首页 期刊 论文 学科刊群 资讯 加盟 关于
EN
image
Article(id=1239230397305909251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704556800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-07, revisedDate=1708444800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-21, acceptedDate=1713196800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-16, onlineDate=1773385150505, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150505, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230397570150405, articleId=1239230397305909251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Thermal Management System of an Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Flying Vehicle for Future Urban Air Mobility Application, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An electric vertical take-off and landing flying vehicle (eVTOL) is a potential technology for future urban air mobility. A major challenge for thermal management systems is the high cooling requirement and the variable application scenarios. To overcome this challenge, a multi-scene eVTOL-integrated thermal management system was developed. In this study, an eVTOL thermal management simulation platform based on Amesim simulation software was developed to investigate the effects of flight conditions on thermal management and range. The simulation results show that increasing the cruise altitude can reduce the thermal management energy consumption when the ground temperature is high. The maximum reduction of energy consumption for thermal management energy is 4 kW when the cruising temperature ranges from 10 ℃ to 26 ℃. When the hovering rescue duration is more than 150 s during the emergency rescue operation, the temperature difference inside the battery becomes too pronounced. A reduced payload improves the range, with the unloaded range being 1.33 times greater than the fully loaded range.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Wu Jianghong, female, professor, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 86-13580467927, E-mail: . Research fields: electric vehicle thermal management, magnetic refrigeration.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yiqun Chen, Jianghong Wu, Huaiyu Yang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239230423574835241, articleId=1239230397305909251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=应用于未来城市空中交通的eVTOL飞行汽车热管理系统研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电动垂直起降飞行汽车（eVTOL）是未来城市空中交通发展的可选择技术路线之一，但其动力电池高散热功率需求和应用场景的多变性对热管理系统发起巨大挑战。为解决该难题，设计了多场景eVTOL集成热管理框架，能够同时满足电池和乘员舱的热管理目标。基于Amesim仿真软件搭建了eVTOL热管理仿真平台，研究飞行条件对热管理和续航里程的影响。仿真结果表明：地面温度较高时，提高巡航高度可以减少热管理能耗，巡航温度在10~26 ℃时最大减少4 kW的热管理能耗；执行紧急救援任务时，悬停救援时间超过150 s会造成电池内部温差过大；低有效载荷有利于提升续航里程，空载是满载续航里程的1.33倍。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
巫江虹，女，教授，华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，13580467927，E-mail：。研究方向：电动汽车热管理，磁制冷。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HcclrcClwUIuk0aNKDS0dg==, magXml=ezNGaxH27Ocfm1W1UDKgOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fa4sa5hok3mBR7WT+pr74A==, pdfFileSize=9474300, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Bc6v9vs2d3OCNhYYiXyW8g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dBeVKxFSTAOng2azM0XunQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=陈溢群, 巫江虹, 杨槐宇)}, authors=[Author(id=1239230423901990967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230423998459963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230423901990967, language=EN, stringName=Yiqun Chen, firstName=Yiqun, middleName=null, lastName=Chen, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230424090734656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230423901990967, language=CN, stringName=陈溢群, firstName=溢群, middleName=null, lastName=陈, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230423813910575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423822299184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423830687793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641)])]), Author(id=1239230424183009349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pmjhwu@scut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230424266895433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230424183009349, language=EN, stringName=Jianghong Wu, firstName=Jianghong, middleName=null, lastName=Wu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230424338198604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230424183009349, language=CN, stringName=巫江虹, firstName=江虹, middleName=null, lastName=巫, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230423813910575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423822299184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423830687793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641)])]), Author(id=1239230424468222032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230424581468246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230424468222032, language=EN, stringName=Huaiyu