Article(id=1239230396093756407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=1705420800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-17, acceptedDate=1711987200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-02, onlineDate=1773385150216, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150216, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230396290888696, articleId=1239230396093756407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Development Status and Challenges of Thermal Insulation in Large Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogen energy, as a carbon-free energy source and a pivotal technology for attaining the goals of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", has attracted considerable global interest in recent years. The storage of liquid hydrogen offers several advantages owing to its high hydrogen storage density, low storage pressure, and high energy density. However, the industrial development of hydrogen energy still faces many problems. Technologies for large-scale, long-term storage and long-distance transportation are crucial problems in the utilization of liquid hydrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient technologies for storing and transporting liquid hydrogen and to build large liquid hydrogen storage tanks with good thermal insulation performance. In this paper, the development status of large liquid hydrogen storage tank storage technology at home and abroad is reviewed, and key problems such as cryogenic insulation and material thermal stress in liquid hydrogen storage are analyzed. The difficulties associated with hydrogen storage and transportation are highlighted, and the development direction of liquid hydrogen storage technology is examined.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Ju Yonglin, male, professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 86-21-34206532, E-mail: . Research fields: liquefied natural gas and liquefied hydrogen technology, cryogenic heat transfer and cryogenic distillation.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haonan Yang, Liang Yin, Yonglin Ju), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239230398576783391, articleId=1239230396093756407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=大型液氢储罐绝热结构发展现状及面临挑战, columnId=0, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为零碳能源及实现“双碳”目标的关键技术,氢能近年来在全球范围内受到广泛关注。液氢存储由于储氢密度大、存储压力低、能量密度高等特点,具有很大的优势。但氢能产业化发展面临诸多关键问题,其中长期大规模存储和远距离输运等技术一直是液氢应用过程中的瓶颈,重要解决途径是发展高效的大规模液氢储运技术和设计建造绝热性能良好的大型液氢储罐。综述了大型液氢储罐存储技术的国内外发展现状,分析液氢在存储中的低温绝热技术、材料热应力等关键问题,指出液氢储运技术上的挑战,并对液氢存储技术的发展方向做出展望。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:. 研究方向:液化天然气及液化氢气技术,低温传热及低温精馏技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oGvWkqtMOenXOAW1HZpXCg==, magXml=NM0eJ5ACLaRFuYbc2lQm8g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/YjGxKYD0YHfKopzpMmRug==, pdfFileSize=3497235, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jqHS9cVsTsNJbv6WxAnRtw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Jn/ZN4wmEA4QJ59h7tRNEA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=杨浩楠, 殷靓, 巨永林)}, authors=[Author(id=1239230400380334134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230400464220219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400380334134, language=EN, stringName=Haonan Yang, firstName=Haonan, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230400535523391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400380334134, language=CN, stringName=杨浩楠, firstName=浩楠, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230400170618922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400183201835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400187396140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240)])]), Author(id=1239230400636186691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230400736849992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400636186691, language=EN, stringName=Liang Yin, firstName=Liang, middleName=null, lastName=Yin, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230400824930380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400636186691, language=CN, stringName=殷靓, firstName=靓, middleName=null, lastName=殷, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230400300642352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400304836657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400300642352, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400313225266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400300642352, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030)])]), Author(id=1239230400896233554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yju@sjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239230400988508248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400896233554, language=EN, stringName=Yonglin Ju, firstName=Yonglin, middleName=null, lastName=Ju, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239230401084977246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, authorId=1239230400896233554, language=CN, stringName=巨永林, firstName=永林, middleName=null, lastName=巨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230400170618922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400183201835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400187396140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1239230401210806373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=liquid hydrogen), Keyword(id=1239230401286303850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=storage tank), Keyword(id=1239230401395355756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=storage and transportation), Keyword(id=1239230401483436145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=insulation), Keyword(id=1239230401592488054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=thermal stress), Keyword(id=1239230401672179834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=液氢), Keyword(id=1239230401760260224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=储罐), Keyword(id=1239230401865117827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=储运), Keyword(id=1239230401969975432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=绝热), Keyword(id=1239230402053861516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=热应力)], refs=[Reference(id=1239230404868239586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=132, issue=3, pageStart=372, pageEnd=387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=AMIRANTE R, CASSONE E, DISTASO E, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AMIRANTE R, CASSONE E, DISTASO E, et al. Overview on recent developments in energy storage: mechanical, electrochemical and hydrogen technologies[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 132(3): 372-387., articleTitle=Overview on recent developments in energy storage: mechanical, electrochemical and hydrogen technologies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230404935348455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=米树华, 余卓平, 张文建, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=米树华, 余卓平, 张文建, 等. 中国氢能源及燃料电池产业白皮书[R]. 潍坊: 中国氢能联盟, 2019., articleTitle=中国氢能源及燃料电池产业白皮书, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405010845931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=MI Shuhua, YU Zhuoping, ZHANG Wenjian, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(MI Shuhua, YU Zhuoping, ZHANG Wenjian, et al. China hydrogen energy and fuel cell industry white paper[R]. Weifang: China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, 2019.), articleTitle=China hydrogen energy and fuel cell industry white paper, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405086343408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=增刊1, pageStart=108, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=韩利, 李琦, 冷国云, journalName=化工进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩利, 李琦, 冷国云, 等. 氢能储存技术最新进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(增刊1): 108-117., articleTitle=氢能储存技术最新进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405199589620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=Suppl. 1, pageStart=108, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=HAN Li, LI Qi, LENG Guoyun, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(HAN Li, LI Qi, LENG Guoyun, et al. Latest research progress of hydrogen energy storage technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(Suppl. 1): 108-117.), articleTitle=Latest research progress of hydrogen energy storage technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405291864314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=176, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=ZHANG Tongtong, URATANI J, HUANG Yixuan, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Tongtong, URATANI J, HUANG Yixuan, et al. Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 176: 113204., articleTitle=Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405392527614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=47, pageStart=24149, pageEnd=24168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=RATNAKAR R R, GUPTA N, ZHANG Kun, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RATNAKAR R R, GUPTA N, ZHANG Kun, et al. Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(47): 24149-24168., articleTitle=Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405509968133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=102, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=MA Haoming, SUN Zhe, XUE Zhenqian, journalName=Frontiers in Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Haoming, SUN Zhe, XUE Zhenqian, et al. A systemic review of hydrogen supply chain in energy transition[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2023, 17(1): 102-122., articleTitle=A systemic review of hydrogen supply chain in energy transition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405598048522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=23, pageStart=11901, pageEnd=11919, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=ANDERSSON J, GRÖNKVIST S, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ANDERSSON J, GRÖNKVIST S. Large-scale storage of hydrogen[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(23): 11901-11919., articleTitle=Large-scale storage of hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405690323214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=殷靓, 巨永林, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=殷靓, 巨永林. 氢液化流程设计和优化方法研究进展[J]. 制冷学报, 2020, 41(3): 1-10., articleTitle=氢液化流程设计和优化方法研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405778403605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on researches and developments of the design and optimization for hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 41(3): 1-10.), articleTitle=Review on researches and developments of the design and optimization for hydrogen liquefaction processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230405895844121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=刘涛, journalName=能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘涛. 液氢应用已到了临界点[J]. 能源, 2020(9): 90-92., articleTitle=液氢应用已到了临界点, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406017478944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=LIU Tao, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(LIU Tao. The application of liquid hydrogen has reached a critical point[J]. Energy, 2020(9): 90-92.), articleTitle=The application of liquid hydrogen has reached a critical point, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406155890982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=167, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=USMAN M R, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=USMAN M R. Hydrogen storage methods: review and current status[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 167: 112743., articleTitle=Hydrogen storage methods: review and current status, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406235582766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=47, issue=6, pageStart=21, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=郭志钒, 巨永林, journalName=低温与超导, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭志钒, 巨永林. 低温液氢储存的现状及存在问题[J]. 低温与超导, 2019, 47(6): 21-29., articleTitle=低温液氢储存的现状及存在问题, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406340440373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=47, issue=6, pageStart=21, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=GUO Zhifan, JU Yonglin, journalName=Cryogenics & Superconductivity, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(GUO Zhifan, JU Yonglin. Status and problems of cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage[J]. Cryogenics & Superconductivity, 2019, 47(6): 21-29.), articleTitle=Status and problems of cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406428520764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=91, issue=null, pageStart=126, pageEnd=151, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=MONDEJAR M E, ANDREASEN J G, PIEROBON L, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MONDEJAR M E, ANDREASEN J G, PIEROBON L, et al. A review of the use of organic Rankine cycle power systems for maritime applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 91: 126-151., articleTitle=A review of the use of organic Rankine cycle power systems for maritime applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406524989764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=530, pageEnd=544, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin, journalName=Frontiers in Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2020, 14(3): 530-544., articleTitle=Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406617264461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=150, issue=null, pageStart=47, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=18, authorNames=WAN Chuancong, ZHU Shaolong, SHI Chaoyue, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WAN Chuancong, ZHU Shaolong, SHI Chaoyue, et al. Numerical simulation on pressure evolution process of liquid hydrogen storage tank with active cryogenic cooling[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2023, 150: 47-58., articleTitle=Numerical simulation on pressure evolution process of liquid hydrogen storage tank with active cryogenic cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406705344856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=177, pageEnd=179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=李昆鹏, 徐鹏, 沈兵权, journalName=化学工程与装备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李昆鹏, 徐鹏, 沈兵权, 等. 液氢储运技术及标准化[J]. 化学工程与装备, 2023(1): 177-179., articleTitle=液氢储运技术及标准化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406814396770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=177, pageEnd=179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=LI Kunpeng, XU Peng, SHEN Bingquan, journalName=Chemical Engineering & Equipment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(LI Kunpeng, XU Peng, SHEN Bingquan, et al. Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation technology and standardization[J]. Chemical Engineering & Equipment, 2023(1): 177-179.), articleTitle=Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation technology and standardization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230406915060074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=19, pageStart=13329, pageEnd=13338, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(19): 13329-13338., articleTitle=Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407003140467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=1573, issue=1, pageStart=237, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=22, authorNames=QUACK H, SEEMANN I, KLAUS M, journalName=AIP Conference Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QUACK H, SEEMANN I, KLAUS M, et al. Selection of components for the IDEALHY preferred cycle for the large scale liquefaction of hydrogen[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2015, 1573(1): 237., articleTitle=Selection of components for the IDEALHY preferred cycle for the large scale liquefaction of hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407107998079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=154, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=23, authorNames=BERSTAD D, GARDARSDOTTIR S, ROUSSANALY S, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BERSTAD D, GARDARSDOTTIR S, ROUSSANALY S, et al. Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: a brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 154: 111772., articleTitle=Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: a brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407212855690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=278, issue=1, pageStart=12065, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=24, authorNames=KRENN A, YOUNGQUIST R, STARR S, journalName=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRENN A, YOUNGQUIST R, STARR S. Annular air leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 278(1): 12065., articleTitle=Annular air leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407338684815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=755, issue=1, pageStart=12023, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=25, authorNames=KRENN A, DESENBERG D, journalName=IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRENN A, DESENBERG D. Return to service of a liquid hydrogen storage sphere[J]. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 755(1): 12023., articleTitle=Return to service of a liquid hydrogen storage sphere, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407451931033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=26, authorNames=FESMIRE J E, SWANGER A M, JACOBSON J A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FESMIRE J E, SWANGER A M, JACOBSON J A, et al. Energy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen[EB/OL]. (2021-07-20) [2023-09-10]. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210018293., articleTitle=Energy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230407544205724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Kawasaki, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kawasaki. Japan's largest liquid hydrogen storage tank. The intricacies of keeping hydrogen at -253 ℃[EB/OL]. (2017-02-27) [2023-09-10]. https://answers.khi.co.jp/en/energy-environment/20170227e-01/., articleTitle=Japan's largest liquid hydrogen storage tank. The intricacies of keeping hydrogen at -253 ℃, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409012212129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=1101, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=QIU Yinan, YANG Huan, TONG Lige, journalName=Metals, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Yinan, YANG Huan, TONG Lige. et al. Research progress of cryogenic materials for storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen[J]. Metals, 2021, 11(7): 1101., articleTitle=Research progress of cryogenic materials for storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409112875434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Horizon Europe, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Horizon Europe. Development of large scale LH2 containment for shipping[EB/OL]. (2022-06-27) [2023-09-10]. https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/HORIZON_HORIZON-JTI-CLEANH2-2022-02-06., articleTitle=Development of large scale LH2 containment for shipping, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409192567215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=NCE Maritime Cleantech, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NCE Maritime Cleantech. Norwegian future value chains for liquid hydrogen[R/OL]. (2019-04-25) [2023-09-10]. https://maritimecleantech.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Report-liquid-hydrogen.pdf., articleTitle=Norwegian future value chains for liquid hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409301619126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Global hydrogen trade to meet the 1.5 ℃ climate goal: technology review of hydrogen carriers[EB/OL]. (2022-04-27) [2023-09-10]. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II., articleTitle=Global hydrogen trade to meet the 1.5 ℃ climate goal: technology review of hydrogen carriers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409477779902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=4, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=32, authorNames=段志祥, 朱鸣, 胡杭健, journalName=中国特种设备安全, refType=null, unstructuredReference=段志祥, 朱鸣, 胡杭健. 我国液氢储运标准建设思考[J]. 中国特种设备安全, 2023, 39(3): 4-8., articleTitle=我国液氢储运标准建设思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409565860289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=4, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=DUAN Zhixiang, ZHU Ming, HU Hangjian, journalName=China Special Equipment Safety, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(DUAN Zhixiang, ZHU Ming, HU Hangjian. Thoughts on the construction of technical standards for liquid hydrogen storage and transportation in China[J]. China Special Equipment Safety, 2023, 39(3): 4-8.), articleTitle=Thoughts on the construction of technical standards for liquid hydrogen storage and transportation in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409666523593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=60, issue=4, pageStart=18, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=蒋小文, 杨攀, 邵浩洋, journalName=化工设备与管道, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋小文, 杨攀, 邵浩洋, 等. 双碳背景下我国氢能产业链中氢的储存——大规模液氢储罐现状及思考[J]. 化工设备与管道, 2023, 60(4): 18-28., articleTitle=双碳背景下我国氢能产业链中氢的储存——大规模液氢储罐现状及思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409746215374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=60, issue=4, pageStart=18, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=JIANG Xiaowen, YANG Pan, SHAO Haoyang, journalName=Process Equipment & Piping, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(JIANG Xiaowen, YANG Pan, SHAO Haoyang, et al. Hydrogen storage in China's hydrogen energy industry chain under the "dual carbon" background—current situation and consideration of large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. Process Equipment & Piping, 2023, 60(4): 18-28.), articleTitle=Hydrogen storage in China's hydrogen energy industry chain under the "dual carbon" background—current situation and consideration of large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409846878676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=187, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=36, authorNames=张震, 解辉, 苏嘉南, journalName=天然气工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张震, 解辉, 苏嘉南, 等. “碳中和”背景下的液氢发展之路探讨[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(4): 187-193., articleTitle=“碳中和”背景下的液氢发展之路探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230409976902105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=187, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=37, authorNames=ZHANG Zhen, XIE Hui, SU Jianan, journalName=Natural Gas Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Zhen, XIE Hui, SU Jianan, et al. Development of liquid hydrogen under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(4): 187-193.), articleTitle=Development of liquid hydrogen under the background of carbon neutrality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410064982494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=182, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=38, authorNames=MORALES-OSPINO R, CELZARD A, FIERRO V, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MORALES-OSPINO R, CELZARD A, FIERRO V. Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 182: 113360., articleTitle=Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410190811619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=3, pageStart=1149, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=AL GHAFRI S Z, SWANGER A, JUSKO V, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AL GHAFRI S Z, SWANGER A, JUSKO V, et al. Modelling of liquid hydrogen boil-off[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(3): 1149., articleTitle=Modelling of liquid hydrogen boil-off, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410325029356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=33, pageStart=14535, pageEnd=14552, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Pengcheng, NIU Meng, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Pengcheng, NIU Meng, et al. The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(33): 14535-14552., articleTitle=The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410417304049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=31, issue=15, pageStart=2299, pageEnd=2309, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=KHURANA T K, PRASAD B V S S S, RAMAMURTHI K, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KHURANA T K, PRASAD B V S S S, RAMAMURTHI K, et al. Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31(15): 2299-2309., articleTitle=Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410513773046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=223, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=WU Sixian, JU Yonglin, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Sixian, JU Yonglin. Numerical study of the boil-off gas (BOG) generation characteristics in a type C independent liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank under sloshing excitation[J]. Energy, 2021, 223: 120001., articleTitle=Numerical study of the boil-off gas (BOG) generation characteristics in a type C independent liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank under sloshing excitation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410606047741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=186, issue=null, pageStart=526, pageEnd=534, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=43, authorNames=ZHENG Jianpeng, CHEN Liubiao, WANG Jue, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Jianpeng, CHEN Liubiao, WANG Jue, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and comparison of four insulation schemes for liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 186: 526-534., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis and comparison of four insulation schemes for liquid hydrogen storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410811568646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=44, authorNames=蒋文兵, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋文兵. 