Article(id=1239230399067516960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=1727452800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-28, acceptedDate=1729094400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-17, onlineDate=1773385150925, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150925, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230400195784749, articleId=1239230399067516960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Predicting Energy Consumption in Building Heating Systems Using Model Identification Methods, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilizes machine learning techniques to conduct an in-depth analysis of time-series historical data on energy consumption in buildings. A generalized model identification method was developed using an optimization algorithm based on black-box models. The final identification model was determined after optimizing three machine learning methods, including polynomial regression, artificial neural networks, and extreme gradient boosting. A near-zero energy office building in Beijing is the primary focus of this study. Using historical building data and simulation data of the heating system in TRNSYS, load prediction and equipment energy consumption models were established using the developed model identification method. During deployment, the predicted R2 value and total energy consumption deviation were 0.87 and 5.18%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the prediction models established through this method possess high accuracy, providing a reliable basis for subsequent system energy consumption optimization.

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Qu Minglu, female, associate professor, master supervisor, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-13795377789, E-mail: . Research fields: air-source heat pump, heat and mass transfer process of building equipment.
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利用机器学习技术深入分析楼宇产生的时间序列历史数据,基于黑箱模型竞争寻优的算法,开发了一种通用的模型辨识方法,通过多项式回归、人工神经网络、极端梯度提升3种机器学习方法竞争寻优确定最终的辨识模型。以北京市某近零能耗办公建筑为研究对象,基于建筑历史数据和TRNSYS供暖系统仿真模型数据,通过开发的模型辨识方法建立了建筑的负荷预测模型和设备能耗模型,在部署期间预测R2值和总能耗误差值分别为0.87和5.18%。通过该模型辨识方法建立的预测模型精度较高,为后续系统能耗优化提供可靠依据。

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曲明璐,女,副教授,硕士生导师,上海理工大学环境与建筑学院,13795377789,E-mail:。研究方向:空气源热泵,建筑设备热质交换过程。
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1太阳能集热器;2集热水泵;3蓄热水箱;4地源测水泵;5地源热泵;6负荷侧水泵;7地埋管;8直供水泵;V1~V10阀门。

