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Article(id=1239230399000400104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1716566400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-25, acceptedDate=1722528000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-02, onlineDate=1773385150908, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150908, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230400619401472, articleId=1239230399000400104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Thermal Switch Characteristics of a Multi-channel Parallel Pulsating Heat Pipe, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An experimental platform was built to evaluate the thermal switching performance of a parallel pulsating multi-channel heat pipe using fluoroether HFE-7100 as the working fluid with a liquid filling ratio of 80%. The heating and cooling temperatures of the pulsating heat pipe were controlled using water baths for heating and cooling. The thermal switching characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe at different cooling temperatures were investigated experimentally. The results showed that after the complete start-up of the multi-channel parallel pulsating heat pipe, the average temperature of the evaporation section decreased, the average temperature of the condensation section increased, the thermal resistance decreased, and the heat transfer performance improved rapidly. The temperature and thermal resistance transient processes exhibited a sudden step change, which can be used as a thermal switch. As the cooling temperature increased, the closing time of the thermal switch and the switch temperature increased. At a cooling temperature of 10 ℃, the closing time of the thermal switch was 12 s, and the switch temperature was 59.3 ℃. At higher cooling temperatures, the thermal switch performed better, characterized by a greater increase in the switch ratio and heat transfer rate. When the cooling temperature was 30 ℃, the heat transfer rate increased by 26.8 W following the closure of the thermal switch, with a switch ratio of 5.05.

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Xu Rongji, male, professor, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 86-15313394763, E-mail: . Research fields: heat and mass transfer and solar thermal utilization.
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搭建了多通路并联式脉动热管热开关性能实验台，以氟代醚HFE-7100为工质，充灌率为80%，采用水浴加热、水浴冷却的方式调控脉动热管加热和冷却温度，实验研究了不同冷却温度下脉动热管的热开关特性。结果表明：多通路并联式脉动热管完全启动后蒸发段平均温度降低，冷凝段平均温度升高，热阻减小，传热性能迅速提升，温度及热阻变化过程呈现阶梯性骤然变化，可以作为热开关。随冷却温度的升高，热开关闭合时间与开关温度增大，10 ℃冷却温度下热开关闭合时间为12 s，开关温度为59.3 ℃。并且更高的冷却温度下，热开关性能更好，开关比与传热功率增量更大，当冷却温度为30 ℃时，热开关闭合后传热功率增加了26.8 W，开关比为5.05。

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徐荣吉，男，教授，北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院，15313394763，E-mail：。研究方向：传热传质、太阳能热利用。
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1数据采集仪；2转子流量计-热水；3绝热仓；4转子流量计-冷水；5计算机；6热源；7冷源。

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实验参数工况
工质HFE-7100
热水设定温度/℃50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85
热水流量/（L/h）30
充灌率/%80
冷却温度/℃10、15、20、25、30
冷水流量/（L/h）30
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实验参数工况
工质HFE-7100
热水设定温度/℃50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85
热水流量/（L/h）30
充灌率/%80
冷却温度/℃10、15、20、25、30
冷水流量/（L/h）30
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物性参数数值
分子式C4F9OCH3
分子量250
沸点/℃61
密度/（g/cm3）1.52
表面张力/（mN/m）13.6
动力黏度/（Pa·s）5.8×10-4
汽化潜热/（kJ/kg）126
比热容/[J/（kg·K）]1 172
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物性参数数值
分子式C4F9OCH3
分子量250
沸点/℃61
密度/（g/cm3）1.52
表面张力/（mN/m）13.6
动力黏度/（Pa·s）5.8×10-4
汽化潜热/（kJ/kg）126
比热容/[J/（kg·K）]1 172
), ArticleFig(id=1239230414443828027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399000400104, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Thermal resistance of pulsating heat pipes (cooling temperature 20 ℃, 0% filling ratio), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热水入口温度/℃热阻/（W/℃）热水入口温度/℃热阻/（W/℃）
502.34702.13
552.25752.11
602.18802.06
652.16852.04
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热水入口温度/℃热阻/（W/℃）热水入口温度/℃热阻/（W/℃）
502.34702.13
552.25752.11
602.18802.06
652.16852.04
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多通路并联式脉动热管热开关特性研究
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毕天朔 1 , 吕晏 1, 2 , 邵轩 1 , 徐荣吉 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 138-144
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 138-144
多通路并联式脉动热管热开关特性研究
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毕天朔1, 吕晏1, 2, 邵轩1, 徐荣吉1
作者信息
  • 1北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院　北京市建筑能源高效综合利用工程技术研究中心　北京　100044
  • 2北京市市政工程设计研究总院有限公司　北京　100082