Yang, firstName=Huaiyu, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230424686325850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, authorId=1239230424468222032, language=CN, stringName=杨槐宇, firstName=槐宇, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230423813910575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423822299184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423830687793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1239230424812154972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=flying vehicle), Keyword(id=1239230424896041056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=electric vertical take-off and landing), Keyword(id=1239230424975732835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=thermal management architecture), Keyword(id=1239230425042841703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=simulation platform), Keyword(id=1239230425130922091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=performance analysis), Keyword(id=1239230425231585390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=飞行汽车), Keyword(id=1239230425323860083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=电动垂直起降), Keyword(id=1239230425390968949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=热管理架构), Keyword(id=1239230425479049338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=仿真平台), Keyword(id=1239230425541963900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=性能分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1239230429824348356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=INRIX, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=INRIX. 2022 Global traffic scorecard[EB/OL]. (2023-09-07) [2024-01-07]. https://inrix.com/scorecard., articleTitle=2022 Global traffic scorecard, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230429908234438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=United Nations, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=United Nations. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision[EB/OL]. (2019-01-01) [2024-01-07]. https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf., articleTitle=World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230429987926216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=665, pageEnd=675, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=王芳, 白傑, 杨丽平, journalName=北京理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王芳, 白傑, 杨丽平, 等. 探索飞行汽车通勤新模式的城市空中交通发展分析[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2023, 43(7): 665-675., articleTitle=探索飞行汽车通勤新模式的城市空中交通发展分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230430063423689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=665, pageEnd=675, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=WANG Fang, BAI Jie, YANG Liping, journalName=Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Fang, BAI Jie, YANG Liping, et al. An overview on development of urban air traffic with a new mode of flying car commuting[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2023, 43(7): 665-675.), articleTitle=An overview on development of urban air traffic with a new mode of flying car commuting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431518847180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=5, issue=7, pageStart=1644, pageEnd=1659, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=YANG Xiaoguang, LIU Teng, GE Shanhai, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Xiaoguang, LIU Teng, GE Shanhai, et al. Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft[J]. Joule, 2021, 5(7): 1644-1659., articleTitle=Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431590150350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=HARRISON J, CHARLES D, ZENKER J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HARRISON J, CHARLES D, ZENKER J, et al. Using multi-physics system simulation to predict battery pack thermal performance and risk of thermal runaway during eVTOL aircraft operations[C]//2019 AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS). Indianapolis, IN, USA: IEEE, 2019., articleTitle=Using multi-physics system simulation to predict battery pack thermal performance and risk of thermal runaway during eVTOL aircraft operations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431661453520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=LIU Wenxue, DENG Zhongwei, LI Jiacheng, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Wenxue, DENG Zhongwei, LI Jiacheng, et al. Investigating the electrothermal behavior of eVTOL batteries in urban air mobility applications[C]//2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). Macau, China: IEEE, 2022., articleTitle=Investigating the electrothermal behavior of eVTOL batteries in urban air mobility applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431728562386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ROGERS L, HOLDSTOCK T, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROGERS L, HOLDSTOCK T. An investigation into different eVTOL propulsion thermal management concepts using advanced 1-D simulation methods[C]//2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC). Anaheim, CA, USA: IEEE, 2022., articleTitle=An investigation into different eVTOL propulsion thermal management concepts using advanced 1-D simulation methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431799865556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=2989, pageEnd=2994, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=FREDERICKS W L, SRIPAD S, BOWER G C, journalName=ACS Energy Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FREDERICKS W L, SRIPAD S, BOWER G C, et al. Performance metrics required of next-generation batteries to electrify vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft[J]. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3: 2989-2994., articleTitle=Performance metrics required of next-generation batteries to electrify vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431871168726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=15, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=邹慧明, 唐坐航, 杨天阳, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邹慧明, 唐坐航, 杨天阳, 等. 电动汽车热管理技术研究进展[J]. 制冷学报, 2022, 43(3): 15-27., articleTitle=电动汽车热管理技术研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230431942471896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=15, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=ZOU Huiming, TANG Zuohang, YANG Tianyang, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZOU Huiming, TANG Zuohang, YANG Tianyang, et al. Review of research on thermal management technology for electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2022, 43(3): 15-27.), articleTitle=Review of research on thermal management technology for electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432013775066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=199, issue=null, pageStart=1050, pageEnd=1065, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=LIU Datong, SONG Yuchen, LI Lyu, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Datong, SONG Yuchen, LI Lyu, et al. On-line life cycle health assessment for lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 199: 1050-1065., articleTitle=On-line life cycle health assessment for lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432068301020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=王嘉良, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王嘉良. 动力电池快充直冷热管理及其控制特性研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2021., articleTitle=动力电池快充直冷热管理及其控制特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432135409886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WANG Jialiang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Jialiang. Research on the refrigerant-based direct cooling thermal management and controlling characteristics of power battery fast charging[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2021.), articleTitle=Research on the refrigerant-based direct cooling thermal management and controlling characteristics of power battery fast charging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432219295968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=袁航, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=袁航. 车用锂电池组动态热分析及散热结构设计[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2021., articleTitle=车用锂电池组动态热分析及散热结构设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432273821922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=15, authorNames=YUAN Hang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YUAN Hang. Dynamic thermal analysis and heat dissipation structure design of lithium battery pack for vehicle[D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2021.), articleTitle=Dynamic thermal analysis and heat dissipation structure design of lithium battery pack for vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432349319396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=22, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=16, authorNames=张晓强, 邹慧明, 刘稷轩, journalName=制冷与空调(北京), refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晓强, 邹慧明, 刘稷轩, 等. 电动汽车电池温控的热负荷数值分析[J]. 制冷与空调(北京), 2017, 17(1): 22-26., articleTitle=电动汽车电池温控的热负荷数值分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432445788389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=22, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHANG Xiaoqiang, ZOU Huiming, LIU Jixuan, journalName=Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Xiaoqiang, ZOU Huiming, LIU Jixuan, et al. Numerical analysis on thermal load of battery temperature control for electric vehicles[J]. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, 2017, 17(1): 22-26.), articleTitle=Numerical analysis on thermal load of battery temperature control for electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432517091558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=228, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=18, authorNames=YANG Huaiyu, WU Jianghong, CHEN Fucheng, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Huaiyu, WU Jianghong, CHEN Fucheng, et al. Life cycle climate performance evaluation of electric vehicle thermal management system under Chinese climate and driving condition[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 228: 120460., articleTitle=Life cycle climate performance evaluation of electric vehicle thermal management system under Chinese climate and driving condition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432588394727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=122, issue=null, pageStart=91, pageEnd=102, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=WU Jianghong, JIANG Feng, SONG Hang, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Jianghong, JIANG Feng, SONG Hang, et al. Analysis and validation of transient thermal model for automobile cabin[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 122: 91-102., articleTitle=Analysis and validation of transient thermal model for automobile cabin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432651309288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2019, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ALESSANDRO D G, FRÉDÉRIC M, journalName=International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALESSANDRO D G, FRÉDÉRIC M. Aerodynamic shape design and validation of an advanced high-lift device for a regional aircraft with morphing droop nose[J]. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2019, 2019: 1-21., articleTitle=Aerodynamic shape design and validation of an advanced high-lift device for a regional aircraft with morphing droop nose, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432718418153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=23, issue=5, pageStart=1182, pageEnd=1193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=DÜNDAR Ö, BILICI M, ÜNLER T, journalName=Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DÜNDAR Ö, BILICI M, ÜNLER T. Design and performance analyses of a fixed wing battery VTOL UAV[J]. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2020, 23(5): 1182-1193., articleTitle=Design and performance analyses of a fixed wing battery VTOL UAV, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432802304234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=206, pageEnd=217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=22, authorNames=HUANG Xingjun, LIN Yun, ZHOU Fuli, journalName=Sustainable Production and Consumption, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Xingjun, LIN Yun, ZHOU Fuli, et al. Agent-based modelling for market acceptance of electric vehicles: evidence from China[J]. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2021, 28: 206-217., articleTitle=Agent-based modelling for market acceptance of electric vehicles: evidence from China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432911356139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=6, pageStart=611, pageEnd=616, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=23, authorNames=LOMBAERTS T, SHISH K, KANESHIGE J, journalName=IFAC-PapersOnLine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOMBAERTS T, SHISH K, KANESHIGE J. Trim envelope calculations for a tiltrotor in forward flight, hover and transitions[J]. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2022, 55(6): 611-616., articleTitle=Trim envelope calculations for a tiltrotor in forward flight, hover and transitions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230432995242220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=379, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=WANG Xufeng, FENG Zhijun, HOU Xiaolong, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Xufeng, FENG Zhijun, HOU Xiaolong, et al. Fluorine doped carbon coating of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 379: 122371., articleTitle=Fluorine doped carbon coating of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239230429618827455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, awardId=52276008, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239230429732073665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, awardId=52276008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52276008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230423813910575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423822299184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230423830687793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, companyId=1239230423813910575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239230427068690562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=eVTOL battery parameters for standard missions, figureFileSmall=/cL0ragw+6Ifz9w88T1L3w==, figureFileBig=Bc6v9vs2d3OCNhYYiXyW8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427173548165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图1, caption=标准飞行任务下飞行汽车电池参数, figureFileSmall=/cL0ragw+6Ifz9w88T1L3w==, figureFileBig=Bc6v9vs2d3OCNhYYiXyW8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427379069067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=eVTOL thermal management