, figureFileSmall=W1+wl4v7kl1NqbjTr731hQ==, figureFileBig=mdPYIhVkwLF/mdezHSQdpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230410929009169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Model of Building heating system, figureFileSmall=4can0Orl6ovGaeNEsGnU9g==, figureFileBig=u7qfI8zpag6XTwSl0sBoUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411042255383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图2, caption=建筑供暖系统模型, figureFileSmall=4can0Orl6ovGaeNEsGnU9g==, figureFileBig=u7qfI8zpag6XTwSl0sBoUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411126141470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heating capacity verification of the heat pump unit, figureFileSmall=3EpmCwdiUZ8h4pI0Gqd2yQ==, figureFileBig=+7IFW7Sqd02R4VTBBF8Gwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411210027557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热泵机组供热量验证, figureFileSmall=3EpmCwdiUZ8h4pI0Gqd2yQ==, figureFileBig=+7IFW7Sqd02R4VTBBF8Gwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411323273772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=COP verification of ground-source heat pump, figureFileSmall=icl2L2Fv7GSwU605N4HPUA==, figureFileBig=1S7KduUTVDIWYDAg5AvpbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411411354166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图4, caption=地源热泵的COP验证, figureFileSmall=icl2L2Fv7GSwU605N4HPUA==, figureFileBig=1S7KduUTVDIWYDAg5AvpbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411537183295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multi-model competitive optimization method implementation process, figureFileSmall=Sbwwd3LY0XdJub7DJmWkgw==, figureFileBig=rDIqsRuMkNFmi2ueeoWI0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411658818118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图5, caption=多模型竞争寻优方法实现流程, figureFileSmall=Sbwwd3LY0XdJub7DJmWkgw==, figureFileBig=rDIqsRuMkNFmi2ueeoWI0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411814007376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pearson correlation coefficients of each input variable, figureFileSmall=PepWQh7OmA3ArU57m99+5A==, figureFileBig=GUstNrQXVZUJyoFLM78Q2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411897893468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各输入变量的Pearson相关系数, figureFileSmall=PepWQh7OmA3ArU57m99+5A==, figureFileBig=GUstNrQXVZUJyoFLM78Q2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230411981779554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Hourly load prediction results for the target building, figureFileSmall=trw/j+LljsnVpy9JkTFZzQ==, figureFileBig=uILS9bcRkFiSmwt0ZiL2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230412065665643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图7, caption=目标建筑负荷逐时预测结果, figureFileSmall=trw/j+LljsnVpy9JkTFZzQ==, figureFileBig=uILS9bcRkFiSmwt0ZiL2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230413554643575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of TRNSYS simulation and black-box model results, figureFileSmall=eeRVPGpuBkDmxAu/z3Tp/w==, figureFileBig=26XLKmC0qBN/o078w10HEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230413667889794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TRNSYS仿真平台和黑箱模型结果对比, figureFileSmall=eeRVPGpuBkDmxAu/z3Tp/w==, figureFileBig=26XLKmC0qBN/o078w10HEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230413764358790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameters of ground-source heat pump, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备工况性能系数COP额定功率/kW
地源热泵1制热3.951.7
地源热泵2制热4.1103.7
), ArticleFig(id=1239230413885993615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=地源热泵参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备工况性能系数COP额定功率/kW
地源热泵1制热3.951.7
地源热泵2制热4.1103.7
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414007628441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Parameters of water pump, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备功率/kW流量/(m3/h)
冷冻水泵11.59
冷冻水泵22.215.7
地源循环泵7.548
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414112486049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=表2, caption=水泵参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备功率/kW流量/(m3/h)
冷冻水泵11.59
冷冻水泵22.215.7
地源循环泵7.548
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414221537961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Test set prediction accuracy of different modeling methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法R2MSE
多项式回归0.875 70.006 7
人工神经网络0.882 30.004 5
极端梯度提升0.903 20.002 7
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414313812652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同建模方法的测试集预测精度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法R2MSE
多项式回归0.875 70.006 7
人工神经网络0.882 30.004 5
极端梯度提升0.903 20.002 7
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414406087348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Accuracy of equipment energy consumption model identification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备能耗模型建模方法R2MSE
地源热泵1人工神经网络0.935 60.031 2
地源热泵2人工神经网络0.871 10.041 4
负荷侧水泵极端梯度提升0.927 80.056 2
地源测水泵极端梯度提升0.932 70.012 3
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414510944955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399067516960, language=CN, label=表4, caption=设备能耗模型辨识精度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备能耗模型建模方法R2MSE
地源热泵1人工神经网络0.935 60.031 2
地源热泵2人工神经网络0.871 10.041 4
负荷侧水泵极端梯度提升0.927 80.056 2
地源测水泵极端梯度提升0.932 70.012 3
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基于模型辨识方法的建筑供暖系统能耗预测研究
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曲明璐 1 , 杜尚赫 1 , 张欣林 1 , 于震 2 , 李怀 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 145-150
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 145-150
基于模型辨识方法的建筑供暖系统能耗预测研究
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曲明璐1 , 杜尚赫1, 张欣林1, 于震2, 李怀2
作者信息
  • 1上海理工大学环境与建筑学院 上海 200093
  • 2中国建筑科学研究院有限公司 北京 100013

通讯作者:

曲明璐,女,副教授,硕士生导师,上海理工大学环境与建筑学院,13795377789,E-mail:。研究方向:空气源热泵,建筑设备热质交换过程。
Predicting Energy Consumption in Building Heating Systems Using Model Identification Methods
Minglu Qu1 , Shanghe Du1, Xinlin Zhang1, Zhen Yu2, Huai Li2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
  • 2.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.145
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利用机器学习技术深入分析楼宇产生的时间序列历史数据,基于黑箱模型竞争寻优的算法,开发了一种通用的模型辨识方法,通过多项式回归、人工神经网络、极端梯度提升3种机器学习方法竞争寻优确定最终的辨识模型。以北京市某近零能耗办公建筑为研究对象,基于建筑历史数据和TRNSYS供暖系统仿真模型数据,通过开发的模型辨识方法建立了建筑的负荷预测模型和设备能耗模型,在部署期间预测R2值和总能耗误差值分别为0.87和5.18%。通过该模型辨识方法建立的预测模型精度较高,为后续系统能耗优化提供可靠依据。

模型辨识  /  机器学习  /  TRNSYS  /  近零能耗建筑

This study utilizes machine learning techniques to conduct an in-depth analysis of time-series historical data on energy consumption in buildings. A generalized model identification method was developed using an optimization algorithm based on black-box models. The final identification model was determined after optimizing three machine learning methods, including polynomial regression, artificial neural networks, and extreme gradient boosting. A near-zero energy office building in Beijing is the primary focus of this study. Using historical building data and simulation data of the heating system in TRNSYS, load prediction and equipment energy consumption models were established using the developed model identification method. During deployment, the predicted R2 value and total energy consumption deviation were 0.87 and 5.18%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the prediction models established through this method possess high accuracy, providing a reliable basis for subsequent system energy consumption optimization.

