Article(id=1185887583876821079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)03-0001-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1760667232721, onlineDateStr=2025-10-17, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760667232721, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1760667232721, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760667232721, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1185882038939825058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1760665910706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316917348, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201195470770102709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201195470770102710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1185882038939825058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1187122782501483316, articleId=1185887583876821079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Innovation of Production Technology and Industrial Applications of 500 m Finished Rail in Iron and Steel Enterprises, columnId=1187100783049851249, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Expert Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the whole process flow of development, production and applications for 500 m finished rail in iron and steel enterprises is studied. The large-scale, standardized and continuous production technological system of 500 m rail is established through production process control of series of rails as well as optimization, adjustment and control of joints combining with single system quality control. The production operation modes of 100 m and 500 m rails are realized so that the goals of the shortest transfer process of production materials as well as low carbon and green for long rails have been realized in the enterprise. The control goals that sulphur content of heavy rail steel≤0.005%, ratio of equiaxed crystal for continuous casting billet reaches 42% and segregation index of manganese for rail≤1.03 are realized through deep desulfurization of refining, tundish metallurgy and narrow composition control; dimensional deviation of rail height at both ends of head and tail for 100 m rail is ensured to be ≤0.40 mm as well as differences of high-low points at the ends are ≤0.20 mm based on high precision rolling technology of rail; joint quality is effectively improved and qualified rate of joint could reach over 99% combining with rail production quality improvement and welding process optimization.

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文章对钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨开发、生产、应用全工艺流程进行研究。通过系列钢轨生产过程控制与接头优化调控,结合一贯制质量管控,建立了500 m长钢轨规模化、标准化、连续化生产技术体系。企业内部实现100 m、500 m钢轨生产作业模式,实现了长钢轨生产物料传送流程最短、低碳绿色的目标。通过精炼深脱硫、中间包冶金及窄成分控制,实现了重轨钢硫含量≤0.005%、铸坯等轴晶比率达到42%、钢轨锰元素偏析指数≤1.03的控制目标;基于钢轨高精度轧制技术,保证了百米钢轨头尾两端轨高尺寸偏差≤0.40 mm,端部高低点差≤0.20 mm;结合钢轨生产质量提高和焊接工艺优化,有效提高了接头质量,接头合格率达到99%以上。

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何建中(1965-),男,安徽省萧县人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事科研与产品开发工作。

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何建中(1965-),男,安徽省萧县人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事科研与产品开发工作。

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何建中(1965-),男,安徽省萧县人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事科研与产品开发工作。

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钢种 检测方法 平均断口灰斑面积/mm2
U71Mn 静弯试验 6.85
落锤试验 12.66
U75V 静弯试验 1.53
落锤试验 5.59
), ArticleFig(id=1187123066229371322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583876821079, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

U71Mn和U75V钢轨闪光焊断口灰斑面积

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钢种 检测方法 平均断口灰斑面积/mm2
U71Mn 静弯试验 6.85
落锤试验 12.66
U75V 静弯试验 1.53
落锤试验 5.59
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钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨生产技术创新与产业化应用
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何建中 1 , 梁正伟 1 , 高勇 2 , 郭利宏 3 , 丁韦 4 , 张凤明 1 , 戴聃 5
包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2025,51(3): 1-8
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包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2025, 51(3): 1-8
钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨生产技术创新与产业化应用
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何建中1, 梁正伟1, 高勇2, 郭利宏3, 丁韦4, 张凤明1, 戴聃5
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司轨梁轧钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 4.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司金属及化学研究所,北京 100010
  • 5.包钢中铁轨道有限责任公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 何建中(1965-),男,安徽省萧县人,博士,正高级工程师,现从事科研与产品开发工作。

Innovation of Production Technology and Industrial Applications of 500 m Finished Rail in Iron and Steel Enterprises
Jianzhong He1, Zhengwei Liang1, Yong Gao2, Lihong Guo3, Wei Ding4, Fengming Zhang1, Dan Dai5
Affiliations
  • 1. Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2. Steel-making Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3. Rail and Beam Rolling Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 4. Metals & Chemistry Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corp., Ltd.,Beijing 100010, China
  • 5. Baotou Steel China Railway Construction Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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文章对钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨开发、生产、应用全工艺流程进行研究。通过系列钢轨生产过程控制与接头优化调控,结合一贯制质量管控,建立了500 m长钢轨规模化、标准化、连续化生产技术体系。企业内部实现100 m、500 m钢轨生产作业模式,实现了长钢轨生产物料传送流程最短、低碳绿色的目标。通过精炼深脱硫、中间包冶金及窄成分控制,实现了重轨钢硫含量≤0.005%、铸坯等轴晶比率达到42%、钢轨锰元素偏析指数≤1.03的控制目标;基于钢轨高精度轧制技术,保证了百米钢轨头尾两端轨高尺寸偏差≤0.40 mm,端部高低点差≤0.20 mm;结合钢轨生产质量提高和焊接工艺优化,有效提高了接头质量,接头合格率达到99%以上。

