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After the separation of iron and rare earth for ore in Main and East Mines of Bayan Obo, the content of Nb2O5 in rare earth flotation tailings is enriched from 0.14% to 0.19%. The bulk flotation is adopted to separate easy-floating minerals in advance so as to reduce the impacts of easy-floating minerals in desilting on subsequent niobium flotation as well as the combined process of flotation and magnetic separation that bulk flotation of tailings-selective flotation of sulfur-flotation of iron-niobium flotation of iron tailings-high intensity magnetic separation of niobium concentrate is adopted to separate niobium industrially aiming at the high content of easy-floating minerals as well as close paragenesis and inclusions of niobium minerals and iron minerals. The bulk flotation is carried out under the conditions that the proportion of size fraction of -0.043 mm for grind fineness is 90%, dosage of TD-V collecting agent is 1.0 kg/t and dosage of depressor, the sodium silicate is 2.0 kg/t, sulfur flotation is carried out under the condition that dosage of butyl xanthate is 1.4 kg/t, iron flotation is carried out under the conditions that dosage of ammonium fluosilicate is 8.5 kg/t and dosage of collecting agent, the SZ fatty acid sodium salts is 0.5 kg/t as well as niobium roughing is carried out under the condition that dosages of CMC, C5-9 and alum are 1.2 kg/t, 2.2 kg/t and 0.72 kg/t respectively. The niobium concentrate of flotation with grade of Nb2O5 of 2.21% is obtained by adopting the niobium flotation process of one roughing and one concentration as well as the niobium concentrate with grade of Nb2O5 of 4.41% and sub-niobium concentrate with grade of Nb2O5 of 0.96% are obtained through high intensity magnetic separation of 1.7 T so that recovery rate of niobium metal is 34.85% with the combination process of flotation and magnetic separation.

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白云鄂博主、东矿矿石经选铁、选稀土后,稀土浮选尾矿Nb2O5含量由0.14%富集到0.19%。针对易浮矿物含量高、铌矿物与铁矿物紧密共生且连生包裹,采用混合浮选预先将易浮矿物选出,降低沉沙中易浮矿物对后续选铌的影响,采用混合浮选尾矿-优先浮硫-浮铁-铁尾矿铌浮选-铌精矿强磁选的浮磁联合工艺进行工业选铌。在磨矿细度-0.043 mm粒级占比为90%、TD-V捕收剂用量为1.0 kg/t、抑制剂水玻璃用量为2.0 kg/t条件下进行混合浮选,在丁基黄药用量为1.4 kg/t的条件下进行硫浮选,在氟硅酸铵用量为8.5 kg/t、SZ脂肪酸钠盐类捕收剂用量为0.5 kg/t的条件下进行铁浮选,在CMC用量为1.2 kg/t、C5-9用量为2.2 kg/t、明矾用量为0.72 kg/t的条件下进行铌粗选。采用一粗一精的铌浮选流程,获得Nb2O5品位为2.21%的浮选铌精矿,再经过1.7 T强磁选,获得Nb2O5品位为4.41%的铌精矿和0.96%的次铌精矿,浮-磁联合作业铌金属回收率为34.85%。

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陈宏超(1971-),男,河南省舞阳市人,高级工程师,现从事矿产资源综合利用产业化研究工作。

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陈宏超(1971-),男,河南省舞阳市人,高级工程师,现从事矿产资源综合利用产业化研究工作。

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陈宏超(1971-),男,河南省舞阳市人,高级工程师,现从事矿产资源综合利用产业化研究工作。