model identification  /  machine learning  /  TRNSYS  /  near-zero energy buildings
曲明璐, 杜尚赫, 张欣林, 于震, 李怀. 基于模型辨识方法的建筑供暖系统能耗预测研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 145 -150 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.145
Minglu Qu, Shanghe Du, Xinlin Zhang, Zhen Yu, Huai Li. Predicting Energy Consumption in Building Heating Systems Using Model Identification Methods[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 145 -150 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.145
针对全球气候治理挑战,中国承诺至2030年,单位国内生产总值CO排放将比2005年减少65%[1]。建筑行业能耗约占总能耗的28%,通过搭建低能耗建筑,优化暖通空调控制策略,可提高能效[2-3]。近年来,部分新建建筑通过采用被动技术减少空调需求,通过预先使用模型预测建筑的负荷变化和能源消耗表现,实现了对暖通空调系统的精细化调整。建筑模型通常分为3类:白箱模型、黑箱模型和灰箱模型[4]。其中,黑箱模型在建筑领域常见的技术方法包括多项式回归(polynomial regression,PR)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)和极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)。
研究人员一直致力于探索基于模型辨识的优化方法[5],建立和利用建筑及暖通空调系统的仿真模型进行辨识,深入理解系统运行的内在机制。M. A. Rafe Biswas等[6]采用ANN解决了建筑能源数据非线性和大规模动态数据鲁棒计算问题,并对住宅的设备能耗进行辨识,辨识结果R2(决定系数,coefficient of determination)为0.87~0.91。H. Abbasimehr等[7]通过提出一个包含数据预处理的两阶段预测框架,并使用XGBoost模型,结果表明,结合时间序列的统计特征能够提升能源需求预测的准确性。Liu Yang等[8]首次采用SVM方法,基于11个输入参数(历史能耗数据、气候因素、时间周期因素等)预测和诊断公共建筑的能耗。S. Alawadi等[9]对比了36种机器学习模型在建筑能耗预测方面的效果,发现ExtraTrees回归器的表现最佳(准确率为0.97%)。该项研究凸显了利用机器学习技术在提高能源管理效率方面的重要性,为智能建筑能耗优化提供了有力的算法支持。
由于每栋建筑在功能、地理位置、经济条件等方面存在差异,因此能耗负荷特性也呈现出独有的差异性。在某个场景下表现出色的算法和选定的输入参数,在其他场合可能效果不同。所以在形成一个广泛认可的综合性数据集之前,为每个独立的建筑选择合适的输入参数和建模方法是必要的。本研究利用机器学习技术深入分析楼宇产生的时间序列历史数据,采取多模型竞争寻优的模型辨识方法,可为不同建筑建立能耗预测模型。以北京市某近零能耗办公建筑为目标建筑,建立了该建筑的负荷预测模型、暖通空调设备能耗模型,对冬季供暖系统能耗进行预测,旨在为暖通空调系统的高效运行提供理论基础和实践指导,同时促进能源管理的智能化和自动化,增强工程应用的可靠性和通用性。
本研究的目标建筑为北京市某近零能耗办公建筑,建筑面积为4 025 m2,共4层,主要用途为办公与会议。该建筑的暖通空调系统采用了复合能源系统,是将可再生能源与常规能源进行结合。冬季,建筑采用太阳能集热器+地源热泵联合的供暖模式。图1所示为目标建筑供暖系统原理。由图1可知,系统供暖设备由2台地源热泵、1台太阳能集热器及多个水泵组成。太阳能集热器的总集热面积为284 m2表1所示为地源热泵参数,表2所示为水泵参数。热泵供/回水温度设定为45 ℃/40 ℃。
热泵的实际运行情况与建筑物的热负荷密切相关,热泵运行数量会根据热负荷大小进行调整[10]。该供暖系统有3种供暖模式:1)太阳能集热器直供模式,当太阳能集热器出水温度大于45 ℃时,地源热泵关闭,使用太阳能集热器直接供暖;2)单热泵供暖模式,当无法满足建筑供暖负荷,太阳能集热器出水温度小于45 ℃时,采用地源热泵供暖,当供暖负荷小于45 kW时,优先开启地源热泵1;3)双热泵供暖模式,当负荷大于45 kW,地源热泵1无法满足需求时,开启地源热泵2。