低温贮箱蒸气冷却屏热防护特性仿真与实验研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2023., articleTitle=低温贮箱蒸气冷却屏热防护特性仿真与实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410882871821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=45, authorNames=JIANG Wenbing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(JIANG Wenbing. Simulation and experimental study on thermal protection characteristics of steam cooling screen of cryogenic storage tank[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2023.), articleTitle=Simulation and experimental study on thermal protection characteristics of steam cooling screen of cryogenic storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230410958369301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=97, pageStart=41046, pageEnd=41054, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=46, authorNames=YATSENKO E A, GOLTSMAN B M, NOVIKOV Y V, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YATSENKO E A, GOLTSMAN B M, NOVIKOV Y V, et al. Review on modern ways of insulation of reservoirs for liquid hydrogen storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(97): 41046-41054., articleTitle=Review on modern ways of insulation of reservoirs for liquid hydrogen storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411080004122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=11, pageStart=7088, pageEnd=7097, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=47, authorNames=WANG Ping, JI Lun, YUAN Jing, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Ping, JI Lun, YUAN Jing, et al. Modeling and optimization of composite thermal insulation system with HGMs and VDMLI for liquid hydrogen on orbit storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(11): 7088-7097., articleTitle=Modeling and optimization of composite thermal insulation system with HGMs and VDMLI for liquid hydrogen on orbit storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411172278816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=231, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=48, authorNames=LIN Yunfei, LI Xingong, HUANG Qinghua, journalName=Energy and Buildings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Yunfei, LI Xingong, HUANG Qinghua. Preparation and characterization of expanded perlite/wood-magnesium composites as building insulation materials[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2021, 231: 110637., articleTitle=Preparation and characterization of expanded perlite/wood-magnesium composites as building insulation materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411256164905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Revision of the interim recommendations for carriage of liquefied hydrogen in bulk: MSC 420(97)-2016[S]. London: International Maritime Organization, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411352633903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cryogenic vessels-static vacuum-insulated vessels: ISO 21009-2015[S]. Geneva: International Organizations for Standardization, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411461685817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=173, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=51, authorNames=WU Sixian, JU Yonglin, LIN Jichao, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Sixian, JU Yonglin, LIN Jichao, et al. Numerical simulation and experiment verification of the static boil-off rate and temperature field for a new independent type B liquefied natural gas ship mock up tank[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 173: 115265., articleTitle=Numerical simulation and experiment verification of the static boil-off rate and temperature field for a new independent type B liquefied natural gas ship mock up tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411600097857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=89, pageStart=34885, pageEnd=34896, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=52, authorNames=LIU Yinhua, ZHOU Peilin, JEONG B, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yinhua, ZHOU Peilin, JEONG B, et al. Design and optimization of a type-C tank for liquid hydrogen marine transport[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(89): 34885-34896., articleTitle=Design and optimization of a type-C tank for liquid hydrogen marine transport, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411742704200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=6, pageStart=1178, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=53, authorNames=YU Yang, XIE Fushou, ZHU Ming, journalName=Processes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Yang, XIE Fushou, ZHU Ming, et al. Design and optimization of the insulation performance of a 4 000 m3 liquid hydrogen spherical tank[J]. Processes, 2023, 11(6): 1178., articleTitle=Design and optimization of the insulation performance of a 4 000 m3 liquid hydrogen spherical tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411818201681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=45, pageStart=17187, pageEnd=17201, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=54, authorNames=WANG Haoren, WANG Bo, LI Ruize, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Haoren, WANG Bo, LI Ruize, et al. Theoretical investigation on heat leakage distribution between vapor and liquid in liquid hydrogen tanks[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(45): 17187-17201., articleTitle=Theoretical investigation on heat leakage distribution between vapor and liquid in liquid hydrogen tanks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411897893467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=43, issue=50, pageStart=22622, pageEnd=22635, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=55, authorNames=LIU Zhan, FENG Yuyang, LEI Gang, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zhan, FENG Yuyang, LEI Gang, et al. Fluid thermal stratification in a non-isothermal liquid hydrogen tank under sloshing excitation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(50): 22622-22635., articleTitle=Fluid thermal stratification in a non-isothermal liquid hydrogen tank under sloshing excitation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230411981779555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=6, pageStart=2046, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=56, authorNames=SMITH J R, GKANTONAS S, MASTORAKOS E, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SMITH J R, GKANTONAS S, MASTORAKOS E. Modelling of boil-off and sloshing relevant to future liquid hydrogen carriers[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(6): 2046., articleTitle=Modelling of boil-off and sloshing relevant to future liquid hydrogen carriers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230412061471338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=46, pageStart=25344, pageEnd=25356, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=57, authorNames=MA Yuan, ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Yuan, ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, et al. Numerical investigation on chill-down and thermal stress characteristics of a LH2 tank during ground filling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(46): 25344-25356., articleTitle=Numerical investigation on chill-down and thermal stress characteristics of a LH2 tank during ground filling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230413558837881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=46, pageStart=16578, pageEnd=16586, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=58, authorNames=XU Weiqiang, LI Qianqian, HUANG Minjie, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Weiqiang, LI Qianqian, HUANG Minjie. Design and analysis of liquid hydrogen storage tank for high-altitude long-endurance remotely-operated aircraft[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(46): 16578-16586., articleTitle=Design and analysis of liquid hydrogen storage tank for high-altitude long-endurance remotely-operated aircraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230413667889791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1986, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=87, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=59, authorNames=TSYBENKO A S, KURANOV B A, CHEPURNOI A D, journalName=Strength of Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TSYBENKO A S, KURANOV B A, CHEPURNOI A D, et al. Thermal stress state of cryogenic high-pressure vessels during chilling and pressurization. Report no. 1. Method of calculation[J]. Strength of Materials, 1986, 18(1): 87-92., articleTitle=Thermal stress state of cryogenic high-pressure vessels during chilling and pressurization. Report no. 1. Method of calculation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230413760164485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=36, issue=9, pageStart=584, pageEnd=587, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=60, authorNames=FEDOROV V I, LUK'YANOVA É A, journalName=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FEDOROV V I, LUK'YANOVA É A. Filling and storage of cryogenic propellant components cooled below boiling point in rocket tanks at atmospheric pressure[J]. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2000, 36(9): 584-587., articleTitle=Filling and storage of cryogenic propellant components cooled below boiling point in rocket tanks at atmospheric pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230413885993616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=173, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=61, authorNames=ZHANG Chuanjia, ZHANG Qiyong, ZHU Zhigang, journalName=Fusion Engineering and Design, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Chuanjia, ZHANG Qiyong, ZHU Zhigang, et al. Numerical simulation of thermal-structural behaviour of liquid helium tank during filling process[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2021, 173: 112798., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of thermal-structural behaviour of liquid helium tank during filling process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414011822745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=67, issue=null, pageStart=342, pageEnd=347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=62, authorNames=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, XU Mengjian, journalName=Physics Procedia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, XU Mengjian, et al. Investigation of the chill-down behavior and thermal stress distribution of a cryogenic tank during the filling process[J]. Physics Procedia, 2015, 67: 342-347., articleTitle=Investigation of the chill-down behavior and thermal stress distribution of a cryogenic tank during the filling process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414112486048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=130, issue=null, pageStart=951, pageEnd=961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=63, authorNames=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, et al. Experimental study on cool down characteristics and thermal stress of cryogenic tank during LN2 filling process[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 130: 951-961., articleTitle=Experimental study on cool down characteristics and thermal stress of cryogenic tank during LN2 filling process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414221537959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=141, issue=null, pageStart=1009, pageEnd=1019, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=64, authorNames=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, et al. Influence of filling methods on the cool down performance and induced thermal stress distribution in cryogenic tank[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 141: 1009-1019., articleTitle=Influence of filling methods on the cool down performance and induced thermal stress distribution in cryogenic tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414313812654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=65, authorNames=王鑫, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王鑫. 车载液氢气瓶强度与振动疲劳特性研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2022., articleTitle=车载液氢气瓶强度与振动疲劳特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414410281652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=66, authorNames=WANG Xin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Xin. Study on strength and vibration fatigue characteristics of a vehicle-mounted liquid hydrogen cylinder[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2022.), articleTitle=Study on strength and vibration fatigue characteristics of a vehicle-mounted liquid hydrogen cylinder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414519333564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=10, pageStart=557, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=67, authorNames=扬帆, 张超, 张博超, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=扬帆, 张超, 张博超, 等. 大型液氢储罐内罐材料研究与应用进展[J]. 太阳能学报, 2023, 44(10): 557-563., articleTitle=大型液氢储罐内罐材料研究与应用进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414615802561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=10, pageStart=557, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=68, authorNames=YANG Fan, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG Bochao, journalName=Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YANG Fan, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG Bochao, et al. Research and application progress of inner tank materials for large liquid hydrogen storage tanks[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2023, 44(10): 557-563.), articleTitle=Research and application progress of inner tank materials for large liquid hydrogen storage tanks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414733243081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=69, authorNames=魏新, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏新. 16万方LNG储罐应力场与温度场耦合响应分析[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2016., articleTitle=16万方LNG储罐应力场与温度场耦合响应分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414833906384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=70, authorNames=WEI Xin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WEI Xin. Coupling response analysis of stress field and temperature field for 160 000 m3 LNG storage tank[D]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University, 2016.), articleTitle=Coupling response analysis of stress field and temperature field for 160 000 m3 LNG storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230414905209555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=92, pageStart=39179, pageEnd=39192, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=71, authorNames=PARK H, KIM J, BERGAN P G, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARK H, KIM J, BERGAN P G, et al. Structural design of flexible vacuum insulation system for large-scale LH2 storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(92): 39179-39192., articleTitle=Structural design of flexible vacuum insulation system for large-scale LH2 storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239230415035232986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=270, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=72, authorNames=DUAN Zhongdi, ZHU Yifeng, WANG Chenbiao, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN Zhongdi, ZHU Yifeng, WANG Chenbiao, et al. Numerical and theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic response in marine LNG fuel tanks under sloshing conditions[J]. Energy, 2023, 270: 126935., articleTitle=Numerical and theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic response in marine LNG fuel tanks under sloshing conditions, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230400170618922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400183201835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400187396140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400170618922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239230400300642352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400304836657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400300642352, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230400313225266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, companyId=1239230400300642352, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239230402196467862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison between the planned LH2 storage tank in Norway and the existing storage tank[26], figureFileSmall=aRhPDkMQUjpObG+bUk3IvA==, figureFileBig=jqHS9cVsTsNJbv6WxAnRtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402284548250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图1, caption=挪威计划建设液氢储罐与现有储罐对比[26], figureFileSmall=aRhPDkMQUjpObG+bUk3IvA==, figureFileBig=jqHS9cVsTsNJbv6WxAnRtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402485874853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of gas-liquid interface under shaking