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label=图1, caption=强磁铌精矿面扫描(Mapping)下铌矿物总览, figureFileSmall=Y7qEseZ/WXrM5i3mK00hYQ==, figureFileBig=LsZPEQVFfY4oDLiZzy5/FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1188161392575136317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qcDcHQ7DOlLX6CWtoyMJCQ==, figureFileBig=AjOAQHEqXGoYY5x0m7wsXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1188161392646439486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=图2, caption=选铌全流程图, figureFileSmall=qcDcHQ7DOlLX6CWtoyMJCQ==, figureFileBig=AjOAQHEqXGoYY5x0m7wsXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1188161392709354047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒度/mm 产率 化学成分 分布率
TFe REO S Nb2O5 CaF2 TFe REO S Nb2O5 CaF2
>0.074 17.09 9.5 3.80 0.848 0.19 24.18 11.14 20.83 9.44 17.25 18.09
0.043~0.074 23.05 12.7 4.85 1.614 0.19 23.25 20.08 35.86 24.23 23.10 23.46
0.038~0.043 7.25 14.7 3.70 1.653 0.17 19.72 7.31 8.61 7.81 6.77 6.26
0.030~0.038 13.51 14.5 2.80 1.521 0.17 19.34 13.44 12.13 13.38 11.99 11.44
<0.030 39.10 17.9 1.80 1.773 0.20 23.81 48.02 22.58 45.15 40.89 40.76
加权平均值 14.57 3.12 1.540 0.19 22.84
), ArticleFig(id=1188161392772268608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

稀土尾矿化学成分及粒度分析(质量分数) %

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粒度/mm 产率 化学成分 分布率
TFe REO S Nb2O5 CaF2 TFe REO S Nb2O5 CaF2
>0.074 17.09 9.5 3.80 0.848 0.19 24.18 11.14 20.83 9.44 17.25 18.09
0.043~0.074 23.05 12.7 4.85 1.614 0.19 23.25 20.08 35.86 24.23 23.10 23.46
0.038~0.043 7.25 14.7 3.70 1.653 0.17 19.72 7.31 8.61 7.81 6.77 6.26
0.030~0.038 13.51 14.5 2.80 1.521 0.17 19.34 13.44 12.13 13.38 11.99 11.44
<0.030 39.10 17.9 1.80 1.773 0.20 23.81 48.02 22.58 45.15 40.89 40.76
加权平均值 14.57 3.12 1.540 0.19 22.84
), ArticleFig(id=1188161392835183169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
25.10 1.90 40.41 0.12 1.569 1.09 0.41 6.18 2.00 2.52
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.88 0.83 0.90 0.031 0.36 0.034 662 0.26 0.020 1.31 2.81
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混合沉沙多元素分析结果及烧损(质量分数) %

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TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
25.10 1.90 40.41 0.12 1.569 1.09 0.41 6.18 2.00 2.52
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.88 0.83 0.90 0.031 0.36 0.034 662 0.26 0.020 1.31 2.81
), ArticleFig(id=1188161392956817987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
25.73 2.96 2.01 43.01 2.45 0.93 20.1 0.96 1.85
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393015538244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混合沉沙矿物组成分析结果(体积分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
25.73 2.96 2.01 43.01 2.45 0.93 20.1 0.96 1.85
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393086841413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe Fe-磁铁矿 Fe-赤/褐铁矿 Fe-硅酸铁 Fe-黄铁矿 Fe-菱铁矿
25.10 1.3 12.5 9.64 1.26 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393153950278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混合沉沙铁物相分析结果(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe Fe-磁铁矿 Fe-赤/褐铁矿 Fe-硅酸铁 Fe-黄铁矿 Fe-菱铁矿
25.10 1.3 12.5 9.64 1.26 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393229447751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
19.04 1.85 48.46 0.12 0.18 1.13 0.37 6.14 2.12 2.46
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.9 0.81 0.94 0.016 0.33 0.034 834 0.28 0.022 0.65 0.849
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393334305352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

硫浮选尾矿多元素分析结果及烧损(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
19.04 1.85 48.46 0.12 0.18 1.13 0.37 6.14 2.12 2.46
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.9 0.81 0.94 0.016 0.33 0.034 834 0.28 0.022 0.65 0.849
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393401414217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
22.13 3.12 2.78 46.42 0.96 0.5 22.09 0.5 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393468523082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