500 m钢轨  /  冶炼  /  轧制  /  钢轨焊接

In this paper, the whole process flow of development, production and applications for 500 m finished rail in iron and steel enterprises is studied. The large-scale, standardized and continuous production technological system of 500 m rail is established through production process control of series of rails as well as optimization, adjustment and control of joints combining with single system quality control. The production operation modes of 100 m and 500 m rails are realized so that the goals of the shortest transfer process of production materials as well as low carbon and green for long rails have been realized in the enterprise. The control goals that sulphur content of heavy rail steel≤0.005%, ratio of equiaxed crystal for continuous casting billet reaches 42% and segregation index of manganese for rail≤1.03 are realized through deep desulfurization of refining, tundish metallurgy and narrow composition control; dimensional deviation of rail height at both ends of head and tail for 100 m rail is ensured to be ≤0.40 mm as well as differences of high-low points at the ends are ≤0.20 mm based on high precision rolling technology of rail; joint quality is effectively improved and qualified rate of joint could reach over 99% combining with rail production quality improvement and welding process optimization.

500 m rail  /  smelting  /  rolling  /  rail welding
何建中, 梁正伟, 高勇, 郭利宏, 丁韦, 张凤明, 戴聃. 钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨生产技术创新与产业化应用. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (3) : 1 -8 .
Jianzhong He, Zhengwei Liang, Yong Gao, Lihong Guo, Wei Ding, Fengming Zhang, Dan Dai. Innovation of Production Technology and Industrial Applications of 500 m Finished Rail in Iron and Steel Enterprises[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (3) : 1 -8 .
随着国内铁路快速发展,铁路线路对钢轨产品的要求也逐步提高,500 m成品钢轨的生产过程复杂,涉及冶炼、轧制、焊接、运输、铺设等众多生产工序,任何环节出现问题都会影响线路运行安全,并增加生产成本,因此需从解决全流程复杂系统问题角度聚焦生产过程的各工序控制[1-2]。对500 m成品钢轨生产、发运、反馈等环节联动机制进行精准把控,能够有效提高重轨生产技术水平,提高产品成材率,减少废次品,减少传统500 m钢轨生产模式在钢轨生产中产生的倒运和伤损,从而保障产品质量和钢轨产品到达有效、及时,实现从生产到用户的高效、精准、低成本物流传递,有效地缓解了铁路运输压力和运力消耗,提高供给效率。以满足国家西部开发和“八纵八横”铁路网建设布局为目标,包钢依托现有的工艺技术装备优势,开展钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨生产技术创新与产业化应用,实现了钢铁企业500 m成品钢轨生产和质量管控,并直供线路铺设,突破了传统长钢轨供给模式,促进了企业生产效率的提高和产品质量的系统性改善。
