Article(id=1239230394407637148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=1735833600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-03, onlineDate=1773385149814, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385149814, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385149814, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385149814, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230395779174564, articleId=1239230394407637148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Absorption Thermal Energy Storage, columnId=1239230395695288481, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Energy Storage Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Energy storage technology can balance the mismatch between energy supply and demand, which is an important link between the use of renewable energy and waste heat. Absorption thermal energy storage has attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to its high energy-storage density, high energy-storage efficiency, low charging temperature, low heat loss, and flexible output. A state-of-the-art review of advanced cycles, working pairs, and experimental prototypes was conducted. The development of advanced cycles has further improved the energy storage density and efficiency and lowered the charging temperature. The screening of novel working pairs solved the crystallization problem of conventional salt solutions, increased the options of working fluids for different scenarios, and reduced costs. The successful development and operation of experimental prototypes have confirmed the excellent performance of absorption thermal energy storage and paved the way for its promotion and application. In conclusion, the challenges and opportunities of absorption thermal energy storage for the future are summarized, and the development direction is discussed.

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Wu Wei, male, associate professor, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 86-852-34424436, E-mail: . Research fields: advanced heat pumps, thermal energy storage, advanced thermal management, renewable energy utilization, net-zero energy buildings, etc.
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储能可解决能源供需之间的不匹配问题,是可再生能源及废热利用中的重要技术。吸收式储能技术具有高储能密度、高储能效率、低蓄能温度、低热损失及灵活输出形式等优势,近年来备受关注。综述了吸收式储能循环、储能工质及实验样机的最新研究进展。先进储能循环可以有效提高储能密度、提高储能效率、降低蓄能温度;新型储能工质解决了传统盐溶液的结晶问题,为不同应用场景增加了工质对选择,并降低了工质对成本;实验样机的成功研发和测试证实了吸收式储能的优异性能,为其推广应用奠定基础。最后指出了吸收式储能面临的挑战和机遇,展望了其未来的发展方向。

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吴伟,男,副教授,香港城市大学能源及环境学院,852-34424436,E-mail:。研究方向:高效热泵、高密度储能、先进热管理、可再生能源利用、零能耗建筑等。
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注:本文作者丁志雄和隋云任的贡献相同,视为共同一作。

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循环类型工质对工况性能参考文献
Tin/℃Tout/℃ESEESD
四罐型双级NH3/H2O90400.18293.9a[19]
90-50.27(0.34)123.2b(89.3b
H2O/LiBr90500.4(0.18)254.0a(34.7a[20]
110.0b(17.0b
85110.44143a[21]
85130.43175a
85500.38(0.46)257a(130a
增压H2O/LiBr8070.67(0.58)282.8b(104.8b[22]
三罐型双级H2O/LiBr703.5~10.90.46(0.53)260.1a(163.1a[25]
100b(62.7b
双效H2O/LiBr160401.44(0.89)95.9b(98.6b[27]
16071.27(0.79)84.2b(86.9b
双效增压H2O/LiBr13071.24(1.00)231.9b(94.6b[28]
PCM辅助H2O/LiBr80450.78(0.73)141.5b(70.7b[29]
变温器H2O/LiBr801100.37137.5b[30]
增压变温器H2O/LiBr60900.43(0.24)282.7b(35.2b[31]
双级变温器H2O/LiBr65950.1954.8b[32]
), ArticleFig(id=1239230409364525668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230394407637148, language=CN, label=表1, caption=先进吸收式储能循环性能总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环类型工质对工况性能参考文献
Tin/℃Tout/℃ESEESD
四罐型双级NH3/H2O90400.18293.9a[19]
90-50.27(0.34)123.2b(89.3b
H2O/LiBr90500.4(0.18)254.0a(34.7a[20]
110.0b(17.0b
85110.44143a[21]
85130.43175a
85500.38(0.46)257a(130a
增压H2O/LiBr8070.67(0.58)282.8b(104.8b[22]
三罐型双级H2O/LiBr703.5~10.90.46(0.53)260.1a(163.1a[25]
100b(62.7b
双效H2O/LiBr160401.44(0.89)95.9b(98.6b[27]
16071.27(0.79)84.2b(86.9b
双效增压H2O/LiBr13071.24(1.00)231.9b(94.6b[28]
PCM辅助H2O/LiBr80450.78(0.73)141.5b(70.7b[29]
变温器H2O/LiBr801100.37137.5b[30]
增压变温器H2O/LiBr60900.43(0.24)282.7b(35.2b[31]
双级变温器H2O/LiBr65950.1954.8b[32]
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吸收式储能研究进展
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丁志雄 , 隋云任 , 吴伟
制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025,46(3): 11-23
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制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025, 46(3): 11-23
吸收式储能研究进展
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丁志雄, 隋云任, 吴伟
作者信息
  • 香港城市大学能源及环境学院 香港 999077

通讯作者:

吴伟,男,副教授,香港城市大学能源及环境学院,852-34424436,E-mail:。研究方向:高效热泵、高密度储能、先进热管理、可再生能源利用、零能耗建筑等。
Research Progress in Absorption Thermal Energy Storage
Zhixiong Ding, Yunren Sui, Wei Wu
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.011
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储能可解决能源供需之间的不匹配问题,是可再生能源及废热利用中的重要技术。吸收式储能技术具有高储能密度、高储能效率、低蓄能温度、低热损失及灵活输出形式等优势,近年来备受关注。综述了吸收式储能循环、储能工质及实验样机的最新研究进展。先进储能循环可以有效提高储能密度、提高储能效率、降低蓄能温度;新型储能工质解决了传统盐溶液的结晶问题,为不同应用场景增加了工质对选择,并降低了工质对成本;实验样机的成功研发和测试证实了吸收式储能的优异性能,为其推广应用奠定基础。最后指出了吸收式储能面临的挑战和机遇,展望了其未来的发展方向。

吸收式储能  /  储能密度  /  储能效率  /  蓄能温度  /  工质对

Energy storage technology can balance the mismatch between energy supply and demand, which is an important link between the use of renewable energy and waste heat. Absorption thermal energy storage has attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to its high energy-storage density, high energy-storage efficiency, low charging temperature, low heat loss, and flexible output. A state-of-the-art review of advanced cycles, working pairs, and experimental prototypes was conducted. The development of advanced cycles has further improved the energy storage density and efficiency and lowered the charging temperature. The screening of novel working pairs solved the crystallization problem of conventional salt solutions, increased the options of working fluids for different scenarios, and reduced costs. The successful development and operation of experimental prototypes have confirmed the excellent performance of absorption thermal energy storage and paved the way for its promotion and application. In conclusion, the challenges and opportunities of absorption thermal energy storage for the future are summarized, and the development direction is discussed.

absorption thermal energy storage  /  energy storage density  /  energy storage efficiency  /  charging temperature  /  working pair
丁志雄, 隋云任, 吴伟. 吸收式储能研究进展. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 11 -23 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.011
Zhixiong Ding, Yunren Sui, Wei Wu. Research Progress in Absorption Thermal Energy Storage[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 11 -23 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.011