excitation[34], figureFileSmall=BE09IGnZ5FUqcxxFXPjFPQ==, figureFileBig=3HdBzteLCebwTYNxSKAo/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402611703979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图2, caption=晃动激励下气液界面变化[34], figureFileSmall=BE09IGnZ5FUqcxxFXPjFPQ==, figureFileBig=3HdBzteLCebwTYNxSKAo/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402687201458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Coupling of different insulation methods[35], figureFileSmall=ktqYC7J6kH1alY03+OucmA==, figureFileBig=Z/4y6s+d6DR2ve7bfnNjCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402800447674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同保温方式的耦合示意图[35], figureFileSmall=ktqYC7J6kH1alY03+OucmA==, figureFileBig=Z/4y6s+d6DR2ve7bfnNjCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402901110978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structure of large cryogenic storage tank, figureFileSmall=rP4ZDLxxGAGLZFEJxLir2Q==, figureFileBig=FOyaOqj1j/LTc0TG6qyk1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230402980802759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大型低温储罐结构, figureFileSmall=rP4ZDLxxGAGLZFEJxLir2Q==, figureFileBig=FOyaOqj1j/LTc0TG6qyk1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230403102437579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heat transfer process of the thermal insulation layer composed of VCS and RPF, figureFileSmall=wFisiDCc32Go9rmeO0Nvsg==, figureFileBig=U2IH4AVe9croDf86y2ut1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230404549472463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图5, caption=由VCS和RPF组成的保温层的传热过程

Q0液氢吸收的热量;Q1流经内侧RPF的热量;Q2流经外侧RPF的热量;Qvcs VCS带走的热量;Qtotal外界环境向球罐的总传热量。

, figureFileSmall=wFisiDCc32Go9rmeO0Nvsg==, figureFileBig=U2IH4AVe9croDf86y2ut1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230404650135765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Design of thermal insulation structure of cryogenic storage tank[49], figureFileSmall=8Cv83AO3hi7+P6/qNh5IRg==, figureFileBig=ZFoSLyhGROujY6CmRk5XKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230404754993372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230396093756407, language=CN, label=图6, caption=低温储罐绝热结构设计[49], figureFileSmall=8Cv83AO3hi7+P6/qNh5IRg==, figureFileBig=ZFoSLyhGROujY6CmRk5XKg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
大型液氢储罐绝热结构发展现状及面临挑战
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨浩楠 1 , 殷靓 2 , 巨永林 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 57-66
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 57-66
大型液氢储罐绝热结构发展现状及面临挑战
全屏
杨浩楠1, 殷靓2, 巨永林1
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 2上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030

通讯作者:

巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:. 研究方向:液化天然气及液化氢气技术,低温传热及低温精馏技术。
Development Status and Challenges of Thermal Insulation in Large Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks
Haonan Yang1, Liang Yin2, Yonglin Ju1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
  • 2.Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057
文章导航
收藏切换

作为零碳能源及实现“双碳”目标的关键技术,氢能近年来在全球范围内受到广泛关注。液氢存储由于储氢密度大、存储压力低、能量密度高等特点,具有很大的优势。但氢能产业化发展面临诸多关键问题,其中长期大规模存储和远距离输运等技术一直是液氢应用过程中的瓶颈,重要解决途径是发展高效的大规模液氢储运技术和设计建造绝热性能良好的大型液氢储罐。综述了大型液氢储罐存储技术的国内外发展现状,分析液氢在存储中的低温绝热技术、材料热应力等关键问题,指出液氢储运技术上的挑战,并对液氢存储技术的发展方向做出展望。

液氢  /  储罐  /  储运  /  绝热  /  热应力

Hydrogen energy, as a carbon-free energy source and a pivotal technology for attaining the goals of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", has attracted considerable global interest in recent years. The storage of liquid hydrogen offers several advantages owing to its high hydrogen storage density, low storage pressure, and high energy density. However, the industrial development of hydrogen energy still faces many problems. Technologies for large-scale, long-term storage and long-distance transportation are crucial problems in the utilization of liquid hydrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient technologies for storing and transporting liquid hydrogen and to build large liquid hydrogen storage tanks with good thermal insulation performance. In this paper, the development status of large liquid hydrogen storage tank storage technology at home and abroad is reviewed, and key problems such as cryogenic insulation and material thermal stress in liquid hydrogen storage are analyzed. The difficulties associated with hydrogen storage and transportation are highlighted, and the development direction of liquid hydrogen storage technology is examined.

liquid hydrogen  /  storage tank  /  storage and transportation  /  insulation  /  thermal stress
杨浩楠, 殷靓, 巨永林. 大型液氢储罐绝热结构发展现状及面临挑战. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057
Haonan Yang, Liang Yin, Yonglin Ju. Development Status and Challenges of Thermal Insulation in Large Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057
不断增长的能源需求成为当前经济社会发展的核心内容之一。由于化石能源具有不可再生性,且其使用会对环境造成温室效应、酸雨等不利影响,因此对可再生能源的开发和利用逐渐成为解决人类能源问题的重要方向[1]。氢气作为清洁无污染的可再生能源,在世界各国的能源行业中得到广泛关注和发展。2020年9月,中国提出2030年实现“碳中和”、2060年实现“碳达峰”的目标[2],氢能在“双碳”目标的实现中具有重要作用。2023年我国氢气产量约为4 291万t,为实现2060年的“碳中和”目标,我国氢气年产量需提升至1.2亿t,占到终端能源体系的20%[3]
在这种渐进且持续的能源转型中,氢作为未来的关键能量载体高度依赖于储存和运输方式。随着世界各国氢气需求量的大幅增加,储氢技术也成为当前研究热点[4-6]。氢气的储存方式可根据其储存状态分为气态存储、低温液态存储、固态存储和有机液态存储等方式。其中低温液氢在所有的存储方式中,能量密度最高,可达到70.78 kg/m3,约为标况下氢气密度(0.083 42 kg/m3)的850倍,因此液氢可以实现的存储规模极大[7-8]
目前液氢主要用于航天低温推进剂,在航天航空领域具有能量密度大、体积密度大、加注时间短等优势。液氢的应用前景正在不断扩展至其他领域,近年来氢燃料电池迅速发展,汽车工业不断扩大对氢的需求,预计至2030年,氢燃料电池汽车会达到100万辆,氢的需求将高达60万t/a[9],同时有汽车厂商尝试在中小型车辆上实现LH2的车载使用[10]。这对氢的民用化提出了更高的求[11],发展液氢存储技术也成为了储氢工作的重点。
储氢技术主要有压缩气态储氢、低温液态氢、低温压缩储氢、固体储氢、液体有机储氢等路径,其中固态和有机储氢技术仍处于技术验证阶段。相比之下,压缩气态储氢技术在技术上已经成熟,而液态氢和低温压缩储氢技术的可行性已经在航空航天领域和一些民用车辆领域得到验证。其中液氢储能具有高密度、安全等优点,适合长距离、大规模运输。在长距离、大规模的能源运输中,船舶运输具有成本效益高和能源效率高的优势,占全球货物运输的80%以上[12-13]。鉴于当前已有很多大规模海上液化天然气(LNG,liquefied natural gas)、液氮(LN2)运输和贸易的案例,通过船舶运输液氢也成为液氢发展的热点。扩大运输规模会极大降低氢气的运输成本,并在工业贸易、海运、交通和工业领域开启新的应用[5]。因此开发液氢储运技术,尤其是海上储运技术已成为氢能源领域的必然趋势[14]
液氢储运技术是液氢制取到实际应用之间的关键衔接环节[15],在对液氢进行存储和运输之前,需要将氢气在液化工厂液化。氢气液化是把氢气从环境温度降至20 K的低温制冷循环,这是一个高能耗过程。目前氢气液化装置的主要缺点是生产能力较低,通常约为5 t/d,并且其相对较低的㶲效率表明生产成本和能耗均有提高的空间[16]。考虑到在液氢储运中,卡车、飞机和船舶的潜力不断上升,预计在不久的将来将建造产量达到50 t/d的氢液化工厂[17]
液氢的储存可以分为固定式储存和移动式储存,固定式储存是在生产现场、最终用户现场和氢燃料发电现场进行的液氢储存。移动储存通常包括液氢的储存和运输,在运输过程中通过卡车或船舶储存,或用于航空航天提供燃料[18]
美国国家航空航天局(NASA,National Aeronautics and Space Administration)是最早开发LH2存储技术的机构之一,在太空飞行中使用液氢作为推进剂。在20世纪60年代,NASA建造了世界上最大的液氢球形储罐,球罐的容量约为3 200 m3,日蒸发率为0.062 5%[20-21]
20世纪80年代末,川崎重工也建造了2个球形LH2储罐,容积分别为540 m3和600 m3,建造至今,日蒸发率保持在0.2%以下,无恶化迹象[22]
经过几十年液氢存储技术的发展,在美国、欧洲、日本等地区,液氢等低温推进剂储运技术已广泛应用于空间推进系统、民用能源、化工等领域,在氢气液化、储罐高效绝热、材料性能研究上积累了丰富的经验[23]。美国、欧洲、日本等地区竞相建造出容积更大的液氢储罐,如近几年来,NASA还在建造一个4 700 m3的球形储罐,采用玻璃气泡来绝热,辅之以集成制冷和储存系统进一步减少液氢蒸发,日蒸发率可达0.048%以下[21]
各国研发人员也将一部分视线从大规模液氢的固定存储转移至移动存储中,通过船舶来储运液氢成为了研究热点,因为跨国、跨洲的液氢贸易具有极大的市场规模。在2021年,世界上第1艘液氢运输船Suiso Frontier由日本川崎重工在神户船厂建造完成,船上安装了2个1 250 m3真空绝热、双壁液氢储罐,日蒸发率小于0.1%[18]。2022年2月,该船向日本神户运送了第1批液氢,标志着世界上首次完成液氢长距离海上运输。
各国意识到,要在洲际的氢气供应中取得优势,除了要研发建设液氢运输船,开发容量超过10 000 m3的大型液氢储罐的可用性也起着关键性作用[5],因此各国还在筹划着更大容积液氢储罐的建设。“欧洲地平线”(Horizon Europe)项目计划在2024年开发出容量达到5 000 m3的液氢储罐,2030年达到40 000 m3的液氢储罐[24-25]。挪威计划在未来建设单个容积为50 000 m3的液氢储罐,该储罐与现有储罐对比如图1所示。川崎重工已完成最先进的液氢运输船概念图的设计,其容积为160 000 m3,由4个储罐组成,每个储罐40 000 m3[26]
相比于美国、欧洲、日本等,我国的液氢生产和液氢存储技术尚处于起步阶段,液氢的生产供应、标准体系和设计规范相对不成熟。在全球液氢约500 t/d的产能中,北美地区占比80%以上,而我国的液氢产能仅约为6 t/d,且主要应用于航天领域。我国自主研发的液氢储罐容积有100、150 m3,最大为300 m3,均为圆柱形卧式储罐,日蒸发率约为0.24%~0.5%,最大存储能力约为2 500 m3,与国外差距较大[27]
为适应氢能的发展,使氢能产业规模化,我国也正在投入资金和力量至大型液氢球罐的设计和建造中。在液氢储罐研发计划中,中科富海牵头的2020年中华人民共和国科学技术部“可再生能源与氢能技术”重点专项中的400 m3液氢球罐已完成中期检查[28];2023年9月,中华人民共和国工业和信息化部立项开展液氢运输船关键技术的预先研究,研究涉及运输船上千立方米级液氢储罐的设计。液氢储罐的研究方向是在满足强度的条件下,减少绝热结构和支撑结构的漏热,使千立方米量级的液氢罐日蒸发率低于0.05%[29]
无论是移动式存储还是固定式存储,液氢储运的主要挑战均是减少存储和运输过程中的蒸发气体(boiling-of-gas,BOG)。BOG的产生会使液氢储罐的压力增加,当储罐内达到一定压力时,为保证储罐的安全运作,需要BOG从储罐排出,这将导致冷量和氢能的损失[30-31]。引起液氢蒸发的原因很多,主要原因如下:
1)正仲氢转化。
氢气含有2种不同组成的自旋异构体:75%的正氢和25%的仲氢。正氢不稳定,低温存储时会自发向仲氢转化,过程伴随着放热。释放的热量会导致50%的液氢在100 h后蒸发[32]。因此,为实现液氢的长期存储,在氢液化时通过催化剂提前将正氢转化为仲氢,减少存储中的正氢浓度,其转化率可达99%。
2)储罐热泄漏。
液氢存储在20 K的低温容器中,与外界环境存在极大的温差,因此液氢会吸收外界的热量,导致冷量的大量损失。为减少热泄漏,应选择比表面积较小的球形或圆柱形储罐,采用双层壁结构,双层壁之间填充绝热材料,并保持高度真空。同时尽可能地增大储罐体积,来获得更小的比表面积。50 m3的储罐日蒸发率为0.3%~5%,1 000 m3的储罐日蒸发率小于0.2%,20 000 m3的储罐日蒸发率约为0.06%。低温绝热技术及储罐的设计是液氢储运的研究重点。
3)热分层。
低温液氢会因吸热而出现温度分布不均的情况,在液氢中会形成自然对流,温度高的部分会上浮至上层,从而沿储罐轴向存在温度梯度,造成液氢的蒸发损失。在储罐中安装沿轴向的肋或导热板,减小液氢上下层间的导热热阻,从而减小温度梯度。据研究表明,肋的安装对热分层的降低程度高达30%,且具有肋形表面的储罐自由对流传热表面传热系数也明显较低[33]
4)晃动。
罐内液氢的晃动会加剧蒸发,因为液氢晃动所耗散的动能会转化为热能传递至储罐系统,同时使气液界面出现波动,增加了储罐内液体和气体的接触面积,加强了气液相之间的传热传质,如图2所示。一般,晃动频率越大,储罐内液体的运动越剧烈,气液界面波动越严重,气相与液相之间的传热传质也越剧烈。且在晃动频率接近罐体固有频率时,罐内液体晃动会更为剧烈,界面被分离和破碎,造成气相和液相之间的部分混合[34]。对于运输船上的液氢储罐,晃动无法避免,应考虑其引起的蒸发损耗及可能导致储罐的局部破坏。
低温绝热技术是低温工程中的一项重要技术,也是实现低温液体储存的核心技术手段,按照是否由外界主动提供能量可分为被动绝热和主动绝热两大方式。
传统的被动绝热技术主要是将聚氨酯泡沫和多层绝热材料(multi-layer insulation,MLI)耦合,通过合理的配置减少液氢储罐向环境的漏热。MLI是一种高效的低温保温技术,由低发射率反射器和低导热间隔器组成,在高真空条件下层层交替排列[35],其表观导热系数低至10-6~10-5 W/(m·K)[14]
根据对MLI进一步的研究,靠近冷边界一侧的MLI由热传导产生的漏热占总漏热的比值更大,而在靠近热边界的MLI处,由热辐射产生的漏热占总漏热的比值更大,因此发展出变密度多层绝热技术(variable density multi-layer insulation,VDMLI),对MLI进行变密度配置,在冷边界附近增加间隔层的厚度,在热边界附近增加反射层的数量,以优化总漏热量。