通讯作者:

徐荣吉，男，教授，北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院，15313394763，E-mail：。研究方向：传热传质、太阳能热利用。
Thermal Switch Characteristics of a Multi-channel Parallel Pulsating Heat Pipe
Tianshuo Bi1, Yan Lü1, 2, Xuan Shao1, Rongji Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Buildings, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
  • 2.Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100082, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.138
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摘要
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搭建了多通路并联式脉动热管热开关性能实验台，以氟代醚HFE-7100为工质，充灌率为80%，采用水浴加热、水浴冷却的方式调控脉动热管加热和冷却温度，实验研究了不同冷却温度下脉动热管的热开关特性。结果表明：多通路并联式脉动热管完全启动后蒸发段平均温度降低，冷凝段平均温度升高，热阻减小，传热性能迅速提升，温度及热阻变化过程呈现阶梯性骤然变化，可以作为热开关。随冷却温度的升高，热开关闭合时间与开关温度增大，10 ℃冷却温度下热开关闭合时间为12 s，开关温度为59.3 ℃。并且更高的冷却温度下，热开关性能更好，开关比与传热功率增量更大，当冷却温度为30 ℃时，热开关闭合后传热功率增加了26.8 W，开关比为5.05。

脉动热管  /  热开关  /  开关比  /  冷却温度

An experimental platform was built to evaluate the thermal switching performance of a parallel pulsating multi-channel heat pipe using fluoroether HFE-7100 as the working fluid with a liquid filling ratio of 80%. The heating and cooling temperatures of the pulsating heat pipe were controlled using water baths for heating and cooling. The thermal switching characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe at different cooling temperatures were investigated experimentally. The results showed that after the complete start-up of the multi-channel parallel pulsating heat pipe, the average temperature of the evaporation section decreased, the average temperature of the condensation section increased, the thermal resistance decreased, and the heat transfer performance improved rapidly. The temperature and thermal resistance transient processes exhibited a sudden step change, which can be used as a thermal switch. As the cooling temperature increased, the closing time of the thermal switch and the switch temperature increased. At a cooling temperature of 10 ℃, the closing time of the thermal switch was 12 s, and the switch temperature was 59.3 ℃. At higher cooling temperatures, the thermal switch performed better, characterized by a greater increase in the switch ratio and heat transfer rate. When the cooling temperature was 30 ℃, the heat transfer rate increased by 26.8 W following the closure of the thermal switch, with a switch ratio of 5.05.