硫浮选尾矿矿物组成分析结果(体积分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
22.13 3.12 2.78 46.42 0.96 0.5 22.09 0.5 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393577574987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
17.35 1.10 52.86 0.053 0.042 1.14 0.62 7.63 1.39 3.11
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
1.21 0.77 0.30 0.011 0.19 0.041 177 0.31 0.041 0.28 1.06
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393665655372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

铁尾矿多元素分析结果及烧损(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
17.35 1.10 52.86 0.053 0.042 1.14 0.62 7.63 1.39 3.11
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
1.21 0.77 0.30 0.011 0.19 0.041 177 0.31 0.041 0.28 1.06
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393724375629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
22.55 1.83 1.26 55.94 0 0 15.55 1.12 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393812456014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

铁尾矿矿物组成分析结果(体积分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 重晶石、磷灰石 石英、长石 铌矿物 其他
22.55 1.83 1.26 55.94 0 0 15.55 1.12 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393879564879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
51.10 4.25 9.13 0.093 0.221 1.40 0.14 1.58 1.46 0.71
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.94 0.47 3.89 0.014 0.32 0.022 05 2.21 0.11 2.17 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1188161393942479440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

铌浮精矿多元素分析结果及烧损(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
51.10 4.25 9.13 0.093 0.221 1.40 0.14 1.58 1.46 0.71
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.94 0.47 3.89 0.014 0.32 0.022 05 2.21 0.11 2.17 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394022171217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 磷灰石、重晶石 石英、长石 其他(包括铌矿物)
67.8 0.1 2.5 18.9 3.3 0.5 0.6 6.3
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394101862994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

铌浮精矿矿物组成分析结果(体积分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 磷灰石、重晶石 石英、长石 其他(包括铌矿物)
67.8 0.1 2.5 18.9 3.3 0.5 0.6 6.3
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394156388947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
52.72 5.98 3.36 0.070 0.544 0.40 0.12 0.30 1.12 0.37
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.58 1.17 6.07 0.046 0.21 0.012 93 4.41 0.21 3.70 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394215109204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

强磁铌精矿多元素分析结果及烧损(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFe FeO SiO2 P S F K2O Na2O CaO MgO
52.72 5.98 3.36 0.070 0.544 0.40 0.12 0.30 1.12 0.37
Al2O3 MnO TiO2 Zn BaO Sc2O3 Nb2O5 ThO2 REO Ig
0.58 1.17 6.07 0.046 0.21 0.012 93 4.41 0.21 3.70 0.10
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铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 磷灰石、重晶石 石英、长石 其他(包括铌矿物)
67.6 1.2 0.5 7.7 5.4 0.3 6.8 10.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394328355414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

强磁铌精矿矿物组成分析结果(体积分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁矿物 萤石 白云石、方解石 硅酸盐矿物 稀土矿物 磷灰石、重晶石 石英、长石 其他(包括铌矿物)
67.6 1.2 0.5 7.7 5.4 0.3 6.8 10.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394387075671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
赤铁矿 黄铁矿 磁黄铁矿 其他
53 0.8 0.7 45.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394437407320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

强磁铌精矿铁物相分析(质量分数) %

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赤铁矿 黄铁矿 磁黄铁矿 其他
53 0.8 0.7 45.5
), ArticleFig(id=1188161394500321881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1185887583579025493, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Nb2O5含量 铌金属回收率
稀土尾矿 0.19 100
混合沉沙 0.26 92.21
硫尾矿 0.28 68.76
铁尾矿 0.31 23.05
铌浮选精矿 2.21 7.98
强磁铌精矿 4.41 3.76
强磁铌次精矿 0.96 4.22
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选铌全流程数质量指标(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Nb2O5含量 铌金属回收率
稀土尾矿 0.19 100
混合沉沙 0.26 92.21
硫尾矿 0.28 68.76
铁尾矿 0.31 23.05
铌浮选精矿 2.21 7.98
强磁铌精矿 4.41 3.76
强磁铌次精矿 0.96 4.22
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白云鄂博主、东矿铌矿选别工艺工业应用实践
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陈宏超 , 刘文丽 , 曾永杰 , 张越 , 徐春光 , 王亮
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2025,51(3): 20-25
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2025, 51(3): 20-25
白云鄂博主、东矿铌矿选别工艺工业应用实践
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陈宏超, 刘文丽, 曾永杰, 张越, 徐春光, 王亮
作者信息
  • 包钢集团宝山矿业有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 陈宏超(1971-),男,河南省舞阳市人,高级工程师,现从事矿产资源综合利用产业化研究工作。