system, figureFileSmall=6pH9nDNrXn5H1KzHcH/d6Q==, figureFileBig=6tgiAziCJ45rsSBhaIsBZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427454566542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图2, caption=eVTOL热管理系统, figureFileSmall=6pH9nDNrXn5H1KzHcH/d6Q==, figureFileBig=6tgiAziCJ45rsSBhaIsBZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427559424145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Battery heat radiating structure and model, figureFileSmall=qm3tMcHUI8BwP7bngo5x2A==, figureFileBig=7UlFmrKwhjeJAmrzxIYGWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427630727315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电池散热结构和散热模型, figureFileSmall=qm3tMcHUI8BwP7bngo5x2A==, figureFileBig=7UlFmrKwhjeJAmrzxIYGWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427714613397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=eVTOL thermal management simulation platform, figureFileSmall=13ZJ4dwdwayquML0DyAMNA==, figureFileBig=DVaVaIbJht7rOQh3harspQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427798499479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图4, caption=eVTOL热管理仿真平台, figureFileSmall=13ZJ4dwdwayquML0DyAMNA==, figureFileBig=DVaVaIbJht7rOQh3harspQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427882385561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=UAM configuration, figureFileSmall=2uGH081HdZP4CNkyU4iKPQ==, figureFileBig=VO1aS7kTXZ3LkeTDlf0+IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230427953688731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图5, caption=UAM配置, figureFileSmall=2uGH081HdZP4CNkyU4iKPQ==, figureFileBig=VO1aS7kTXZ3LkeTDlf0+IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428024991901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Battery parameters for three missions, figureFileSmall=fDNqvGN2GCQZFtWJVlPNww==, figureFileBig=+22b5r1nDNTXBhy7tDXuSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428083712159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3种飞行任务下电池参数, figureFileSmall=fDNqvGN2GCQZFtWJVlPNww==, figureFileBig=+22b5r1nDNTXBhy7tDXuSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428146626721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The maximum temperature difference of battery at various rescue times, figureFileSmall=pWccGi8NKIrHlWOFwi6rDg==, figureFileBig=udhmQfi2h7h/qTnJ59PXjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428213735587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同救援时间下电池单元的最大温差, figureFileSmall=pWccGi8NKIrHlWOFwi6rDg==, figureFileBig=udhmQfi2h7h/qTnJ59PXjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428289233061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Impact of ambient temperature on thermal management system, figureFileSmall=6Ro+4/1yyYP1uWlSLz45PQ==, figureFileBig=+LFJ9JMx0nLJG3XWEPEoVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428356341927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图8, caption=环境温度对热管理系统的影响, figureFileSmall=6Ro+4/1yyYP1uWlSLz45PQ==, figureFileBig=+LFJ9JMx0nLJG3XWEPEoVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428431839401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation of battery and thermal management characteristics in two charging modes, figureFileSmall=q3VHntwN8zQfdVcuCuZFkA==, figureFileBig=0LhL9xcIcVreXQx2khrwhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428511531178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2种充电模式下电池和热管理特性变化, figureFileSmall=q3VHntwN8zQfdVcuCuZFkA==, figureFileBig=0LhL9xcIcVreXQx2khrwhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428624777388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Impact of ambient temperature and payload on mileage range, figureFileSmall=QHo+Ox9FpO064itEGJyYpg==, figureFileBig=z9BdDvLDo4S1azZlrpyY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428712857773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图10, caption=环境温度和有效载荷对续航里程的影响, figureFileSmall=QHo+Ox9FpO064itEGJyYpg==, figureFileBig=z9BdDvLDo4S1azZlrpyY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428809326767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Proportion of energy in stages at different ambient temperatures and climb rates, figureFileSmall=066DDyPf6U1riDfsAmQIFQ==, figureFileBig=KcPDuGXAVIb+SzYB5qlSog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428918378673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同环境温度和爬升率下各阶段能量占比, figureFileSmall=066DDyPf6U1riDfsAmQIFQ==, figureFileBig=KcPDuGXAVIb+SzYB5qlSog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230428989681843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Difference in cabin and battery thermal management between eVTOL and electric vehicles, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目eVTOL电动汽车
车外温度/℃<10>27<10>27
车内目标温度/℃20262026
新风量/（m3/h）7~1010~1215~2020~25
冷热负荷/kW1.0~2.51.5~3.51.5~6.03.0~9.3
电池温度范围/℃15~4015~40
电池单元温差/℃<5<5
主流车型电池容量/（kW·h）120~20050~100
1 C快充发热功率/kW2~41.5~3
2 C快充发热功率/kW8~164~8
), ArticleFig(id=1239230429069373621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=表1, caption=eVTOL与电动汽车的乘员舱与电池热管理需求对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目eVTOL电动汽车
