀、伤损类别判定有明确的规定,如表1所示。
本文设计要求耐腐蚀钢轨抗拉强度≥980 MPa、伸长率≥10%、轨头顶面硬度(HBW)≥280,相对U75V钢轨的耐腐蚀性能提高35%以上。
根据实验室模拟研究、加速腐蚀试验、电化学试验结果,确定了以C、Si、Mn为主要元素,添加Cu、Cr、Ni、Mo等合金元素的化学成分体系,制定生产工艺进行工业试制。试制工艺流程为铁水预处理→转炉冶炼→LF精炼→VD真空处理→连铸→缓冷→加热→轧制→矫直→探伤→检查→加工→入库。
对试制的耐腐蚀钢轨进行常规性能检验,包括抗拉强度、延伸率、轨头顶面硬度、金相组织、非金属夹杂物、脱碳层、珠光体片层间距等,并进行耐腐蚀性能试验。
工业试制1炉。铁水经脱硫预处理,采用无铝脱氧工艺冶炼,出钢过程挡渣,连浇时中间包钢水量大于15 t,连铸过程液位自动控制,过热度ΔT≤30 ℃,恒拉速操作。铸坯规格为280 mm×380 mm,铸坯放入缓冷坑缓冷。
与U75V钢轨相比,耐腐蚀钢轨由于合金含量相对较高,并且含有一定量的Cu元素,为保证加热过程中不产生裂纹,加热工序采取以下措施:①铸坯加热温度要均匀,预热段温度不得高于800 ℃,控制加热Ⅰ段加热速度,不可快速加热升温,保证加热Ⅰ段加热时长在1 h以上;②均热段保证铸坯在炉内加热时长大于45 min;③应时刻观察炉内铸坯表面颜色,控制炉内气氛,防止铸坯出现过热、过烧等问题。
出炉铸坯表面经高压水除鳞,开轧温度(BD1第二道次)为1 103 ℃,终轧温度为950 ℃。钢轨矫直温度不超过60 ℃,经矫直后的钢轨平直,无波浪弯、硬弯和明显的扭曲。
铸坯硫印检验结果:中心裂纹为1级,夹杂物为1级,中间裂纹、皮下裂纹、角部裂纹均为0级,铸坯硫印检验合格。
铸坯热酸检验结果:中心疏松和中心裂纹最大级别为1.0级,未发现缩孔、中间裂纹、皮下裂纹、角部裂纹、皮下气泡等缺陷。
对钢轨几何尺寸进行测量,结果见表2。检测结果满足TB/T 2344.1—2020[4]标准要求,几何尺寸合格率达到100%。
钢轨低倍热酸检验均未发现白点及超限的缩孔(残余)、内裂、非金属夹杂物、翻皮、分层、肉眼可见夹杂物等缺陷,低倍检验照片见图1
为检验百米钢轨性能稳定性,每隔25 m取轨头拉伸试样,编号分别为A、B、C、D,拉伸性能检验结果见表3
钢轨的抗拉强度为1 076~1 121 MPa,延伸率为12.5%~13.5%,满足抗拉强度≥980 MPa,延伸率≥10%的设计要求。
取A、B、C、D段钢轨试样进行轨头顶面硬度检验,结果见表4。轨头顶面硬度(HBW)为306~312,硬度稳定性较好,轨头顶面硬度满足设计要求。钢轨具有较高的强度和硬度,保证了在线路服役过程中的滚动接触疲劳性能和耐磨性,有效延长使用寿命。
钢轨轨头、轨腰、轨底金相组织均为珠光体加微量铁素体,未见异常组织。钢轨踏面脱碳层深度为0.32 mm,见图2。钢轨金相组织、脱碳层检验结果满足TB/T 2344.1—2020标准要求。
钢轨非金属夹杂物检验结果见表5,满足TB/T 2344.1—2020标准的要求。
采用扫描电镜分别测量耐腐蚀钢轨及U75V钢轨的珠光体片层间距,在5 000倍视场下随机测量25组珠光体片层间距,取平均值,发现耐腐蚀钢轨珠光体片层间距相比U75V钢轨明显细化,见表6图3
表6图3可见,耐腐蚀钢轨珠光体片层间距相对U75V钢轨更小,是由渗碳体和铁素体薄片交替叠合而成的珠光体组织。珠光体的片层排列方向和间距对材料的性能有很大影响,渗碳体片有一定的塑性,薄片渗碳体比厚片渗碳体更有柔性和塑性,厚片渗碳体更容易破裂而不易弯曲或发生变形,因而细化珠光体片层间距有利于提高强度、塑性。
根据我国的大气环境条件,模拟沿海大气环境、酸雨环境等条件,按照国标GB/T 18175—2000[5]进行钢轨加速腐蚀试验。设计三个腐蚀周期,分别为72 h、120 h、168 h,试验结果见表7
耐腐蚀钢轨在两种腐蚀环境下试验,两种环境的耐腐蚀性能均优于U75V钢轨,在沿海环境下耐腐蚀性平均提高45.3%,酸雨环境下耐腐蚀性平均提高54.9%,达到相比U75V钢轨提高35%以上的目标。
(1)耐腐蚀钢轨化学成分设计合理,试制工艺流程正确,试制的耐腐蚀钢轨各项性能满足设计要求。
(2)耐腐蚀钢轨抗拉强度为1 076~1 121 MPa,伸长率为12.5%~13.5%,轨头顶面硬度(HBW)为306~312,钢轨具有较高的强度和硬度。
(3)按照国标GB/T 18175—2000试验方法,模拟沿海大气、酸雨环境的加速腐蚀试验结果表明,耐腐蚀钢轨失重率小,相对腐蚀率低,耐腐蚀性能优于U75V钢轨。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
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王晓丽, 安胜利, 曹峥. 耐腐蚀重轨钢研究进展[J]. 内蒙古科技大学学报, 2016, 35(3):205-208.
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李样兵. 模拟大气环境下重轨钢腐蚀性能的研究[D]. 包头: 内蒙古科技大学, 2013.
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TG/GW 102—2019,普速铁路线路维修规则[S].
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2025-10-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司,北京 100083
    3.西南交通大学 机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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