全球经济的不断发展以及生活水平的不断提高,导致能源和环境问题日益加剧[1]。为了应对环境污染和全球变暖带来的挑战,开发和利用更多的可再生能源以替代传统化石燃料是必要手段[2]。然而,可再生能源虽然分布广泛、储量充沛,但通常具有不稳定性、间歇性的特点,使其在强度和时间上无法直接匹配用户冷热需求[3]。而储冷储热技术通过将过剩能源转换存储,并按需释放,解决了不匹配问题,为可再生能源供能侧和用能侧之间建立了桥梁[4-5]
当前储冷储热技术可根据工作原理主要分为3类:显热储能、潜热储能及热化学储能[6],如图1所示。评价储能技术的主要指标通常包括储能密度(energy storage density,ESD)、储能效率(energy storage efficiency,ESE)、储能温度、储能速率、经济性等。显热储能基于储能材料的温度变化,是一种古老、简单的储能方式。显热储能材料通常较为常见,易于获取,例如水、油、岩石、盐等,所以价格便宜[7]。然而,由于热源温度的限制,储能温差无法过大,显热储能的ESD较低。由于系统与环境温差较大,为减小热损失,显热储能通常对保温要求较高。潜热储能基于物质的相变吸/放热量进行储能,ESD通常高于显热储能,且系统较为简单,蓄能和释能过程温度稳定,这些优点使其成为近十几年的热点研发方向[8-9]。但相变材料的低导热系数、过冷、相位分离等问题仍然阻碍着潜热储能的广泛应用。热化学储能是新兴的储冷储热技术,包括化学反应储能、吸附式储能和吸收式储能。化学反应储能通常需要高温或高压条件,难以被低品位热源驱动[10]。吸附式储能和吸收式储能具有高ESD和低蓄能温度,近年来愈发受到关注。吸附式储能通常设备紧凑,但由于固体材料换热较差,储能速率较低[11]。而吸收式储能综合表现优异,通过液体的流动可增强传热传质,以获得更高的储能速率。此外,吸收式储能将热量转化为溶液浓度差,溶液长期存储浓度不会发生变化,相比于显热和潜热储能,可显著降低长期储能的热损失,提升ESE。并且吸收式储能蓄存低品位热能,释放的能量可用于制冷、制热、除湿等,具有高度灵活性[12]图2所示为不同热储能技术的性能对比,对比了主要热储能技术的ESD和蓄能温度,由图2可知,吸收式储能在热源温度低于200 ℃时具有突出的ESD优势。
本文从先进储能循环、新型储能工质和储能样机研发3方面系统性地回顾了国内外吸收式储能的相关研究,指出了目前吸收式储能发展所面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了吸收式储能研发和集成新方向。
吸收式储能机组主要包括溶液罐、制冷剂罐及联通两罐的蒸气管道,溶液罐和制冷剂罐中各设置一套换热器,蒸气管道上安装阀门,如图3所示。喷淋式换热器在吸收式储能机组中最为常见,液体流动可以加快溶液混合,使浓度和温度更加均匀,可以提高换热盘管表面的传热传质系数。蓄能过程中,溶液罐用作发生器,联通外部热源进行蓄热;制冷剂罐用作冷凝器,联通外部冷源进行排热。太阳能、废热等外部热源(通常需70~90 ℃)用来加热发生器中的溶液,产生制冷剂蒸气;蒸气通过管道流入制冷剂罐,在冷却盘管上冷凝。随着溶液浓度不断上升,热量逐渐以浓度差的形式蓄存起来。蓄能结束后,蒸气管道上的阀门关闭,以防制冷剂蒸气回流。在有冷热需求时,打开阀门进入释能模式。在释能制热过程中,溶液罐用作吸收器,对用户进行供热;制冷剂罐用作蒸发器,提取环境低位热源。吸收器中的浓溶液吸收制冷剂蒸气后释放出大量吸收热用于供热;随着闭式系统内压力下降,蒸发器中的液态制冷剂不断蒸发,持续从环境中提取热量。若释能用于制冷,则吸收器联通外部冷源,将冷凝热排向环境;而蒸发器对用户进行供冷。QgQcQaQe分别为发生热(输入热量)、冷凝热、吸收热(制热量)、蒸发热(制冷量),单位为kW;V为阀门。
通过构建新型的吸收式储能循环,可有效提高ESD和ESE,降低蓄能温度,为不同应用场合提供最优循环选择,充分发挥吸收式储能的作用。当热源温度较低时,基本循环所能实现的浓度差较小,导致ESD偏低,甚至无法运行。为解决该问题,Xu Zhenyuan等[19-20]提出了四罐型双级吸收式储能循环,对比研究了双级循环在不同工况下的制冷、制热性能。对于采用NH3/H2O工质对的四罐型双级循环[19],在蓄能过程中增加一套冷却子循环来辅助储能子循环冷凝,从而强化储能子循环的发生-冷凝过程,获得更高的蓄能浓度(图4(a))。结果表明,当环境温度为30 ℃、冷冻水温度为-5 ℃时,ESD提高138%,但ESE降低20%;在环境温度为-10 ℃下,基本循环已无法运行,四罐型双级循环仍可提供40 ℃的制热输出,ESD达293.9kJ/kg,ESE为0.18。对于采用H2O/LiBr工质对的四罐型双级循环[20],在释能过程中增加一套加热子循环辅助储能子循环蒸发,从而强化储能子循环的吸收-蒸发过程,获得更低的释能浓度,同样增大了浓度差(图4(b))。在环境温度为5 ℃、制取热水温度为50 ℃时,双级循环的ESD高达254.0kJ/kg(110.0kW·h/m3),比基本循环提高7.32倍。Gao Jintong等[21]建立了四罐型双级吸收式储能循环实验台,研究表明,双级循环ESD相比单级循环提高2.51倍。
此外,机械增压技术也被应用于吸收式储能循环,以降低所需热源温度(图5),并提高ESD[22-24]。Ding Zhixiong等[22]提出蓄能增压、释能增压和蓄释增压3种增压方式,对吸收式储能循环进行改善。结果表明,在蓄能温度为80 ℃的制冷工况下,基本循环的ESD和ESE分别为104.8kW·h/m3和0.58,3种增压方式分别将ESD提至143.1、245.7、282.8kW·h/m3,ESE分别提至0.62、0.70、0.67。