车外温度/℃<10>27<10>27
车内目标温度/℃20262026
新风量/（m3/h）7~1010~1215~2020~25
冷热负荷/kW1.0~2.51.5~3.51.5~6.03.0~9.3
电池温度范围/℃15~4015~40
电池单元温差/℃<5<5
主流车型电池容量/（kW·h）120~20050~100
1 C快充发热功率/kW2~41.5~3
2 C快充发热功率/kW8~164~8
), ArticleFig(id=1239230429149065399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Status of valves and pumps in different eVTOL thermal management modes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式123456789
状态飞行飞行飞行飞行陆行陆行停车停车陆行
电池制冷制冷制冷制冷  制热制冷 
客舱制冷无负荷制热制热 制热  除湿/制冷
TV1  
TV2  
TV3  
TV4  
TV5     
TV6   
TV7  
TV8   
FV1  
FV2  
FV3   
FV4  
P1onoffononoffonononon
P2onoffononoffonononoff
P3ononononoffoffoffoffoff
), ArticleFig(id=1239230429232951481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同eVTOL热管理模式中阀与泵的状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式123456789
状态飞行飞行飞行飞行陆行陆行停车停车陆行
电池制冷制冷制冷制冷  制热制冷 
客舱制冷无负荷制热制热 制热  除湿/制冷
TV1  
TV2  
TV3  
TV4  
TV5     
TV6   
TV7  
TV8   
FV1  
FV2  
FV3   
FV4  
P1onoffononoffonononon
P2onoffononoffonononoff
P3ononononoffoffoffoffoff
), ArticleFig(id=1239230429346197691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=eVTOL and battery specifications, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
eVTOL电池
参数数值参数数值
最大起飞质量mGTOM/kg1 000尺寸π×r2×h/mm3π×252×100
空飞机质量me/kg840质量mcell/kg0.71
电池能量Ebat/（kW·h）120电池容量Ccell/Ah220
下降升阻比（L/D）d3.8能量密度ebat/（W·h/kg）240
桨盘载荷σ/（N/m2）450标称电压Vcell/V3.3
爬升升阻比（L/D）c3.9比功率pbat/（W/kg）2 400
充放电效率ηb0.9工作温度/℃-30~55
系统效率μc0.85电压范围/V2.0~3.6
悬停效率μh0.64电池总节数672
集成效率ηi0.9标称功率/kW300
), ArticleFig(id=1239230429463638205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230397305909251, language=CN, label=表3, caption=eVTOL和电池的规格说明, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
eVTOL电池
参数数值参数数值
最大起飞质量mGTOM/kg1 000尺寸π×r2×h/mm3π×252×100
空飞机质量me/kg840质量mcell/kg0.71
电池能量Ebat/（kW·h）120电池容量Ccell/Ah220
下降升阻比（L/D）d3.8能量密度ebat/（W·h/kg）240
桨盘载荷σ/（N/m2）450标称电压Vcell/V3.3
爬升升阻比（L/D）c3.9比功率pbat/（W/kg）2 400
充放电效率ηb0.9工作温度/℃-30~55
系统效率μc0.85电压范围/V2.0~3.6
悬停效率μh0.64电池总节数672
集成效率ηi0.9标称功率/kW300
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
应用于未来城市空中交通的eVTOL飞行汽车热管理系统研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
陈溢群 , 巫江虹 , 杨槐宇
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 67-74
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 67-74
应用于未来城市空中交通的eVTOL飞行汽车热管理系统研究
全屏
陈溢群, 巫江虹 , 杨槐宇
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641

通讯作者:

巫江虹，女，教授，华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，13580467927，E-mail：。研究方向：电动汽车热管理，磁制冷。
Thermal Management System of an Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Flying Vehicle for Future Urban Air Mobility Application
Yiqun Chen, Jianghong Wu , Huaiyu Yang
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067
文章导航
收藏切换
摘要
收起

电动垂直起降飞行汽车（eVTOL）是未来城市空中交通发展的可选择技术路线之一，但其动力电池高散热功率需求和应用场景的多变性对热管理系统发起巨大挑战。为解决该难题，设计了多场景eVTOL集成热管理框架，能够同时满足电池和乘员舱的热管理目标。基于Amesim仿真软件搭建了eVTOL热管理仿真平台，研究飞行条件对热管理和续航里程的影响。仿真结果表明：地面温度较高时，提高巡航高度可以减少热管理能耗，巡航温度在10~26 ℃时最大减少4 kW的热管理能耗；执行紧急救援任务时，悬停救援时间超过150 s会造成电池内部温差过大；低有效载荷有利于提升续航里程，空载是满载续航里程的1.33倍。

飞行汽车  /  电动垂直起降  /  热管理架构  /  仿真平台  /  性能分析

An electric vertical take-off and landing flying vehicle (eVTOL) is a potential technology for future urban air mobility. A major challenge for thermal management systems is the high cooling requirement and the variable application scenarios. To overcome this challenge, a multi-scene eVTOL-integrated thermal management system was developed. In this study, an eVTOL thermal management simulation platform based on Amesim simulation software was developed to investigate the effects of flight conditions on thermal management and range. The simulation results show that increasing the cruise altitude can reduce the thermal management energy consumption when the ground temperature is high. The maximum reduction of energy consumption for thermal management energy is 4 kW when the cruising temperature ranges from 10 ℃ to 26 ℃. When the hovering rescue duration is more than 150 s during the emergency rescue operation, the temperature difference inside the battery becomes too pronounced. A reduced payload improves the range, with the unloaded range being 1.33 times greater than the fully loaded range.

flying vehicle  /  electric vertical take-off and landing  /  thermal management architecture  /  simulation platform  /  performance analysis
陈溢群, 巫江虹, 杨槐宇. 应用于未来城市空中交通的eVTOL飞行汽车热管理系统研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067
Yiqun Chen, Jianghong Wu, Huaiyu Yang. Thermal Management System of an Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Flying Vehicle for Future Urban Air Mobility Application[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067
正文
收起
随着全球化的推进和超大型城市的形成，全球范围内的交通拥堵问题将进一步加剧。统计数据显示，2019年美国人在交通运输中平均损失了99 h，相当于生产力损失880亿美元[1-2]。当陆地交通无法通过拓展和延伸来解决，将二维交通转化为三维交通是必然趋势。城市空中交通（urban air mobility，UAM）是通过飞行车辆实现乘客和货物按需运输的空中交通系统。飞行汽车作为一种陆空两用的交通工具，已成为UAM的可选技术路线之一。从1917年Glenn Hammond Curtis发明的Autoplane到小鹏发布的第6代飞行汽车[3]。飞行汽车正朝着绿色化、小型化、便捷化方向发展。电动垂直起降飞行汽车（electric vertical take off and landing flying vehicle，eVTOL），集成了直升机的垂直起降便利以及电动系统的低噪音和清洁等特性，已成为UAM最有前景的候选交通工具之一[3]。