Industrial Application Practices on Beneficiation Technology of Niobium Ore in Main and East Mines of Bayan Obo
Hongchao Chen, Wenli Liu, Yongjie Zeng, Yue Zhang, Chunguang Xu, Liang Wang
Affiliations
  • Baotou Steel Group Baoshan Mining Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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白云鄂博主、东矿矿石经选铁、选稀土后,稀土浮选尾矿Nb2O5含量由0.14%富集到0.19%。针对易浮矿物含量高、铌矿物与铁矿物紧密共生且连生包裹,采用混合浮选预先将易浮矿物选出,降低沉沙中易浮矿物对后续选铌的影响,采用混合浮选尾矿-优先浮硫-浮铁-铁尾矿铌浮选-铌精矿强磁选的浮磁联合工艺进行工业选铌。在磨矿细度-0.043 mm粒级占比为90%、TD-V捕收剂用量为1.0 kg/t、抑制剂水玻璃用量为2.0 kg/t条件下进行混合浮选,在丁基黄药用量为1.4 kg/t的条件下进行硫浮选,在氟硅酸铵用量为8.5 kg/t、SZ脂肪酸钠盐类捕收剂用量为0.5 kg/t的条件下进行铁浮选,在CMC用量为1.2 kg/t、C5-9用量为2.2 kg/t、明矾用量为0.72 kg/t的条件下进行铌粗选。采用一粗一精的铌浮选流程,获得Nb2O5品位为2.21%的浮选铌精矿,再经过1.7 T强磁选,获得Nb2O5品位为4.41%的铌精矿和0.96%的次铌精矿,浮-磁联合作业铌金属回收率为34.85%。

白云鄂博主、东矿  /  浮选  /  选铌  /  强磁选

After the separation of iron and rare earth for ore in Main and East Mines of Bayan Obo, the content of Nb2O5 in rare earth flotation tailings is enriched from 0.14% to 0.19%. The bulk flotation is adopted to separate easy-floating minerals in advance so as to reduce the impacts of easy-floating minerals in desilting on subsequent niobium flotation as well as the combined process of flotation and magnetic separation that bulk flotation of tailings-selective flotation of sulfur-flotation of iron-niobium flotation of iron tailings-high intensity magnetic separation of niobium concentrate is adopted to separate niobium industrially aiming at the high content of easy-floating minerals as well as close paragenesis and inclusions of niobium minerals and iron minerals. The bulk flotation is carried out under the conditions that the proportion of size fraction of -0.043 mm for grind fineness is 90%, dosage of TD-V collecting agent is 1.0 kg/t and dosage of depressor, the sodium silicate is 2.0 kg/t, sulfur flotation is carried out under the condition that dosage of butyl xanthate is 1.4 kg/t, iron flotation is carried out under the conditions that dosage of ammonium fluosilicate is 8.5 kg/t and dosage of collecting agent, the SZ fatty acid sodium salts is 0.5 kg/t as well as niobium roughing is carried out under the condition that dosages of CMC, C5-9 and alum are 1.2 kg/t, 2.2 kg/t and 0.72 kg/t respectively. The niobium concentrate of flotation with grade of Nb2O5 of 2.21% is obtained by adopting the niobium flotation process of one roughing and one concentration as well as the niobium concentrate with grade of Nb2O5 of 4.41% and sub-niobium concentrate with grade of Nb2O5 of 0.96% are obtained through high intensity magnetic separation of 1.7 T so that recovery rate of niobium metal is 34.85% with the combination process of flotation and magnetic separation.