Ding Zhixiong等[25]提出了三罐型双级吸收式储能循环,相比前述四罐型双级循环,三罐型双级循环减少了1个溶液罐,在二级蓄能过程中直接连通2个溶液罐,利用辅助溶液罐的吸收效应强化主溶液罐的发生过程(图6)。实验结果表明,三罐型双级循环在蓄能温度为70 ℃的制冷工况下,可将ESD由62.7 kW·h/m3(163.1 kJ/kg)提至100.0 kW·h/m3(260.1 kJ/kg),但ESE由0.53略微降至0.46。且实测三罐型双级循环最低蓄能温度达50 ℃,大幅拓宽了可蓄温域,涵盖了大部分低品位可再生能源和废热。团队还进一步研究了三罐型双级循环2个溶液罐的溶液充注量分配策略[26],蓄能温度越高,主溶液罐分配的溶液应该越多;并提出三罐型双级循环尤其适用于长期储能,在冬季储冷夏季制冷、夏季储热冬季供热、长短期联合储能等方式中,三罐型双级循环均可发挥其降低蓄能温度的作用,从而拓宽可蓄热源、提高ESD。
当热源条件有利,即蓄能温度较高(如150 ℃以上)时,基本吸收式储能的ESE非但无法提高,可能还因显热损失而有所下降,无法充分利用高温热源。因此Ding Zhixiong等[27]提出了双效吸收式储能循环,引入一个低压溶液罐回收高压溶液罐的冷凝热用于二次发生,从而实现了能源的梯级利用,提高高温热源的利用效率(图7)。结果表明,无论是制冷工况还是制热工况,ESE均实现了1的突破,即输出能量大于输入能量;当蓄能温度区间为160~200 ℃时,制冷ESE相比基本循环提升幅度高达57.1%~61.6%,最高为1.27;制热ESE提升幅度高达58.2%~61.8%,最高为1.44。
为降低双效循环所需的热源温度,Ding Zhixiong等[28]提出了双效增压循环(图8),在蓄能温度为130 ℃时,ESE和ESD相比双效循环提升24%、145%。双效增压循环的最佳适用温度区间为100~150 ℃,填补了单效循环和双效循环之间的温域空白。
在相同热源条件下,低温环境虽然有利于蓄能过程的冷凝热排放,但会造成释能过程的供热能力衰减甚至无法运行。为此,Ding Zhixiong等[29]提出了相变材料(phase change material,PCM)辅助吸收式储能循环(图9),利用PCM水箱将蓄能过程的冷凝热进行回收并蓄存。该循环虽然会减弱蓄能过程,但可以在PCM蓄能完成后切换回自然冷源冷凝模式,所以蓄能的终了浓度不变。在释能过程中,若蒸发器难以从环境中提取低位热源,则可利用PCM水箱加热蒸发器,从而提高蒸发温度,强化吸收过程,提高供热输出能力。研究结果表明,石蜡和盐作为相变材料均能有效提升储能性能,ESE由0.73升至0.76(石蜡)和0.78(盐),ESD则大幅提高64%(石蜡)和100%(盐)。
除了时间上供需不匹配外,能源品位上的不匹配也是热储能技术需要攻克的一个难题。吸收式储能在蓄能过程中将热量转换为浓度差,而浓溶液的吸收效应就成为了释能过程的驱动力,浓度差又转换为温差。若在释能过程中对蒸发器继续输入热量,吸收器则可产生高于热源温度的输出热量,实现能量品位的提升。参考吸收式热泵的命名方式,该类升温型吸收式储能可称为第2类吸收式储能或吸收式储能变温器[30]。相比吸收式储能,吸收式储能变温器的ESD相似,虽然ESE因释能过程的热量输入而有所降低,但高温能量输出则提高了效率(exergy efficiency,EXE)。在输入温度为60 ℃、输出温度为90 ℃时,温度提升30 ℃,吸收式储能变温器的ESD为137.5 kW·h/m3、ESE为0.37、EXE为0.49。此外,参数分析显示,储能性能和升温能力是此消彼长的关系,在实际应用中应根据需求去权衡设计。将增压技术应用到吸收式储能变温器中可降低所需热源温度,提高热量输出温度,并同时提高储能性能[31]。同样由60 ℃升至90 ℃,相比于无增压情况,增压变温器可将ESD由35.2 kW·h/m3大幅提升至282.7 kW·h/m3,同时ESE由0.24提升至0.43,EXE由0.32提升至0.54。双级技术同样可以用于提高吸收式储能变温器的升温能力[32]。在释能过程通过辅助子循环的吸收热来加热主循环的蒸发器,以获得更高的输出温度。表1所示为先进吸收式储能循环的性能改善研究进展。
工质对作为吸收式储能循环的“血液”,对吸收式储能的动态特征和循环性能至关重要。水/吸湿盐(如H2O/LiBr)是吸收式技术中最常见的工质对,其高能效的特点使之广泛应用于各类吸收式热泵和储能循环中[33]。然而,H2O/LiBr在高热源温度/低热汇温度下容易出现结晶问题,为系统的安全可靠运行带来了巨大挑战。NH3/H2O在低温工况下具有良好的循环特性,因而在制冰和低温制冷中占据重要地位[34]。但NH3/H2O系统通常需要精馏器来提高制冷剂蒸气的纯度,从而增加了系统的复杂性和成本[35]。为避免该问题,NH3/盐混合物作为替代方案得到关注,实现了去精馏化和系统性能提升[36]。然而,NH3/盐又带来了结晶风险[37-38],也限制了其在吸收式系统中的广泛应用。