Yang Xiaoguang等[4]研究表明，eVTOL电池的平均充电速率和峰值功率持续时间为电动汽车的3~6倍，这将导致起降阶段电池的产热较高。J. Harrison等[5]以多物理系统模型来预测A3 Vahana eVTOL电池组的电-热流体性能，结果显示，风冷和液冷时电池温度变化分别在30 K和15 K以上，常规的散热结构显然不适合eVTOL电池。解决该难题的关键在于深入研究eVTOL电池在各种UAM场景中的电热行为[6]，这是设计eVTOL热管理系统的先决条件[7]。随着UAM的发展，eVTOL的最大起飞重量和续航里程不断提升，电池放电倍率会不断提高，电池热管理的需求会逐渐增大[8]；另一方面，乘员舱的舒适性要求也会对热管理发起挑战。因此，eVTOL热管理最大的难点是同时满足陆空场景转变带来的乘员舱负荷需求变化和电池高功率散热需求。
为解决该难题，本文对eVTOL热管理系统整体架构进行设计和建模，分析了多种UAM应用场景的热管理需求，为eVTOL热管理系统提供了解决方案。
1 eVTOL热管理系统特性及设计
收起
1.1 eVTOL与电动汽车热管理的差异
两者乘员舱热管理的差异：飞行海拔的变化会造成eVTOL乘员舱负荷变化。此外，eVTOL因尺寸原因导致其对负荷的需求远小于电动汽车。
本文中eVTOL电池热管理目标：在高倍率充放电时将温度限制在15~40 ℃的安全范围内；在下一个功率峰值前将电池冷却至20 ℃。起降阶段电池产热率是陆地高速行驶时的5~25倍（标准飞行任务下eVTOL电池参数的变化如图1所示）。因此，eVTOL电池热管理很大程度上依赖于电池和冷却液回路的蓄热作用将起降阶段的多余热量分摊至巡航阶段来散热。在起飞阶段电池会产生7~9 ℃的温升（图1中红色线代表电池的最高和最低温度的变化），起飞阶段的电池和冷却液回路蓄热会在巡航阶段利用热泵系统和环境冷源散热，在eVTOL下降之前电池温度将持续降至20 ℃。表1所示为飞行汽车和电动汽车在乘员舱和锂电池热管理方面的需求对比[9-13]。
1.2 eVTOL热管理框架设计
eVTOL热管理的总体目标分为3个方面：安全性上要保证电池的温度在15~40 ℃（目标温度20 ℃）；舒适性上要保持乘员舱的温度为26 ℃；节能性上要充分利用环境冷源（在电池冷却回路中引入可开闭风门的电池风冷散热器）。
eVTOL热管理框架涵盖了三换热器热泵系统、乘员舱、动力电池、辅助系统、控制系统以及冷却液流路，如图2所示。冷却流路通过8个三通阀、4个四通阀以及3个水泵实现了9种模式的调节（模式1~4为飞行模式，模式5~9为陆行或停机模式）。乘员舱制冷时，由于乘员舱板翅式换热器（简称：车内换热器）的蒸发温度低于蒸发端板式换热器（简称：蒸发板换），因此采用了双蒸发器循环。乘员舱制热通过冷凝端冷却液循环中的暖风芯体来实现，因此热泵系统不需要四通换向阀来改变制冷剂流向。
模式1为炎热天气下热泵同时对乘员舱和电池制冷；模式2仅依靠风冷散热器进行电池散热；模式3中热泵对乘员舱加热，电池通过风冷散热器制冷；模式4中热泵同时对乘员舱加热和电池制冷；模式5仅对乘员舱通风；模式6和9用于乘员舱的制热、制冷和除湿；模式7和8用于电池包的预热和制冷。各种模式阀和泵的开闭情况如表2所示，其中阀的方向以及安装位置和图2对应，蓝色和灰色代表通路。
1.3 热管理系统模型搭建及验证
eVTOL电池需要更高效的散热结构，因此本文设计了一种环绕两排圆柱形电池表面的散热结构，如图3所示。每12节电池构成一个单元，冷却液通过管道对电池进行冷却。为简化电池散热模型，假设电池包的上下两面设有集液设备，能够公平地为每个电池单元提供冷却液。
热泵系统原型具有紧凑轻便且制冷量高等优点，系统和部件的标定参考文献[14]。乘员舱的热负荷模型依赖于几个简化模型，例如前挡风、双侧以及后挡风玻璃、天窗车顶、车门等，还考虑了太阳辐射、热传导、门窗缝隙的空气泄漏以及来自乘客和机器的散热，模型验证参考文献[15]。
最后，基于Amesim软件搭建了eVTOL热管理系统的一维仿真平台，如图4所示。
1.4 城市空中交通规划及充电配置
考虑了3种eVTOL飞行任务：标准飞行任务、紧急复飞任务以及紧急救援任务[16]。标准飞行任务适用于高速堵车或快速通勤，主要包括地面高速行驶、垂直起飞、爬升、下降以及垂直降落等阶段，如图5（a）中蓝色实线；紧急复飞任务适用于地面发生紧急情况或乘客行程改变，在下降阶段再次复飞后降落，如图5（a）中蓝色虚线；救援任务则是通过消防、医疗和交通系统联立，实现eVTOL无人救援。包括快速飞行至事故现场，悬停救援以及转移到医院，如图5（b）所示。这3种任务几乎涵盖了未来飞行汽车的应用场景。
采用120 kW·h的LiFePO4电池组进行了动态仿真，其电池内部特性参数来自Amesim数据库[17-20]。为了方便搭建乘员舱热负荷模型，对eVTOL气动外形和气动特性进行设计和计算，并对整车各部件质量和总质量进行了估算。eVTOL和电池单元的规格如表3[4，8]所示。
eVTOL各阶段功率计算如式（1）~式（4）：
式中：P为功率，W；ωbat=mbat/mGTOM为电池的质量分数；mbat和mGTOM分别为电池质量和飞行汽车最大起飞质量，kg；g为重力加速度，取常数9.81 m/s2；σ为桨盘载荷，N/m2；ρa为空气密度，取1.225 kg/m3；ηi为电池组的集成效率；μ为各阶段系统效率；V为飞行汽车速度，m/s；L/D为升阻比；下标up和down分别表示速度垂直向上和垂直向下；h、c、d和cr分别表示悬停、爬升、下降和巡航。
针对eVTOL乘员舱制热和制冷，热泵系统效率分别定义为式（5）和式（6）。其中，We、Wcomp、Wheating和Wcooling分别为蒸发板换的换热量、压缩机功耗、乘员舱制热量和制冷量，kW。
采用恒流快充和多级恒流快充（multistage constant-current，MCC）模式进行对比[7]。恒流快充条件为：环境温度为户外温度；MCC快充条件：低温环境为25 ℃。电池初始温度为30 ℃。假设电池SOC（state of charge）最大为98%，最低为10%。
2 研究结果及讨论
收起
2.1 3种飞行任务热管理需求分析
图6所示为3种飞行任务的电池功率密度和电池最高温度的变化。标准飞行任务下，高功率密度区间和低功率密度区间分布合理，热管理系统能够在巡航结束前将电池冷却至20 ℃。相对而言，紧急复飞时电量较低，产热率更大，SOC余量充足时电池会有3 K温升，但当SOC低于10%时，电池中的可用电荷较少，电流通过电池的路径相对狭窄，电阻增加导致电池产热增大。此时高倍率放电会导致电池温度无法得到有效控制，因此紧急复飞要严格控制电池SOC余量。
与标准飞行相比，紧急救援时eVTOL全程处于低空高功率阶段，其电池产热率和车外温度较高，因此电池内部温差和最高温度会随着救援时间的增加而增大。不同悬停救援时间下电池最高温度和温差的对比如图7所示，结果显示，电池内部温差从90 s时的3.66 K增至240 s时的6.382 K，悬停时间超过150 s将无法保证电池安全。因此，限制救援人数和时间是执行紧急救援任务的前提。
2.2 环境温度对热管理系统的影响
eVTOL在行驶中兼顾了飞行和陆行2个阶段。以标准飞行为例，选择了地面环境温度为0、15、25、40 ℃的仿真案例进行分析，分别代表了4种不同的热管理模式转换（标准飞行任务下巡航温度比地面环境温度低10 ℃）。图8（a）所示为eVTOL热管理系统在不同行驶阶段的平均功率。仿真结果显示，低温下热管理系统能够充分利用环境冷源，显著减少热管理能耗。例如，与40 ℃相比，地面环境温度为25 ℃时，飞行阶段热管理系统平均能耗减少4 kW。此外，海拔变化和流路切换会导致起降阶段制冷效率下降。图8（b）为电池风冷散热器、蒸发板换制冷功率以及飞行阶段热泵系统的COP（coefficient of performance，性能系数）的变化，车外温度大于30 ℃时，风冷散热仅占总散热量的3%。车外温度越低，系统对自然冷源的利用率越高。巡航阶段车外温度为-10 ℃时，热负荷需求较小，COP为2.01;30 ℃时制冷需求更大，热泵高负荷运转，COP为1.81。
2.3 2种快充模式热管理需求分析
不同快充模式在不同环境温度下的热管理需求如图9所示，充电工况以1 C-40 ℃为例，表示恒流充电倍率为1 C且环境温度为40 ℃。图9（a）为环境温度为30、40 ℃时恒流快充和MCC快充下的电池温度变化。对充电速率而言，恒流快充在30 ℃和40 ℃环境温度下的最大速率分别为2 C和1.8 C。前者比MCC模式快8 min，但结束时电池温度也比MCC高11 ℃。后者充电时间和MCC相同，且结束时温度也高出10 ℃。因此，在高环境温度下，MCC模式表现出更快的充电速度和更低的充电结束时电池温度。快充时电池风冷散热率和蒸发板换制冷功率的变化如图9（b）所示。相比恒流充电，MCC模式更有效地利用了环境冷源，减小了对热泵的制冷需求。总之，在炎热天气下，MCC模式有助于提高充电速度和eVTOL的使用频率，但在寒冷天气下仅提高使用频率。
2.4 环境温度、有效载荷、爬升率对续航里程的影响
由2.2节可知，合适的飞行温度能够减小热管理能耗，为了突显热管理系统对续航里程的影响，选取地面环境温度为0、15、25、40 ℃的案例进行分析。不同环境温度和有效载荷下续航里程的仿真结果如图10所示。由图10可知，有效载荷越大，热管理系统对续航里程的影响越小，续航最大提升3 km；有效载荷对续航里程影响最大，空载时最大行驶里程为101.5 km，是满载时最大行驶里程的1.33倍。
不同环境温度和爬升率下飞行各阶段能量占比如图11所示，其中横坐标以40-7.5为例，表示飞行工况为地面温度40 ℃且爬升率为7.5 m/s。由图11可知，与8.5 m/s相比，爬升率为18.5 m/s时eVTOL巡航阶段的能量占比增加了12%~14%。爬升率越大，起降阶段能量占比越少，电池温升也越小。因此，较高的爬升率有助于提高续航里程和降低热管理能耗。
3 结论
收起
针对eVTOL热管理难题，开发出能够同时满足电池和成员舱热管理目标的多场景eVTOL集成热管理系统。通过建立仿真平台，深入研究了不同飞行条件和快充模式下的热管理需求以及续航里程的影响因素，得到如下结论：
1）在标准飞行任务中，eVTOL集成热管理系统在巡航阶段充分利用环境冷源对电池散热，能够在下降之前将电池温度降至20 ℃，同时保证乘员舱的舒适性；悬停救援时间超过150 s会使锂离子电池内部温差大于5 ℃，救援时间和救援人数是安全救援的关键。
2）与恒流快充相比，在环境温度为30 ℃和40 ℃时，MCC快充结束时电池温度分别能够降低11 ℃和10 ℃，高温下MCC模式能够显著提高eVTOL的使用频率。
3）巡航温度在10~26 ℃时续航里程和热管理能耗最大提高3 km和降低4 kW，地面温度较高时提高飞行高度可以减小热管理系统的能耗。
4）空载下最大续航里程为101.5 km，是满载下的1.33倍；与8.5 m/s相比，爬升率为18.5 m/s时，eVTOL巡航阶段的能量占比增加了12%~14%。增大爬升率和降低有效载荷可以提高续航里程。
5）提高电池能量密度和发展耐热电池是eVTOL电池的2个发展方向。开发均温性好且散热效率高的电池散热结构和紧凑轻便且制冷量高的制冷系统将成为eVTOL热管理的研究重点。
基金
收起
  • 国家自然科学基金(52276008)
文献
收起
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式：
[1]
INRIX. 2022 Global traffic scorecard[EB/OL]. (2023-09-07) [2024-01-07]. https://inrix.com/scorecard.