通过建立500 m钢轨产品生产管理信息系统,将生产过程中钢轨信息进行线上管理,能够实现钢轨生产实时查询、质量管控,降低人工成本,提高业务协同与工序协作水平,实现生产数据的实时传递和数据共享。通过数据共享,能够及时进行质量追溯、分析,从而提高生产效率和产品质量。钢轨通过身份证(ID)进行身份识别,实现对500 m钢轨从冶炼、轧制、焊接、入库、销售、出库以及到客户的全流程跟踪。
基于ERP平台全过程管控平台建设,通过共享各个工序的生产数据,提供工序上下游完整的生产、质量、物流等信息,使各生产工序能及时掌握最新生产信息,进行高效、实时的生产计划安排,进而达到生产规划与管控一体化集成管理[3-4]。对生产、发运、反馈等环节联动机制进行精准把控,能够有效提高钢轨生产技术水平和产品质量,降低运输及时间成本,实现从钢轨生产到直接线路铺设。重轨钢ERP系统以满足用户需求、适应市场需求为主体,以炼钢、轧钢、焊接、供销、服务为主线,建立上下游工序按需供应与顺畅衔接的生产管理方式,打通全工序物流链,形成一个全流程灵活调整、闭环管理的生产制造体系。
实际运行证明,钢铁企业厂内500 m成品钢轨生产技术集成解决了长钢轨直接铺设面临的生产流程长、运输环节多、质量多级管控等难题,形成了长钢轨规模化、标准化、连续化生产技术体系和绿色低碳作业新模式,见图1。该技术最大限度减少了社会运输带来的消耗与排放,保证了废钢铁材料厂内循环使用,缩短了长钢轨生产流程,实现钢轨生产到线路铺设“JIT”。
为保证长钢轨的服役及焊接性能,开发了钢轨钢精炼深脱硫技术,优化真空精炼吹氩工艺,实现钢轨低硫含量的控制目标;率先采用中间包感应加热生产钢轨,提高了连铸生产稳定性和铸坯内部质量,铸坯等轴晶率提高3%以上,有效改善了铸坯的偏析指数。连铸坯硫含量的有效控制与铸坯内部质量的提高,改善了成品重轨的焊接质量。
采用转炉终点氧含量控制技术和精准、高效复合脱氧技术,通过降低转炉终点氧含量和脱氧前置,精炼初始钢液和炉渣中的活度氧含量极低,为精炼深脱硫提供了良好的基础条件[5-7]。精炼采用高钙钡含量的无铝脱氧合金,合金中较高的钙含量可以有效脱硫。VD真空过程中,提高氩气搅拌能力,良好的还原性渣在大氩气流量搅拌的条件下,进一步降低了钢液中的硫含量。对比工艺优化前后某月的生产数据(样本数量1 000炉),采用精炼深脱硫工艺后,钢轨坯硫含量稳定控制在0.005%以下,大部分炉次硫含量控制在0.003%以下,见图2
采用中间包感应加热技术,改善了中间包冶金效果,促进夹杂物上浮,有利于改善连铸坯内部质量[8-9]。以U75V重轨钢为例,采用中间包感应加热和电磁搅拌、轻压下技术组合[10],重轨钢连铸坯等轴晶比率由39.2%提高至42%左右,连铸坯质量明显提高。如图3所示。
引进中间包冶金等关键技术,结合连铸坯窄成分控制、偏析控制,钢轨质量明显提高,铸坯碳偏析指数降低至1.06以下,见图4;钢轨锰元素偏析指数不超过1.03,见图5
传统轧制采用三辊万能轧制模式,钢轨顶面自由充填,形状、尺寸及表面质量难以保证。为解决钢轨在紧凑式万能轧机轧制时尾部“高低点”和通长轨高尺寸波动问题,重新设计钢轨精轧孔型,成品孔型采用四辊全万能设计,大幅减小了钢轨通长尺寸波动。图6为钢轨万能轧制示意图。
采用仿真计算软件对设计的孔型进行变形理论模拟分析和方案评估。孔型优化后,结合仿真计算和工业试制,提高了孔型参数调整的准确性,减少了在线调试次数,降低了试制成本,提高了钢轨产品尺寸精度。图7为孔型修改前后钢轨踏面充填模拟图。
为精准控制钢轨尺寸,对CCS万能轧机的TCS控制系统升级优化,改变原有万能轧机的连轧控制模式,避免在钢轨头尾部咬入或抛钢过程中产生张力波动,影响局部轨高尺寸,实现钢轨在轧制时头尾部分单独调整,降低了钢轨通长尺寸波动[11-12]。实施了孔型改进、轧机工艺调整、设备精度改善及TCS控制系统升级优化后,解决了头尾尺寸偏差大的问题,提高了钢轨整体尺寸控制水平,降低了百米钢轨焊接过程中产生错边的可能性,提高了产品实物质量。百米钢轨端部高低点差≤0.20 mm,见图8,百米钢轨头尾两端轨高尺寸偏差≤0.40 mm,见图9
影响钢轨闪光焊接头质量和合格率的因素有很多,主要有灰斑、裂纹、过烧、未焊合等缺陷[13],其中接头灰斑、裂纹等缺陷受钢轨母材质量的影响。钢轨中各个元素对焊接性能均有不同程度的影响,如锰元素的偏析在焊接过程中易产生灰斑缺陷和MnS夹杂物,降低接头的综合性能,增加冷裂纹的敏感性;硫也是有害元素,在焊接过程中易和锰元素结合,形成MnS夹杂物,导致接头过热区可能出现液化裂纹现象,且硫与铁形成低熔点的硫化物,在焊接过程中容易引起热裂纹,降低接头的韧性和抗疲劳性能[14]