根据目标建筑围护结构参数、热工性能参数和建筑供暖供冷通风参数等建立TRNSYS模型,选取的气象数据以TM2格式的文件导入模型。根据供暖系统的实际参数,对TRNSYS模型中各设备的性能参数进行设置,且供暖运行模式与实际建筑供暖系统控制策略一致。建立TRNSYS建筑供暖系统模型,如图2所示。
在目标建筑能源管理平台的数据中选取2023年1月15—17日热泵机组的供热量和2台热泵机组的性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)与模拟结果进行对比,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,与真实系统相比,模拟系统在启动时间上存在一定的延迟,在机组开机之后实测和模拟均达到峰值供热量约105 kW·h,模拟过程能够较好地反映实际系统的运行状态。图4所示为地源热泵1、2的COP实测值和模拟值的对比。由图4可知,COP变化规律基本一致,地源热泵1相对误差为3.14%,地源热泵2相对误差为6.28%。
上述结果表明,在TRNSYS软件中对该系统建模具有一定的准确性,该仿真系统为设备能耗黑箱模型辨识提供了数据基础,可提供仿真数据作为模型的训练数据,并验证模型辨识的准确性。
本研究提出一个基于建筑历史数据和设备仿真数据的黑箱模型竞争寻优模型辨识方法,该方法利用多项式回归[11]、多层感知器神经网络(multi layer perceptron neural network model,MLP)[12]和极端梯度提升算法[13]分别进行模型训练,采用R2和均方误差(mean square error,MSE)2种评价指标来衡量各模型精度,选取其中表现最优的模型作为最终的预测模型。利用多种机器学习模型构建通用模型,可为不同的建筑选择合适的输入参数和建模方法,建立建筑负荷预测模型和设备能耗模型。
多模型竞争寻优方法实现流程(图5)如下:1)数据采集,收集建筑运行的历史数据,分析确定模型所需的输入与输出参数;2)相关性分析,通过计算输入参数与输出参数的相关系数,筛选出具有较高相关性的变量,实现数据降维,淘汰关联性较弱的参数;3)异常值处理,采用K-Means聚类算法对经过简化处理的数据集进行异常值识别,并删除异常数据,以提高整体数据集的质量;4)数据标准化,对筛选后的数据进行归一化处理,以消除不同量纲的影响,确保模型的泛化能力;5)模型训练与选择,利用多项式回归、多层感知器神经网络和极端梯度提升算法进行数据训练,这些方法考虑到建筑用能的独特性和多样性,强调了在不同功能、地点和经济条件下建筑负荷和能耗的个体差异,在回归分析领域的应用较为广泛,本研究将通过竞争寻优的方法,选择最适合当前数据集的模型;6)模型评估与优选,计算评价指标R2和MSE;7)最终模型确定,根据评价指标结果,选取表现最优的模型作为最终的建筑设备能耗预测模型,并详细输出模型的参数配置。
在数据驱动的模型中,预测的准确性和系统的鲁棒性显著受到超参数配置的影响。为了优化这些模型的超参数,本研究采用自动化算法调整潜在模型的超参数设置。具体而言,对于多项式回归模型,本研究构建了一系列最高次项由1~5的模型,并选取了其中预测精度最优的模型;在人工神经网络的应用中,通过多轮迭代优化过程来精确确定网络结构,包括隐层的数目、每层的节点数、节点间的连接权重以及偏置值[12];而对于极端梯度提升模型,采用网格搜索技术对超参数进行细致的优化[14]。确保模型在精度和稳定性方面的最优表现。
完成3种不同的数据驱动模型训练后,计算各模型的R2和MSE作为评估模型性能的主要标准。R2衡量的是模型预测值与实际观测值之间的一致性,值越接近1,表示模型的预测能力越强,准确度越高。而MSE反映了预测值与实际值之间的平均误差平方,MSE值越小,说明模型的预测误差越小,性能越优。R2和MSE的计算如下:
式中:为预测值;为观测值平均值;yo为观测值;n为样本数量;EMS为均方误差。
优选模型的标准是同时具有最高的R2和最低的MSE。在R2值最靠近1的2个模型对比中,若两者的R2差异小于0.1,则优先选择MSE较小的模型;若R2差异大于等于0.1,则直接选取R2值更高的模型作为最佳选择。该标准确保了模型在解释数据变异性和预测精度上的最优性能。