[2]
United Nations. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision[EB/OL]. (2019-01-01) [2024-01-07]. https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf.
[3]
王芳, 白傑, 杨丽平, 等. 探索飞行汽车通勤新模式的城市空中交通发展分析[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2023, 43(7): 665-675.
(WANG Fang, BAI Jie, YANG Liping, et al. An overview on development of urban air traffic with a new mode of flying car commuting[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2023, 43(7): 665-675.)
[4]
YANG Xiaoguang, LIU Teng, GE Shanhai, et al. Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft[J]. Joule, 2021, 5(7): 1644-1659.
[5]
HARRISON J, CHARLES D, ZENKER J, et al. Using multi-physics system simulation to predict battery pack thermal performance and risk of thermal runaway during eVTOL aircraft operations[C]//2019 AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS). Indianapolis, IN, USA: IEEE, 2019.
[6]
LIU Wenxue, DENG Zhongwei, LI Jiacheng, et al. Investigating the electrothermal behavior of eVTOL batteries in urban air mobility applications[C]//2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). Macau, China: IEEE, 2022.
[7]
ROGERS L, HOLDSTOCK T. An investigation into different eVTOL propulsion thermal management concepts using advanced 1-D simulation methods[C]//2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC). Anaheim, CA, USA: IEEE, 2022.
[8]
FREDERICKS W L, SRIPAD S, BOWER G C, et al. Performance metrics required of next-generation batteries to electrify vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft[J]. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3: 2989-2994.
[9]
邹慧明, 唐坐航, 杨天阳, 等. 电动汽车热管理技术研究进展[J]. 制冷学报, 2022, 43(3): 15-27.
(ZOU Huiming, TANG Zuohang, YANG Tianyang, et al. Review of research on thermal management technology for electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2022, 43(3): 15-27.)
[10]
LIU Datong, SONG Yuchen, LI Lyu, et al. On-line life cycle health assessment for lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 199: 1050-1065.
[11]
王嘉良. 动力电池快充直冷热管理及其控制特性研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2021.
(WANG Jialiang. Research on the refrigerant-based direct cooling thermal management and controlling characteristics of power battery fast charging[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2021.)
[12]
袁航. 车用锂电池组动态热分析及散热结构设计[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2021.
(YUAN Hang. Dynamic thermal analysis and heat dissipation structure design of lithium battery pack for vehicle[D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2021.)
[13]
张晓强, 邹慧明, 刘稷轩, 等. 电动汽车电池温控的热负荷数值分析[J]. 制冷与空调(北京), 2017, 17(1): 22-26.
(ZHANG Xiaoqiang, ZOU Huiming, LIU Jixuan, et al. Numerical analysis on thermal load of battery temperature control for electric vehicles[J]. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, 2017, 17(1): 22-26.)
[14]
YANG Huaiyu, WU Jianghong, CHEN Fucheng, et al. Life cycle climate performance evaluation of electric vehicle thermal management system under Chinese climate and driving condition[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 228: 120460.
[15]
WU Jianghong, JIANG Feng, SONG Hang, et al. Analysis and validation of transient thermal model for automobile cabin[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 122: 91-102.
[16]
ALESSANDRO D G, FRÉDÉRIC M. Aerodynamic shape design and validation of an advanced high-lift device for a regional aircraft with morphing droop nose[J]. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2019, 2019: 1-21.
[17]
DÜNDAR Ö, BILICI M, ÜNLER T. Design and performance analyses of a fixed wing battery VTOL UAV[J]. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2020, 23(5): 1182-1193.
[18]
HUANG Xingjun, LIN Yun, ZHOU Fuli, et al. Agent-based modelling for market acceptance of electric vehicles: evidence from China[J]. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2021, 28: 206-217.
[19]
LOMBAERTS T, SHISH K, KANESHIGE J. Trim envelope calculations for a tiltrotor in forward flight, hover and transitions[J]. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2022, 55(6): 611-616.
[20]
WANG Xufeng, FENG Zhijun, HOU Xiaolong, et al. Fluorine doped carbon coating of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 379: 122371.
2025年第46卷第3期
PDF下载
176
80
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067
  • 接收时间：2024-01-07
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-06-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-01-07
  • 修回日期：2024-02-21
  • 录用日期：2024-04-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276008)
国家自然科学基金(52276008)
作者信息
    华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院　广州　510641

通讯作者:

巫江虹，女，教授，华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，13580467927，E-mail：。研究方向：电动汽车热管理，磁制冷。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.067
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏
相关链接
论文
最新文章
热读文章
热点专题
内参
蓝皮书
产业发展报告
传播力报告
期刊分级目录
资讯
学术新闻
行业新闻
学术会议
行业会议
关于
关于我们
联系我们
北京市海淀区学院南路86号
100081
010-62199257
qkjq@cast.org.cn

中国科学技术协会版权所有 京ICP 备10216604号-4 海淀分局备案 1101084647
科技导报社主办 中国科协信息中心技术支持