pulsating heat pipe  /  thermal switches  /  switching ratio  /  cooling temperature
毕天朔, 吕晏, 邵轩, 徐荣吉. 多通路并联式脉动热管热开关特性研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 138 -144 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.138
Tianshuo Bi, Yan Lü, Xuan Shao, Rongji Xu. Thermal Switch Characteristics of a Multi-channel Parallel Pulsating Heat Pipe[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 138 -144 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.138
正文
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合适的工作温度是电子器件稳定性和可靠性的保障，如锂电池适宜工作温度为10~40 ℃、商业级半导体芯片为0~70 ℃等，热开关通过调节传热途径的阻断与连通[1]实现对电子元器件温度进行快速调节，确保设备的正常运行。当前常见的热开关有超导热开关[2]、微膨胀型热开关[3]、气隙热开关[4]、磁热开关[5]和热管热开关[6]等。其中，热管热开关一般从控制工质相变过程与运动过程2个角度来实现传热或绝热的效果。张冰强等[7]针对月球的自然环境，采用八氟环丁烷为工质，设计了一种热管热开关，其在月昼温度较高时热管运行并传递热量，月夜温度较低时工质凝固停止传热，在工质凝固点附近开关比达到了33，解决了极端环境条件下光学望远镜月昼热量的收集、传输与月夜保温的矛盾。H. Cho等[8]对以液氮为工质的低温环路热管进行了实验研究，验证了其作为低温热开关的可行性，实验结果显示其开关比为400~3 900。
脉动热管是在20世纪90年代由H. Akachi[9]提出的一种新型热管，具有管内无芯、传热性能强和结构灵活等优点[10]，也可以用作热开关。B. Mueller等[11]设计了一种以氮气为工质的脉动热管热开关，利用烧干前后传热性能的不同，低温条件下开关比达到了2 500，并且在热开关闭合时最大传热能力达到了16 W。O. Shun等[12]设计了一种应用于月球车脉动热管热开关，通过储液器控制热开关的开阖，最大开关比为130。M. Bsibsi等[13]利用脉动热管的原理，设计了一种应用于太空条件下的热开关，结果发现在热开关断开条件下传热功率为5 W，在热开关闭合时传热功率为40W。
上述研究分别根据脉动热管烧干特性以及添加储液器等方式来控制是否传热，而利用脉动热管启动前后热阻的变化，也可以用作热开关调控电子器件的温度。冷却温度一方面决定了脉动热管的适用条件[14]，另一方面也会影响脉动热管的启动、运行及传热性能[15-17]，进而影响其热开关性能。此外，并联式脉动热管[18]是一种在蒸发端与冷凝端各有一条横向通道，将各竖向通道相互连通，使之并联的新型脉动热管，同典型脉动热管相比具有更低的启动功率和更高的极限传热功率[19]，很多学者对其展开了研究[20-21]。
基于上述原因，本文搭建了多通路并联式脉动热管热开关特性实验平台，实验研究了不同冷却温度下多通路并联式脉动热管热开关性能，重点分析了其温控性能，为实际应用提供依据。
1 实验系统
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1.1 实验装置
多通路并联式脉动热管实验系统主要由并联式脉动热管、加热系统、冷却系统和测试系统组成，实验装置和实验系统分别如图1和图2所示。实验用脉动热管由厚为3 mm、宽为50 mm的带强化内齿的微通道铝扁管制作而成，通道截面图如图3所示，其两侧边缘通道的截面面积为4.15 mm2，当量直径为1.45 mm。中间15条通道截面面积为2.88 mm2，当量直径为1.08 mm，通道间隔及壁厚均为0.6 mm。脉动热管总长度为200 mm，其中蒸发段长度为120 mm，绝热段长度为40 mm，冷凝段长度为40 mm。热管上部有工艺阀用于抽真空和充注制冷剂。加热系统和冷却系统组成类似，由2个不同型号的恒温水槽作为冷源和热源，为紧贴脉动热管蒸发段和冷凝段的热水模块和冷水模块分别提供给定温度的热水和冷水，并通过转子流量计控制热水与冷水流量。