Main and East Mines of Bayan Obo  /  flotation  /  niobium flotation  /  high intensity magnetic separation
陈宏超, 刘文丽, 曾永杰, 张越, 徐春光, 王亮. 白云鄂博主、东矿铌矿选别工艺工业应用实践. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (3) : 20 -25 .
Hongchao Chen, Wenli Liu, Yongjie Zeng, Yue Zhang, Chunguang Xu, Liang Wang. Industrial Application Practices on Beneficiation Technology of Niobium Ore in Main and East Mines of Bayan Obo[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (3) : 20 -25 .
我国铌资源非常丰富,储量居世界第二位,仅次于巴西,其中白云鄂博铌资源储量最大,占我国铌资源储量的95%,远景储量为660万t,工业储量为157万t。随着铌工业迅速发展,应用领域不断扩大,我国的铌消费量也不断增加。2005年,我国铌消费量约为6 500 t,但主要靠进口来满足国内的需求;2010年,我国铌消费量约占全球总消费量的四分之一,且逐年攀升。自从白云鄂博铌资源被发现以来,对其做了大量的研究,并取得了一系列的成果。但由于铌矿物在所有矿体中赋存复杂,含量低,嵌布粒度细,矿物种类多,一直未得到工业化应用[1-3]
2006—2010年国家科技支撑计划把“大型金属矿产基地资源综合利用关键技术研究——包头铌资源综合利用关键技术研究”列入重点项目。2012年,“包钢氧化矿选矿搬迁及白云鄂博矿资源综合利用工程”落户白云鄂博。该项目处理白云鄂博氧化矿600万t/a,具有选铁、选稀土、选铌、选萤石、选硫和选钪6条生产线,是国家铌、钪重要战略资源产业基地。其中“选铌部分”为该项目资源综合利用的主体部分之一,2023年选铌研究成果工业转化成功后,该项目真正实现了工业产线全流程贯通运行。
本文选铌原料为稀土浮选尾矿,粒度分析见表1
表1可知,稀土尾矿中Nb2O5含量为0.19%,全铁含量为14.57%,REO含量为3.12%,S含量为1.540%,CaF2含量为22.84%。铌矿物分布规律与萤石矿物分布规律基本一致,说明此两种矿物的粒度特性及嵌布特性非常接近;铌矿物与铁矿物、硫矿物分布走向一致,说明铌矿物与铁矿物和硫矿物共生关系密切。由于硫矿物含量较低且可通过硫浮选有效脱除,所以选铌的主要难点是先将易浮的稀土和萤石矿物脱除,再将铁、铌矿物有效分离。
采用稀土浮选尾矿-混合浮选-混合沉沙硫浮选-硫尾矿铁正浮选-铁尾矿铌浮选-浮选铌精矿强磁选工艺流程进行选别。
稀土尾矿磨至-0.043 mm粒级占比为90%时,在浮选浓度为45%,浮选温度为40 ℃的条件下进行混合浮选,矿浆pH值为8.0~8.5,抑制剂水玻璃用量为2.0 kg/t,捕收剂TD-V用量为1.0 kg/t,可获得萤石含量为2.234%、稀土含量为1.31%的混合沉沙。由于稀土尾矿粒度粗,现场浓缩大井运行压力高,自动提耙,浮选机沉槽。磨矿至-0.038 mm粒级占比为90%时,在显微镜下观察,铌矿物的单体解离度没有明显提高,只不过是由大的连生体、包裹体变为小的连生体和包裹体,且产生了大量的细泥,对目标矿物的可选性产生了不良的影响。混合沉沙工艺矿物学分析见表2表4