鉴于液氢的一个重要特性,它从液化温度变化至常温的显热为3 509.6 kJ/(kg·K),远远高于448.7 kJ/(kg·K)的汽化潜热,因此可将储罐内蒸发的H2回收,利用其冷量为储罐内的液氢提供绝热作用,此即蒸气冷却屏技术(vapor cooled shield,VCS)。VCS安装在储罐绝热结构的不同位置,冷却效果存在较大差异。蒸气冷却屏在整个绝热系统中的应用,关键在于探明其在绝热结构中的最优安装位置,进而实现对低温蒸气冷量的高效利用[36]
Zheng Jianpeng等[35]对多层绝热(MLI)、变密度多层绝热(VDMLI)、喷涂泡沫绝热(spray on foam insulation,SOFI)和蒸气冷却屏(VCS)进行系统的热力学分析,研究不同保温方式的相互耦合效应,如图3所示。结果表明,VDMLI的热流密度比MLI降低了50%,VCS和MLI耦合后的热流密度比MLI降低了58%,VDMLI和VCS耦合后的热流密度比VDMLI降低了66%。可知VDMLI和VCS的耦合能使储罐的被动绝热达到最佳绝热效果。
主动绝热技术是依靠低温制冷机进行主动制冷,将漏入低温储罐的热量转移至储罐外,从而实现零蒸发储存或减蒸发储存。主动热转移技术从概念方案的提出至今已发展二十余年,仍处于原理性分析和实验验证阶段。现阶段研究内容主要聚焦于2个方面:一是零蒸发存储或减蒸发存储系统的构建方式和运行流程;二是用大冷量低温制冷机的研发。
但在20 K的低温下,制冷机的制冷效率非常低,且具有很大的体积和极高的运行维护成本。目前研发的低温制冷机在液氢温区的制冷功率难以满足大型液氢储罐的无损存储。因此,可以预见在未来较长时间内采用被动绝热技术是液氢存储的首选[36]
近些年随着航空航天和交通业对氢能的需求不断扩大,液氢存储的绝热技术也得到较快发展。大型低温储罐多采用球形罐体或C型罐,这2种罐体的共同特点是均依靠双层结构形成环形真空,在真空空间内采用低导热性和低密度的材料填充,该结构可在内外温差显著的情况下起到良好的绝热效果[37]。大型液氢储罐通常采用如图4所示的绝热结构。储罐系统由内罐、外罐、圆顶、真空夹套、真空空间、内外罐间的支撑结构、支柱组成。
内罐是压力容器,既要有足够的机械强度来承受液氢、BOG的压力和由温度不均引起的热应力,还应有抗氢脆、抗氢渗透等特性。通常采用不锈钢作为内罐材料,奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的低温性能,是储罐内罐的首选材料。还可在不锈钢中添加微量的金属元素来适应不同的存储环境。如对于海上船舶储运,可在不锈钢中添加钼(Mo)具有更高的抗氯离子腐蚀能力,更好地适应海洋地区的应用[4]。还可通过阴极保护、表面涂层、离子注入和激光喷丸等方式来有效提高不锈钢的抗氢脆腐蚀能力[23]
在内罐和外罐之间会采用抽真空和填充绝热材料的保温方式。对于大型液氢储罐,常见的填充材料包括多层绝热材料和堆积绝热材料,堆积绝热材料多为珍珠岩粉末、聚氨酯泡沫或中空玻璃微球(hollow glass microspheres,HGM)。通过优化配置HGM的厚度、MLI的数量和排列方式,可以大幅提高绝热系统的绝热性能、质量和环境适应性[38]
对于现有的大型液氢储罐,考虑到使用MLI会极大地增加成本和安装难度,常对绝热夹层抽真空,并以珍珠岩粉末作为填充材料。珍珠岩粉末因具有密度小(65 kg/m3)、导热系数低(0.031 W/(m·K))、化学稳定性高的特点,在液氢储罐的绝热中得到了广泛应用[39]
大型储罐也可对绝热系统采取不抽真空的方案,因为日本和澳大利亚的研究人员发现,在液氢运输船的研发过程中,建造大型内部真空罐的成本很高,真空隔热并非大型货物密封系统的可行选择。为了减少传热,可用氢气填充保温层来代替真空并增加双层保温层的绝热方案[40]
真空夹套介于内罐和外罐之间,用于保持真空环境。在对真空夹套内抽真空时,由于真空绝热空间与外界大气之间的压力差,真空夹套内会承受1个大气压的外部压力。ISO 21009-2015[41]标准规定,为防止外壳因外部压力而屈曲,外壳的设计必须能够承受最小2个大气压的外部压力。传统储罐的真空夹套需设计成一个独立的壳体结构,并能够满足屈曲稳定性和密封性要求。
内罐和外罐之间一般用支撑结构连接。支撑结构需要能够承受内罐和液氢的重量以及罐体收缩所造成的额外载荷,同时要能尽量减少通过支撑结构传递的漏热。因此,支撑结构需满足低导热系数和高强度相结合的特点。陆地上的大型储罐通常采用拉杆来连接内罐和外罐,在最大程度上减少了支撑结构与罐体之间的接触,从而减少漏热。
LH2储罐内液氢的存储温度是20 K,与环境的温差约为270 K,必然会导致热量进入储罐造成液氢的蒸发。因此,储罐的蒸发速率是衡量LH2储罐性能的重要指标之一,它反映了LH2储罐的保温能力。在LH2储罐的设计和建造中,有必要充分研究LH2的蒸发过程、温度分布和流动特性[42]
对于液氢储罐的数值模拟,前人已进行了大量研究。Liu Yinhua等[43]设计了日蒸发率为0.1%大型液氢C型储罐,采用硬质聚氨酯泡沫(rigid polyurethane foam,RPF)和蒸气冷却屏障(VCS)作为保温系统,如图5所示,对保温系统进行了热力学分析,获得了VCS位置对储罐漏热和绝热层温度分布的影响,并确定了VCS在绝热层中的最佳位置。
Yu Yang等[44]对4 000 m3的液氢球罐设计了7种不同的绝热方案,进行对比分析后发现,当真空夹套内的压力小于3.34 Pa或大于133.69 Pa时,MLI材料的保温性能优于中空玻璃微球。并联VCS的热泄漏比MLI低76.6%。串联VCS的最小热泄漏比MLI、单VCS和并联VCS分别低83.79%、72.75%和37.36%。最终,将该储罐的热泄漏量控制在10 W以内,为大型LH2储罐的高效储运提供了设计参考。
Wang Haoren等[45]研究了在液氢储罐自增压过程中蒸气和液体之间的热流密度分布,提出了一种揭示LH2罐内气液能量交换过程的解析理论模型,其研究为分析LH2储罐气液间的热泄漏分布奠定了理论基础,并对修正边界条件以准确预测LH2储罐热行为提供了指导。
由于晃动促进了界面流体与蒸发气体的混合,引起的扰动打破了罐内初始的热力学平衡,对低温罐内的热力学性能产生了很大的影响。因此,一些学者对低温储罐在晃动激励下的热动态性能进行了研究。
Liu Zhan等[46]建立了LH2储罐耦合数值模型,研究了正弦晃动激励下液氢罐的热力学性能。在考虑界面相变和外部自然对流换热的情况下,发现晃动中罐体上部温度高,靠近罐壁温度高,底部温度低,罐体内部温度低,蒸气温度分层大。
J. R. Smith等[47]研究了173 600 m3的LH2概念船中船体晃动对LH2蒸发速率特性的影响。研究表明,在相同的绝热条件下,LH2船的非强制蒸发速率是LNG船的8.94倍,且晃动作用在LH2运输船上引起的传热和蒸发效应比在LNG运输船上更显著。
为了保证LH2的安全储运,还应对LH2储运过程中的冷却量与罐壁热应力特性之间的关系进行数值研究[48],不仅要考虑到其蒸发率和漏热,还需考虑储罐自身质量和温度分布不均所引起的应力及结构变形。
Xu Weiqiang等[49]为解决传统支撑结构漏热过多的问题,设计了如图6所示的新型支撑结构,其中内罐通过垫片、罐壳和球之间的点接触固定。计算和实验结果表明,与传统支撑结构相比,点接触支撑结构可减少85%以上的热泄漏,但点接触支撑结构会引起严重的应力集中,其最大应力是常规支护结构的9倍。应在罐壳的接触区域进行额外的加强。
LH2储罐结构中形成较大热应力的现象一般发生在LH2充注时。充注过程中,储罐会经历从常温至低温的剧烈冷却,内罐的冷却速率不均匀,会造成沿储罐轴线的温度梯度,导致罐壁产生较大热应力[50]。已有较多研究人员对低温储罐的充注过程进行了数值研究。
Ma Yuan等[48]研究了飞行尺度的液氢储罐在地面进行LH2充注过程中的热特性和结构特性,分别模拟了储罐的冷却过程和诱导热应力行为。结果表明,在充液初期热应力现象最严重,罐底处热应力最大,且温度分布的不均匀性和罐壁内的平均热应力水平均随着填充率的增加而增加。
V. I. Fedorov等[51]对比了使用不同过冷推进剂的低温储罐的冷却和热应力行为,提出储罐结构的均匀冷却对于降低热应力和热应变起着重要作用。
Zhang Chuanjia等[52]研究了在低温储罐充注时的内罐的结构特性,通过二维热-流-固耦合模型模拟了罐内的相变和温度分布,计算了壁面的应力和变形,进一步探讨不同质量流量的充注对相变、液温和罐壁热效应的影响。
Zhu Kang等[53]研究了氢气和液氢充注情况,获得充注过程中储罐壁内的热应力分布及最大局部应力的出现情况,为低温储罐的物理设计提供参考。
Zhu Kang等[54-55]使用不同的填充方式,在一个铝罐中进行低温液体的填充实验,以研究槽内的冷却特性和瞬态热应力分布,并提出了一个分析模型来预测罐壁的冷却特性。
王鑫等[56]研究了车载LH2储罐在冲击载荷及随机振动环境下的静动强度问题,分析了不同工况下的储罐整体应力分布,研究不同充装率、容积等因素对储罐动力特性的影响,为车载液氢储罐前期开发工作提供参考。
内罐是承压容器,它承受液氢的静压力、来自蒸发气体的压力、与支撑结构接触的局部应力,且需充分考虑材料的抗氢脆、抗氢渗透性。内罐的设计压力是根据预估的热泄漏率和所需的存储时间来确定,需要在保证该罐体能安全承压不泄漏的同时,控制罐体重量,兼顾经济性[43]。对于内罐材料,我国研发的新型316不锈钢在-269~-40 ℃下具有良好的低温性能,用于300 m3及以下液氢储罐也都不存在氢渗透现象,但对于1 000 m3及以上的液氢储罐目前国内尚缺乏数据。我国在液氢储罐材料选用方面的具体规范还不够全面,需通过开展1 000~10 000 m3的大容积液氢储罐内罐专用不锈钢壁板的研发和试制,进一步完善液氢储罐的材料选择要求和规范[56]
支撑结构是主要的漏热途径,该部分的导热漏热量可达总漏热的33%。需兼顾绝热和强度,选用导热系数低的材料(如环氧玻璃钢),尽量减少支撑截面面积、增大支撑有效绝热长度,并减少与内罐的接触面积。在采用点接触的连接方式时,会在接触点上引起严重的应力集中,最大应力是常规支撑结构的9倍,需要在内罐的接触区域进行额外加强。
由于内罐在液氢的低温作用下发生收缩,而外罐位置不变,内罐相对于外罐的位置发生变化,内部支撑结构会由于其相对运动而经历残余应力。在固定其中一端时,另一端的位置变化应该是可预测的。现阶段的研究还缺乏液氢大型储罐中支撑结构的热应变数据,以160 000 m3的LNG储罐为例,温度应力会导致内罐产生额外的26.08 mm径向位移,与仅考虑重力作用的径向位移相比,增加了832%[58]
LH2储罐需要保持高真空度,以减少保温层中通过气体对流和导热所产生的漏热。同时液氢储存的-253 ℃低温环境会使周围的残余空气凝结甚至固化,当氧气和氮气在保温层中凝结或凝固,会破坏绝热结构的完整性[58]。MLI的表观导热系数随真空度(10-3~10 Pa)的变化而显著变化,夹层中的真空度恶化甚至失效,会对MLI/VDMLI的绝热性能产生重要影响[35]。若使MLI达到10-5~10-4 W/(m·K)的表观导热系数,需至少保持10-2个大气压的高真空[58]。若无法抽真空,则需考虑在绝热系统中引入VCS,VCS的两侧使用导热系数低的硬质材料(如硬质聚氨酯泡沫)作为支撑,并将低温蒸气(如蒸发的液氢)通入VCS管道,以满足绝热效果[43]
当通过船舶来进行LH2的运输时,需要考虑在船舶运输中的剧烈晃动对液氢储罐产生的影响。相比于LNG船,由于LH2的密度是LNG的1/6,这会使船舶在运行中不稳定,对晃动的敏感性是传统LNG运输船的2倍[48],船体设计更具有挑战性。同时,在储罐内不可避免液体晃动载荷加剧了储罐内液氢的蒸发,且需要进一步增大储罐的设计压力,这对绝热结构的强度、支撑结构的强度提出了更高的要求。与传统的LNG运输船相比,在相同的储罐体积和绝热厚度的下,液氢蒸发率将高出9倍[59]。因此还需在未来的研究中进一步探究晃动会对液氢及储罐造成的热力学性能影响,定量描述液氢的晃动和自由面变化、液相和气相之间的传热和传质、晃动和传热传质引起的蒸气温度和压力响应,并开发预测模型,综合考虑晃动激励对气液区域温度场的影响、对液氢及BOG热分层的影响及液氢蒸发率在晃动作用下的时间演变[60]
本文介绍了国内外液氢储运技术的发展现状,为适应世界能源的发展趋势,各国都积极投入到大型液氢储罐的研发和建设中,而我国在液氢的储运技术的发展和民用化上还有很长的路要走。液氢储运的研究重点是低温绝热技术和储罐材料与结构的设计,结构设计中既需要考虑储罐漏热和液氢蒸发问题,还应兼顾储罐所受热应力对结构强度的影响,尤其在船舶上运输液氢时需面临晃动造成的BOG和储罐可能受到的局部受损问题。当前有较多学者对低温储罐漏热和热应力进行了实验和数值研究,既有不同绝热方案漏热的研究、晃动造成BOG的研究,也有液氢充注过程中内罐所受应力相关的研究,但在大多实验或模拟中均只对漏热和热应力二者进行了单独研究,同时对于大型液氢储罐结构模型的设计过于简化,无法准确地考察大型液氢储罐内罐、支撑结构、绝热结构的温度场和应力场的耦合效应。因此在对大型液氢储罐的进一步研究中,需要对绝热结构、内罐和支撑结构进行较精确的设计,确定具体的保温方案、保温材料、支撑材料及内罐厚度等参数,深入研究储罐各结构中温度场、应力场的相互作用,为我国的大型液氢储罐研发和建设提供指导。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
AMIRANTE R, CASSONE E, DISTASO E, et al. Overview on recent developments in energy storage: mechanical, electrochemical and hydrogen technologies[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 132(3): 372-387.
[2]
米树华, 余卓平, 张文建, 等. 中国氢能源及燃料电池产业白皮书[R]. 潍坊: 中国氢能联盟, 2019.
(MI Shuhua, YU Zhuoping, ZHANG Wenjian, et al. China hydrogen energy and fuel cell industry white paper[R]. Weifang: China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, 2019.)
[3]
韩利, 李琦, 冷国云, 等. 氢能储存技术最新进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(增刊1): 108-117.
(HAN Li, LI Qi, LENG Guoyun, et al. Latest research progress of hydrogen energy storage technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(Suppl. 1): 108-117.)
[4]
ZHANG Tongtong, URATANI J, HUANG Yixuan, et al. Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 176: 113204.
[5]
RATNAKAR R R, GUPTA N, ZHANG Kun, et al. Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(47): 24149-24168.
[6]
MA Haoming, SUN Zhe, XUE Zhenqian, et al. A systemic review of hydrogen supply chain in energy transition[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2023, 17(1): 102-122.
[7]
ANDERSSON J, GRÖNKVIST S. Large-scale storage of hydrogen[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(23): 11901-11919.
[8]
殷靓, 巨永林. 氢液化流程设计和优化方法研究进展[J]. 制冷学报, 2020, 41(3): 1-10.
(YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on researches and developments of the design and optimization for hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 41(3): 1-10.)
[9]
刘涛. 液氢应用已到了临界点[J]. 能源, 2020(9): 90-92.
(LIU Tao. The application of liquid hydrogen has reached a critical point[J]. Energy, 2020(9): 90-92.)
[10]
USMAN M R. Hydrogen storage methods: review and current status[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 167: 112743.
[11]
郭志钒, 巨永林. 低温液氢储存的现状及存在问题[J]. 低温与超导, 2019, 47(6): 21-29.
(GUO Zhifan, JU Yonglin. Status and problems of cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage[J]. Cryogenics & Superconductivity, 2019, 47(6): 21-29.)
[12]
MONDEJAR M E, ANDREASEN J G, PIEROBON L, et al. A review of the use of organic Rankine cycle power systems for maritime applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 91: 126-151.
[13]
YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2020, 14(3): 530-544.
[14]
WAN Chuancong, ZHU Shaolong, SHI Chaoyue, et al. Numerical simulation on pressure evolution process of liquid hydrogen storage tank with active cryogenic cooling[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2023, 150: 47-58.
[15]
李昆鹏, 徐鹏, 沈兵权, 等. 液氢储运技术及标准化[J]. 化学工程与装备, 2023(1): 177-179.
(LI Kunpeng, XU Peng, SHEN Bingquan, et al. Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation technology and standardization[J]. Chemical Engineering & Equipment, 2023(1): 177-179.)
[16]
CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(19): 13329-13338.
[17]
QUACK H, SEEMANN I, KLAUS M, et al. Selection of components for the IDEALHY preferred cycle for the large scale liquefaction of hydrogen[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2015, 1573(1): 237.