测试系统包括数据采集仪（Agilent34980A）、K型热电偶（校准后±0.1 ℃）、Labview自编数据采集程序及计算机组成。许登科等[15]在对常温并联式脉动热管实验研究中，发现并联式脉动热管运行过程中在横向上具有良好的等温性，所以仅设置竖向测点，位置如图2所示，其中，T1、T2为冷凝段壁面温度测点，T3、T4、T5为蒸发段壁面温度测点，通过耐高温铝箔胶带将对应热电偶固定在测点位置。Tin、Tout为冷水进、出口水温，T′in、T′out为热水进、出口水温，数据采集程序对各测点每隔2 s采集1次温度数据。
1.2 实验工况
实验工况如表1所示。其中，温度是电子器件工作可靠性的重要参数，因此，设置热源设定温度范围为50~85 ℃，间隔5 ℃为一工况，涵盖了实验中脉动热管未启动、启动与稳定运行不烧干的温度范围。冷却温度是脉动热管开关特性的重要调控参数，选用10~30 ℃冷水设定温度，间隔5 ℃，冷热水流量均设为30 L/h。并联式结构在较大充灌率下，表现为脉动热管特性[16]，因此填充率设置为80%。此外，以0%充灌率，冷却温度为20 ℃，不同加热温度下多通路并联式脉动热管平均热阻作为对比，分析热开关闭合前脉动热管传热方式。
选用HFE-7100为脉动热管工质，具有表面张力小、黏度小、气化潜热小、比热小、沸点低及热稳定性好的特点，且环保，不含臭氧层破坏物质，其热物性如表2所示。
1.3 实验步骤与数据处理
由于温度一方面是被冷却对象的重要控制参数，另一方面也是脉动热管的运行参数。因此，通过控制温度加热法[22]进行脉动热管开关特性研究，并不断提高热水温度以便于研究脉动热管热开关温控性能。实验步骤为：首先，调整脉动热管主体处于垂直状态，然后对其抽真空（绝对压力10 Pa±2 Pa）并充灌工质；调节冷源温度至设定值，调节热源温度保持在50 ℃，并调节冷热水流量为30 L/h，待温度保持稳定后，启动数据采集程序实时记录测点温度，然后以5 ℃的增量逐渐调高热源设定温度，并且每个热源设定温度下测试时间不少于15 min（以验证开关温度附近稳定热源温度下热开关稳定性），当完成85 ℃热源温度下实验后，将热源温度降至50 ℃，待温度稳定后，重复前面过程，进行新一组实验。
开关比可以评价多通路并联式脉动热管的热开关性能，开关比越大，其热开关性能越好。开关比[7]为断开热阻与闭合热阻的比值，如式（1）所示。
式中：Ron为闭合过程结束时热阻，℃/W；Roff为闭合过程起始时热阻，℃/W。热阻计算如式（2）所示。
式中：Te、Tc分别为蒸发段与冷凝段平均温度，℃，如式（3）、式（4）；Q为脉动热管传热功率，W。根据能量守恒，传热功率间接采用冷水进出口水温计算[23]，如式（5）所示。
式中：cp为冷水比定压热容，J/（kg·℃）；V为冷水体积流量，m3/s；ρ为冷水密度，kg/m3；Tout冷水出口水温，℃；Tin为冷水进口水温，℃。
对实验结果进行系统误差分析，通过式（6）计算得到热阻的间接测量不确定度为2.76%。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 启动过程热开关现象
脉动热管的实时热阻直接表现其传热性能变化，是其能否作为热开关的重要判定标准，而蒸发段与冷凝段平均温度变化直接反映其运行特性，也是其是否启动的参考依据。不同冷却温度下脉动热管热开关闭合过程如图4所示。由图4可知，冷热水的进口温度与设定冷热水温度基本契合。随热水温度的逐渐增加，脉动热管启动，脉动热管内部液态工质吸热相变，并在蒸发段与冷凝段间传热，热阻出现阶梯性降低，传热性能大幅提升，可以作为热开关。并且脉动热管启动后，工质形成的气液塞循环脉动，蒸发段与冷凝段温度波动幅度增大。
当冷却温度为20 ℃和25 ℃，时间分别为1 520 s和1 710 s时，脉动热管出现了剧烈的温度波动，热阻出现了明显的阶梯性降低，但运行不稳定，蒸发段与冷凝段温度很快恢复平稳，热阻恢复至启动前数值，符合间歇性启动规律。从热开关特性角度看，间歇性启动虽然也表现为热开关闭合，但闭合状态不能维持，不满足实际应用需求，不能作为热开关。直至进一步加热后，脉动热管完全启动，随后热开关保持稳定闭合状态，满足加热温度达到某一阈值时，传热路径连通并稳定传热的实际需要，可以作为热开关。
2.2 热开关温控性能
开关温度是热开关温控性能的关键指标，直接关系到热开关的适用范围。脉动热管的开关温度规定为热开关彻底闭合时蒸发段的平均温度。在以往的研究中，通常以脉动热管启动时蒸发段平均温度作为启动温度，受冷却温度影响较大。因此考察冷却温度对多通路并联式脉动热管的启动温度与开关温度影响，结果如图5所示。由图5可知，多通路并联式脉动热管启动温度与开关温度相同，这是由于在实验条件下，脉动热管启动时均表现出热开关现象。而随冷却温度的增加，脉动热管启动温度逐渐增加，这是因为冷却温度越高启动时刻蒸发段与冷凝段平均温度差越小，压差越小，需要提供给脉动热管更多的热量以满足启动的需要，使得启动温度越高[24]，开关温度越高。