表2表4可知,混合沉沙中主要回收矿物Nb2O5含量升高至0.26%,与铌矿物共生关系密切的全铁含量升高至25.10%,硫含量为1.569%。混合沉沙中铁主要以赤/褐铁矿形式存在,其次为硅酸铁,磁铁矿含量很低。
主要含铌矿物为易解石和铌铁金红石,少量铌铁矿和黄绿石,极少的褐钇铌矿和包头矿。从显微镜下看,黄绿石多数与硅酸盐矿物连生,其他铌矿物主要与铁矿物紧密相嵌,与稀土矿物和萤石矿物的连生较多,有的铌矿物则以细小包裹体的形式嵌布于铁及其他矿物中。
混合沉沙-0.043 mm粒级占比为87.5%时,直接进行硫浮选,丁基黄药用量为1.4 kg/t,2#油用量为33.3 g/t,一次粗选后,可获得硫含量为0.18%、全铁含量为19.04%的硫浮选尾矿。硫浮选尾矿工艺矿物学分析见表5表6
表5表6可知,硫尾矿中的Nb2O5含量升高至0.28%,铌矿物粒度普遍较细,粒径在10~20 μm,极少量颗粒粒径可达30 μm。易浮矿物萤石、白云石、方解石、稀土矿物、重晶石、磷灰石等在硫尾矿中含量均较低,硫尾矿主要矿物为硅酸盐矿物、石英和长石、铁矿物,含量分别为46.42%、22.09%和22.13%。
现场运行之初,铁正浮尾矿铁品位设定在12%以下,尽可能降低对下一步铌浮选的干扰。实际工业运行中,铁正浮选作业中69.97%的铌金属进入铁正浮泡沫,铁泡沫中铌含量为0.38%,铁沉沙中铌含量为0.15%,出现倒挂现象。铁正浮选稳定性很差,大量的铌矿物从铁泡沫中流失,导致铁尾矿矿量波动极大,铌浮选无法稳定运行。后期为保流程矿量稳定,选铌全流程能正常推进,正浮选铁尾矿中铁品位指标由小于12%更改为小于19%,保证了铌给矿量;铌浮选精矿Nb2O5品位由大于3.5%更改为大于1.5%,稳定铌浮选指标,减少浮选工序铌矿物损失。
铁正浮选,浮选温度为40 ℃,矿浆pH值为5.5,抑制剂氟硅酸铵加药量为8.5 kg/t,捕收剂SZ(脂肪酸钠盐为20%~45%,松脂酸钠盐为3%~10%,游离碱<1%,水为40%~60%,不皂化物<5%)药剂用量为0.5 kg/t,一次粗选,尾矿中铁品位降低到17.35%,Nb2O5含量升高至0.31%。铁尾矿工艺矿物学分析见表7表8
表7表8可知,铁尾矿中主要矿物为硅酸盐矿物、铁矿物、石英和长石,已解离的铌矿物颗粒粒径普遍在10 μm以下;未解离的铌矿物贫连生体、包裹体较多,微细粒包裹体相对较多,微细粒中铌矿物多与硅酸盐矿物和铁矿物关系密切。铁正浮选作业中,进入铁泡沫中的铌多为易解石和铌铁矿,基本为微细粒矿物,且矿泥含量较大,目前在工业生产中无法有效回收该部分矿物。
铁尾矿-0.074 mm粒级占比为90%、-0.043 mm粒级占比为65%时,铌矿物单体解离度低,且单体解离的铌矿物粒径为10 μm。为进一步提高铌矿物单体解离度,现场生产调试期间,铁正浮选尾矿使用艾砂磨细磨至-0.043 mm粒级占比为80%、90%时,分别进行试验、取样分析。进一步磨矿后,单体解离度并没有提高,但泥化现象严重,增加了现场选别难度,故该段磨矿工序取消,铁尾矿直接进行铌浮选。
铌浮选采用一粗一精,粗选主要药剂用量:抑制剂CMC为1.2 kg/t,捕收剂C5-9为2.2 kg/t,明矾为0.72 kg/t,用硫酸调整矿浆pH值。但实际工业生产时,上道工序铁正浮选矿浆pH值为5.5,在不加酸调浆的情况下,铌浮选矿浆pH值也可维持在6.0,满足浮选矿浆酸碱度要求,浮选温度为50 ℃。根据现场原矿性质变化、浮选泡沫现象和泡沫状态,偶尔需要在粗选加入34~67 g/t的2#油以稳定泡沫层,防止气泡兼并,确保生产指标的稳定。精选一般不加药。浮选铌精矿Nb2O5品位达到2.21%,尾矿中Nb2O5品位可降至0.1%的水平。铌浮选精矿工艺矿物学分析见表9表10