钢轨在连续阶段的闪光过梁爆破过程中,会出现持续1~2 s的非真空状态,期间钢轨焊接端面不再微接触,不能形成新的过梁爆破,此处失去过梁爆破的气氛保护,空气中的氧容易通过穿孔进入已呈液态的钢轨焊接端面,高温下与亲氧元素结合,形成夹杂物[15]。接头进行落锤或静弯试验时,缺陷位置成为裂纹源,形成宏观灰斑缺陷,容易发生断裂。对钢轨探伤缺陷和落锤断裂位置进行检测分析,可发现明显的焊接缺陷,缺陷位置多存在夹杂物或孔洞,经能谱分析,夹杂物的主要成分为O、Si和Mn,为典型灰斑缺陷,如图10所示。
对百米U71Mn钢轨和U75V钢轨闪光焊接头进行静弯和落锤对比试验,计算平均断口灰斑面积,见表1
表1可知,U71Mn钢轨静弯断口和落锤断口灰斑面积分别是U75V钢轨的4.5倍和2.3倍。因灰斑夹杂物中均含有锰元素,且U71Mn钢轨锰含量约为U75V钢轨的1.2倍,钢轨锰含量较高时,闪光焊接过程中容易形成MnO夹杂物,因此接头灰斑缺陷与钢轨锰元素含量有关。
对未发现灰斑缺陷的断口进行分析,在焊接过热区距离轨底表面大约2 mm的位置,发现较多微裂纹,见图11。扫描电镜观察发现裂纹源断口存在明显的沿晶断裂特征,断口沿晶断裂处未见解理等低温断裂特征。经能谱分析,缺陷位置处硫和锰含量很高,为典型MnS夹杂物,接头过热区的沿晶裂纹导致接头强度下降,发生断裂。
接近焊缝区域的母材会受到焊接顶锻的影响,原钢轨中带状组织水平分布发生转向,夹杂物分布方向同时发生改变,呈现向右下方偏转,见图12
钢轨沿轧制方向分布的MnS夹杂物在焊接过热区,通过顶锻和推凸,距轨底表面约2 mm的推凸另一侧焊接过热区位置,流线发生偏转,易在夹杂物处撕裂,造成开裂。
受到焊接顶锻和推凸的影响,接近焊缝区域母材的原带状组织水平分布被转向,变形弯曲程度最大可达100°。带状组织沿垂直方向承受较强的剪切应力,片层之间存在的MnS夹杂物,其强度较弱,在高温、加热条件下,其界面强度进一步下降,当剪切应力值超过带状组织垂直方向强度时,将出现微小裂纹,即典型钢轨闪光焊推凸裂纹。
推凸裂纹缺陷与钢轨母材带状偏析和MnS夹杂物数量相关,即使接头进行焊后热处理,也不能将其消除。锰作为钢轨的强化元素,易发生偏析,且沿轧制方向呈长条状分布,影响接头质量。闪光焊接过程中MnS聚集和增加,导致接头抗落锤能力下降。通过控制钢轨母材中的锰、硫含量,可减少焊接过程中锰偏析造成的带状组织和MnS夹杂物数量,提高接头合格率。
通过钢轨成分优化和关键技术应用,以及部分设备升级改造和焊接工艺优化、标准化作业及一贯制生产控制,500 m成品钢轨母材及接头质量明显提高,结合百米钢轨冶炼、轧制工艺技术研究,500 m成品钢轨焊接接头合格率逐年提高,达到99%以上。
目前,包钢已形成普速、高速、重载三大系列多品种500 m成品钢轨,标志性产品已大规模应用于青藏线、商合杭高铁、鲁南高铁、郑万铁路及大秦铁路等国家重大铁路工程项目;全线应用于兰新二线、拉林线、和若铁路等;近期又在包银高铁、浩吉铁路、乌将二线、大准铁路、神朔铁路、包神铁路等路段完成线路铺设。
(1)自主集成了钢铁企业厂内500 m长钢轨生产技术,显著提高生产、供应效率和成品质量。缩短了500 m长钢轨生产流程,实现钢轨从生产到线路铺设“JIT”,解决了百米钢轨多次倒运存在的容易损伤钢轨、供应效率低、运输成本高等问题。
(2)为保证长钢轨的服役及焊接性能,开发了钢轨钢精炼深脱硫技术、中间包冶金技术、窄成分控制技术及轻压下技术,实现了钢轨硫含量稳定控制在0.005%以下,大部分炉次硫含量控制在0.003%以下;重轨钢连铸坯等轴晶比率由39.2%提高到42%左右,碳偏析指数降低至1.06以下,钢轨锰元素偏析指数降低至1.03以下,钢轨冶金质量明显提高。
(3)形成满足无缝线路要求的钢轨尺寸精度、表面质量等系列控制技术,结合全万能轧制、TCS升级、矫直计算模拟等方法,大幅减小了百米钢轨通长尺寸波动,提高了全长尺寸精度,百米钢轨端部高低点差≤0.20 mm,头尾两端轨高尺寸偏差≤0.40 mm。
(4)通过钢轨成分优化、关键技术应用、设备升级改造、焊接工艺优化、标准化作业及一贯制生产控制,有效改善了钢轨焊接性能,降低了接头灰斑缺陷及推凸微裂纹出现概率,500 m成品钢轨母材及接头质量明显提高,接头合格率逐年提高,达到99%以上。
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2025年第51卷第3期
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    1.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3.内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司轨梁轧钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    4.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司金属及化学研究所,北京 100010
    5.包钢中铁轨道有限责任公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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