[18]
BERSTAD D, GARDARSDOTTIR S, ROUSSANALY S, et al. Liquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: a brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysis[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 154: 111772.
[19]
KRENN A, YOUNGQUIST R, STARR S. Annular air leaks in a liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 278(1): 12065.
[20]
KRENN A, DESENBERG D. Return to service of a liquid hydrogen storage sphere[J]. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 755(1): 12023.
[21]
FESMIRE J E, SWANGER A M, JACOBSON J A, et al. Energy efficient large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen[EB/OL]. (2021-07-20) [2023-09-10]. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210018293.
[22]
Kawasaki. Japan's largest liquid hydrogen storage tank. The intricacies of keeping hydrogen at -253 ℃[EB/OL]. (2017-02-27) [2023-09-10]. https://answers.khi.co.jp/en/energy-environment/20170227e-01/.
[23]
QIU Yinan, YANG Huan, TONG Lige. et al. Research progress of cryogenic materials for storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen[J]. Metals, 2021, 11(7): 1101.
[24]
Horizon Europe. Development of large scale LH2 containment for shipping[EB/OL]. (2022-06-27) [2023-09-10]. https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/HORIZON_HORIZON-JTI-CLEANH2-2022-02-06.
[25]
NCE Maritime Cleantech. Norwegian future value chains for liquid hydrogen[R/OL]. (2019-04-25) [2023-09-10]. https://maritimecleantech.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Report-liquid-hydrogen.pdf.
[26]
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Global hydrogen trade to meet the 1.5 ℃ climate goal: technology review of hydrogen carriers[EB/OL]. (2022-04-27) [2023-09-10]. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II.
[27]
段志祥, 朱鸣, 胡杭健. 我国液氢储运标准建设思考[J]. 中国特种设备安全, 2023, 39(3): 4-8.
(DUAN Zhixiang, ZHU Ming, HU Hangjian. Thoughts on the construction of technical standards for liquid hydrogen storage and transportation in China[J]. China Special Equipment Safety, 2023, 39(3): 4-8.)
[28]
蒋小文, 杨攀, 邵浩洋, 等. 双碳背景下我国氢能产业链中氢的储存——大规模液氢储罐现状及思考[J]. 化工设备与管道, 2023, 60(4): 18-28.
(JIANG Xiaowen, YANG Pan, SHAO Haoyang, et al. Hydrogen storage in China's hydrogen energy industry chain under the "dual carbon" background—current situation and consideration of large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. Process Equipment & Piping, 2023, 60(4): 18-28.)
[29]
张震, 解辉, 苏嘉南, 等. “碳中和”背景下的液氢发展之路探讨[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(4): 187-193.
(ZHANG Zhen, XIE Hui, SU Jianan, et al. Development of liquid hydrogen under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(4): 187-193.)
[30]
MORALES-OSPINO R, CELZARD A, FIERRO V. Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 182: 113360.
[31]
AL GHAFRI S Z, SWANGER A, JUSKO V, et al. Modelling of liquid hydrogen boil-off[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(3): 1149.
[32]
ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Pengcheng, NIU Meng, et al. The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(33): 14535-14552.
[33]
KHURANA T K, PRASAD B V S S S, RAMAMURTHI K, et al. Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31(15): 2299-2309.
[34]
WU Sixian, JU Yonglin. Numerical study of the boil-off gas (BOG) generation characteristics in a type C independent liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank under sloshing excitation[J]. Energy, 2021, 223: 120001.
[35]
ZHENG Jianpeng, CHEN Liubiao, WANG Jue, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and comparison of four insulation schemes for liquid hydrogen storage tank[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 186: 526-534.
[36]
蒋文兵. 低温贮箱蒸气冷却屏热防护特性仿真与实验研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2023.
(JIANG Wenbing. Simulation and experimental study on thermal protection characteristics of steam cooling screen of cryogenic storage tank[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2023.)
[37]
YATSENKO E A, GOLTSMAN B M, NOVIKOV Y V, et al. Review on modern ways of insulation of reservoirs for liquid hydrogen storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(97): 41046-41054.
[38]
WANG Ping, JI Lun, YUAN Jing, et al. Modeling and optimization of composite thermal insulation system with HGMs and VDMLI for liquid hydrogen on orbit storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(11): 7088-7097.
[39]
LIN Yunfei, LI Xingong, HUANG Qinghua. Preparation and characterization of expanded perlite/wood-magnesium composites as building insulation materials[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2021, 231: 110637.
[40]
Revision of the interim recommendations for carriage of liquefied hydrogen in bulk: MSC 420(97)-2016[S]. London: International Maritime Organization, 2016.
[41]
Cryogenic vessels-static vacuum-insulated vessels: ISO 21009-2015[S]. Geneva: International Organizations for Standardization, 2015.
[42]
WU Sixian, JU Yonglin, LIN Jichao, et al. Numerical simulation and experiment verification of the static boil-off rate and temperature field for a new independent type B liquefied natural gas ship mock up tank[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 173: 115265.
[43]
LIU Yinhua, ZHOU Peilin, JEONG B, et al. Design and optimization of a type-C tank for liquid hydrogen marine transport[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(89): 34885-34896.
[44]
YU Yang, XIE Fushou, ZHU Ming, et al. Design and optimization of the insulation performance of a 4 000 m3 liquid hydrogen spherical tank[J]. Processes, 2023, 11(6): 1178.
[45]
WANG Haoren, WANG Bo, LI Ruize, et al. Theoretical investigation on heat leakage distribution between vapor and liquid in liquid hydrogen tanks[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(45): 17187-17201.
[46]
LIU Zhan, FENG Yuyang, LEI Gang, et al. Fluid thermal stratification in a non-isothermal liquid hydrogen tank under sloshing excitation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(50): 22622-22635.
[47]
SMITH J R, GKANTONAS S, MASTORAKOS E. Modelling of boil-off and sloshing relevant to future liquid hydrogen carriers[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(6): 2046.
[48]
MA Yuan, ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, et al. Numerical investigation on chill-down and thermal stress characteristics of a LH2 tank during ground filling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(46): 25344-25356.
[49]
XU Weiqiang, LI Qianqian, HUANG Minjie. Design and analysis of liquid hydrogen storage tank for high-altitude long-endurance remotely-operated aircraft[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(46): 16578-16586.
[50]
TSYBENKO A S, KURANOV B A, CHEPURNOI A D, et al. Thermal stress state of cryogenic high-pressure vessels during chilling and pressurization. Report no. 1. Method of calculation[J]. Strength of Materials, 1986, 18(1): 87-92.
[51]
FEDOROV V I, LUK'YANOVA É A. Filling and storage of cryogenic propellant components cooled below boiling point in rocket tanks at atmospheric pressure[J]. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2000, 36(9): 584-587.
[52]
ZHANG Chuanjia, ZHANG Qiyong, ZHU Zhigang, et al. Numerical simulation of thermal-structural behaviour of liquid helium tank during filling process[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2021, 173: 112798.
[53]
ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, XU Mengjian, et al. Investigation of the chill-down behavior and thermal stress distribution of a cryogenic tank during the filling process[J]. Physics Procedia, 2015, 67: 342-347.
[54]
ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, et al. Experimental study on cool down characteristics and thermal stress of cryogenic tank during LN2 filling process[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 130: 951-961.
[55]
ZHU Kang, LI Yanzhong, MA Yuan, et al. Influence of filling methods on the cool down performance and induced thermal stress distribution in cryogenic tank[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 141: 1009-1019.
[56]
王鑫. 车载液氢气瓶强度与振动疲劳特性研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2022.
(WANG Xin. Study on strength and vibration fatigue characteristics of a vehicle-mounted liquid hydrogen cylinder[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2022.)
[57]
扬帆, 张超, 张博超, 等. 大型液氢储罐内罐材料研究与应用进展[J]. 太阳能学报, 2023, 44(10): 557-563.
(YANG Fan, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG Bochao, et al. Research and application progress of inner tank materials for large liquid hydrogen storage tanks[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2023, 44(10): 557-563.)
[58]
魏新. 16万方LNG储罐应力场与温度场耦合响应分析[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2016.
(WEI Xin. Coupling response analysis of stress field and temperature field for 160 000 m3 LNG storage tank[D]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University, 2016.)
[59]
PARK H, KIM J, BERGAN P G, et al. Structural design of flexible vacuum insulation system for large-scale LH2 storage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(92): 39179-39192.
[60]
DUAN Zhongdi, ZHU Yifeng, WANG Chenbiao, et al. Numerical and theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic response in marine LNG fuel tanks under sloshing conditions[J]. Energy, 2023, 270: 126935.
2025年第46卷第3期
PDF下载
153
74
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
  • 修回日期:2024-01-17
  • 录用日期:2024-04-02
基金
作者信息
    1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
    2上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030

通讯作者:

巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:. 研究方向:液化天然气及液化氢气技术,低温传热及低温精馏技术。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.057
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