表9表10可知,浮选铌精矿中,Nb2O5品位为2.21%,全铁含量为51.10%,主要为铁矿物。矿样中除少数云母类硅酸盐矿物粒径达50 μm左右,其余矿物粒度较均匀,铌矿物粒径普遍不大于20 μm,个别铌矿物颗粒(多为铌铁金红石)粒径可达100 μm。少部分铌矿物与硅酸盐矿物或石英组成富连生体。主要含铌矿物铌含量由高到低为易解石、黄绿石、铌铁金红石、铌铁矿(较少)、褐钇铌矿(偶见)、包头矿(罕见)。
为获得更高品位的铌精矿,根据铌矿物与铁矿物的比磁化系数差异,经过实验室验证并推广至现场使用,在铌浮选作业后增加强磁选作业,采用1.7 T强磁选机对浮选铌精矿进行磁选分离。强磁铌精矿工艺矿物学分析见表11表13
强磁铌精矿样粒度整体均匀,铌矿物较多,主要为已解离单体,粒径在15~30 μm,呈细粒状或不规则板状;未解离铌矿物多与铁矿物或稀土矿物(多为氟碳酸稀土矿物)构成富连生体。主要含铌矿物铌含量由高到低为易解石、褐钇铌矿、黄绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿(罕见)、铌钇矿(罕见)、贝塔石(极罕见)。强磁铌精矿中可明显观察到褐钇铌矿、含钇铌易解石或铌钇矿,且此类矿物大多伴随重稀土元素(Dy、Gd、Eu等)的明显富集。另外,大部分铌铁矿中均检测到一定量的钪。强磁铌精矿中Nb2O5品位为4.41%,全铁含量为52.72%;铁物相分析显示,赤铁矿含量为53%,其他矿物含量为45.5%,黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿极少。强磁铌精矿面扫图见图1
选铌原则流程见图2,全流程数质量指标见表14。由表14可知,稀土尾矿选铌全流程铌金属回收率为7.98%,铌浮选-磁选作业铌金属回收率为34.85%。
(1)稀土浮选尾矿磨矿至-0.043 mm粒级占比为90%,通过稀土浮选尾矿-混合浮选-混合沉沙硫浮选-硫尾矿铁正浮选-铁尾矿铌浮选-浮选铌精矿强磁选工艺,获得Nb2O5品位为4.41%的铌精矿和0.96%的次铌精矿,稀土尾矿选铌全流程铌金属回收率为7.98%,铌浮选-磁选作业铌金属回收率为34.85%。
(2)从现场运行来看,铁正浮选作业控制比较关键,尾矿铁品位降低到12%以下时,尾矿量少,铌矿物从铁泡沫中流失较大,铌浮选矿量难以稳定,生产无法正常推进;将正浮选铁尾矿铁品位放宽为19%,同时将铌浮选精矿Nb2O5品位由大于3.5%更改为大于1.5%,该措施可有效实现矿量平衡,稳定铌浮选指标,减少浮选工序铌矿物损失。
(3)根据铌、铁比磁化系数差异,增加1.7 T强磁选作业,铌精矿品位有所提高。强磁铌精矿中全铁含量为52.72%;铁物相分析中赤铁矿含量为53%,其他矿物含量为45.5%,黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿极少。强磁铌精矿中主要含铌矿物铌含量由高到低排列为易解石、褐钇铌矿、黄绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿(罕见)、铌钇矿(罕见)、贝塔石(极罕见)。可明显观察到褐钇铌矿、含钇铌易解石或铌钇矿,且此类矿物大多伴随重稀土元素(Dy、Gd、Eu等)的明显富集。
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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    包钢集团宝山矿业有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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