建筑负荷是供暖系统优化中的重要参数,由于热负荷受气温、季节等多方面因素影响,对未来热负荷的准确预测极具挑战性[15]。因此通过上述的模型辨识方法建立了目标建筑的负荷预测模型。本次负荷预测训练样本数据来自该建筑气象站和能源管理系统,时间跨度为2020年1月至2021年12月,由于数据样本丰富且数据中极少的数据点出现异常值,本研究中对异常数据直接删除,异常数据的识别通过K-Means聚类方法识别。结果表明,原始数据中异常数据为5.28%,正常数据为94.72%。
将识别后的数据进行相关性分析,输入变量维度由时间和天气条件构成,主要有月、日、时、周、室外温度、室外湿度、太阳辐照度、上周同时刻负荷。通过Pearson相关系数法进行分析,相关性结果如图6所示。Pearson相关系数绝对值越接近1相关性越强,反之越接近0相关性越弱。由图6可知,室外温度和太阳辐照度对负荷的相关系数分别为-0.45和-0.15,负数表示室外温度和太阳辐照度的变化和负荷呈负相关,上周同一时刻的负荷的相关系数为0.81。综上所述,时间维度中“周”的相关性对负荷而言较低,且与其他参数相关性不高,所以删除该参数对数据进行降维。
通过多项式回归、人工神经网络、极端梯度提升3种方法分别对建筑负荷进行建模,并通过R2和MSE评价指标进行评价,不同建模方法的测试集预测精度如表3所示。由表3可知,MSE数值较小,而R2值较高,模型均未过度拟合,模型均有较好的预测精度,但极端梯度提升R2值为0.903 2,因此选择该模型作为负荷预测的黑箱模型。
将训练好的黑箱模型对目标建筑2023年12月28—31日部署了负荷预测模型,对比黑箱模型的预测数据和能源管理平台的实测数据,验证结果如图7所示,部署期间建筑负荷预测值和实测值的R2为0.87,整体的预测精度可以达到工程实践的要求。建筑负荷预测模型的准确性会受到建筑热惯性、人员流动的不确定性、天气预报精度等因素的影响,因此,在实际的建模过程中要对上述情况进行充分考虑。
基于建立的目标建筑冬季工况下的TRNSYS仿真系统,获得设备能耗黑箱模型的训练数据。本文建立了4个主要的设备能耗模型,对应的设备分别是2台地源热泵、负荷侧水泵以及地源侧水泵。4个设备能耗模型采用了竞争寻优的模型辨识方法,测试集模型辨识精度如表4所示。
设备能耗模型是后续设备能耗优化的关键,核心思路是以总设备能耗最低为寻优函数,在该思路下对12月26—29日的TRNSYS仿真系统和黑箱模型辨识的设备总能耗进行误差分析,如图8所示。系统启停时会导致整个系统总能耗预测误差增加,系统开启一段时间后预测值趋于平稳,该原因可能是运行模式设定的不同或者房间温度设定的不同导致,部署期间系统总误差为5.18%,辨识出的黑箱模型具有较好的预测精度。
文本采用通用黑箱模型辨识方法,对北京市某近零能耗办公建筑进行负荷预测模型和设备能耗模型竞争寻优,得到结论如下:
1)提出一种基于竞争寻优的黑箱模型辨识方法,该方法以决定系数R2和平均绝对误差MSE作为评价指标,通过多项式回归、人工神经网络、极端梯度提升3种机器学习方法竞争寻优确定了最终的辨识模型。基于该竞争寻优的黑箱模型辨识方法,可使算法根据数据集自主选择黑箱模型,确保模型对于不同数据集的预测精度,实现在不同类型建筑以及设备中的重复使用。
2)基于通用的黑箱模型辨识方法,建立了北京某近零能耗建筑的负荷预测模型和建筑设备能耗模型。负荷预测模型在部署期间预测R2值为0.87,建筑设备模型总能耗误差值为5.18%,表明通用的模型辨识方法的准确性和预测精度较高。
本研究提出的一种机器学习竞争寻优的模型识别方法在训练速度、预测精度和用户便捷性方面表现卓越,显著优化了建模流程,减少了时间和计算资源的消耗,为后续对建筑供暖系统的精细化能源管理和控制提供了基础。
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.145
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
  • 修回日期:2024-09-28
  • 录用日期:2024-10-17
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    1上海理工大学环境与建筑学院 上海 200093
    2中国建筑科学研究院有限公司 北京 100013

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曲明璐,女,副教授,硕士生导师,上海理工大学环境与建筑学院,13795377789,E-mail:。研究方向:空气源热泵,建筑设备热质交换过程。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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