热开关闭合时间是热开关温控性能评价指标之一。较短的热开关闭合时间，能够有效减小在热开关闭合过程中电子器件温升过快对其正常运行、使用寿命及安全性的影响。文中定义热阻阶梯性变化前第1个极大值时刻toff至阶梯性变化后第1个极小值时刻ton为热开关闭合时间。多通路并联式脉动热管的热开关闭合时间随冷却温度的变化如图6所示。由图6可知，随冷却温度的升高，脉动热管启动时蒸发段与冷凝段温差减小，压差减小，工质运动驱动力减小，流速减慢，热开关闭合时间逐渐增加，当冷却温度为10 ℃时，闭合时间最短仅为12 s。同记忆合金热开关[25]及膨胀热开关[26]相比，多通路并联式脉动热管热开关闭合速度更快，热开关闭合时间更短。
2.3 热开关性能
开关比是衡量热开关性能的参数，是热开关断开热阻Roff与闭合热阻Ron的比值，分别为实时热阻阶梯性变化前与后各100 s内平均值。图7所示为脉动热管在不同冷却温度下，热开关断开热阻Roff、闭合热阻Ron及开关比数据。0%充灌率下壳体导热热阻如表3所示。可以看出脉动热管在未启动时，热开关断开热阻Roff整体变化较小，均在2.0 ℃/W以上，与0%充灌率下壳体导热热阻数据基本一致，而脉动热管启动后，热阻显著降低，并且随着冷却温度的升高，热阻逐渐变小。这是由于脉动热管启动后，传热性能增强，同时冷却温度越高，工质沸腾越剧烈，热阻更低，计算得出的闭合热阻Ron越小，开关比越大，脉动热管的热开关性能越好，当冷却温度为30 ℃时，闭合热阻Ron为0.41 ℃/W，开关比最大为5.05。
此外，热开关性能是断开与闭合传热性能的对比，因此还可以从热开关断开到闭合的传热功率增量体现，如图8所示，随冷却温度的增加，脉动热管传热功率增量变大，当冷却温度为30 ℃时，热开关闭合后传热功率增量为26.8 W，能有效提高多通路并联式脉动热管传热能力。
综上所述，热开关性能是由闭合与断开时脉动热管传热性能决定的，因此对于脉动热管热开关性能的优化有2个方向：1）可以采用导热系数更低的脉动热管壳体材料，或增长绝热段长度等方式以降低脉动热管未启动时管壳导热能力，提高断开时热阻。2）采用不同工质，改变通道壁面粗糙度，调节充灌率等增强脉动热管运行时传热性能，减小运行时热阻，从而增大开关比，提高热开关性能。
3 结论
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本文实验研究了不同冷却温度下多通路并联式脉动热管的热开关现象，分析了冷却温度对开关温度、热开关闭合时间及开关比的影响，得到如下结论：
1）热开关闭合时，蒸发段温度突然降低，冷凝段温度突然升高，表现出阶梯性变化。
2）随冷却温度升高，开关温度逐渐升高，热开关闭合时间逐渐增加，当冷却温度为10 ℃时，开关温度最低为59.3 ℃，热开关闭合时间最短仅为12 s。
3）随冷却温度增加，开关比越大，冷却温度为30 ℃时，开关比最大为5.05。可通过增加脉动热管壳体热阻，减少稳定运行热阻来提高开关比。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51506004)
文献
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.138
  • 接收时间：2024-04-30
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-30
  • 修回日期：2024-05-25
  • 录用日期：2024-08-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51506004)
国家自然科学基金(51506004)
作者信息
    1北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院　北京市建筑能源高效综合利用工程技术研究中心　北京　100044
    2北京市市政工程设计研究总院有限公司　北京　100082

通讯作者:

徐荣吉，男，教授，北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院，15313394763，E-mail：。研究方向：传热传质、太阳能热利用。
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