近年来,离子液体(ionicliquid,IL)作为一种新型吸收剂被引入到吸收式技术领域,有潜力克服盐基工质对的一些固有缺点。IL因其独特的无结晶特性以及较宽的温域,展现出了巨大的应用潜力[39-40]。与传统的吸湿性盐不同,IL的分子结构通常由阴离子和分子尺寸较大的有机阳离子组成[41],该不对称结构使得离子间相互作用较弱,从而导致IL具有较低的熔点,使其在室温下能够保持液态,避免了传统工质对可能出现的结晶问题[42]。IL种类繁多,且可以通过调整阴离子和阳离子的种类与结构对其物理化学性质进行定制化设计[43]图10所示为IL中常见的阳离子和阴离子结构,有利于进一步理解IL的化学组成及性质[41]。2006年,M. Sen等[44]首次提出将IL作为吸收剂应用于吸收式制冷循环,并指出IL具有不挥发、无毒、不可燃等优点。为了提高吸收式循环的效率,还提出IL工质对需具备较高的热/质传递系数。A. Yokozeki等[45-46]对不同IL(如[EMIM][OAc])中氨和水的溶解度进行了测量。通过将实测压力-温度-浓度数据与状态方程相结合,进一步揭示了NH3/ILs和H2O/ILs在提高吸收式循环性能方面的巨大潜力。Zhang Xiaodong等[47]通过模拟研究评估了H2O/[EMIM][DMP]在吸收式循环中的热力学性能。研究结果显示,虽然该新型工质对的效率略低于传统的H2O/LiBr,但仍保持在0.7以上,并且H2O/[EMIM][DMP]所需的驱动温度低于H2O/ILs,有利于吸收式循环在低热源条件下的进一步推广。
此外,D.B. Boman等[49]对新型吸收式工质对进行了全面的热物理性质和循环性能分析。结果表明,水系工质对在制冷应用中能效最优。Gao Jintong等[50]将IL工质对的热物理性质与其循环性能相关联,建立了新型工质对循环性能预测模型,其中关键物性主要包括吸收剂/制冷剂间的亲和力和发生过程的超额焓。该模型为热储能及相关技术的工质对设计与筛选提供了指导。此外,筛选结果表明[EMIM][EtSO4]有着最高的ESE(0.62)和EXE(0.32)[51]。Wu Wei等[23]将H2O/ILs应用在吸收式循环中,以实现无结晶和性能更优的吸收式储能;建立了精确的H2O/ILs物性模型和吸收式储能动态模型,以评估不同H2O/ILs的动态蓄能和释能特性;对比了14种H2O/ILs的循环性能,发现H2O/[DMIM][DMP]的性能系数(0.745)最高、H2O/[EMIM][OAc]的蓄能密度最高(87.5 kW·h/m3[52];筛选了适用于增压吸收式循环的H2O/ILs,结果表明,H2O/[EMIM][Et-SO4]在低热源温度下有着更优的循环性能[24]。由于IL种类繁多、分子结构可调,基于数据驱动的机器学习模型有助于实现高精度工质对预测和高通量分子结构优选[39,53],结果表明,IL能够显著提升吸收式储能性能。IL在性能上具有一定优势,但较高的成本和复杂的合成过程制约了其大规模应用的经济性[54]。综上所述,如何降低新型工质对的成本并简化其合成过程,仍是未来吸收式储能技术的关键研究方向之一。
深共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents,DES)与ILs具有相似的热力学特性,并具有无结晶特性、可生物降解性以及可低成本制备等优势,逐渐成为吸收式循环中的一类新兴绿色吸收剂[55-57]。DES是由氢键受体(hydrogen bond acceptor,HBA)和氢键供体(hydrogen bond donor,HBD)组成的混合物,由于具有共晶结构,其熔点较低[58]。随着研究的不断深入,DES的种类也愈发多样,图11所示为常见的HBD和HBA结构。据估计,这些潜在材料的组合可以产生约106~108种不同的二元DES混合物。R. Abedin等[59-60]通过分子动力学模拟研究了氟利昂与DES的相互作用,并探讨了氟利昂/DES在吸收式制冷中的可行性。R. Haghbakhsh等[61-62]通过理论研究将DES应用于吸收式循环,并与传统盐基工质对和IL工质对进行对比,发现所研究的DES工质对在循环性能上较优。F.Z. Nessakh等[63]评估了2种H2O/DESs在吸收式热变换器中的循环性能,并取得了显著的温升效果。这些研究结果为DES在吸收循环中的应用的可行性提供了有利的证明。
为了探明吸收式储能技术的经济可行性,Sui Yunren等[38]对比了5种H2O/DESs,4种NH3/DESs和3种盐基工质对在基本吸收式储能循环和增压吸收式储能循环中的储能性能。如图12(a)所示,水系工质对中,H2O/Ethaline的ESE和ESD最优;氨系工质对中,NH3/Glyceline的ESE和ESD最优。NH3/Glyceline在基本吸收式储能循环中的ESE和ESD分别可达0.736和452.98kJ/kg。此外,由于DES的低成本和可生物降解特性,其可将传统H2O/LiBr的平准化成本降低41.9%(图12(b))。综上所述,DES凭借其独特的物理化学特性,不仅解决了传统工质对的结晶问题,还能显著降低其储能成本,在吸收式储能中有着广阔的应用前景。
样机研发是一项新兴技术走向应用的重要环节。R. Weber等[64]开发了一套使用H2O/NaOH工质对的实验样机(图13(a)),溶液罐和制冷剂罐体积为200 L,样机采用316不锈钢制造以防止腐蚀,该研究分享了一些实验样机在蓄能过程的运行经验,但指出释能过程还有待研究,且未提供运行的动态特性。K. E. N'tsoukpoe等[65]开发了一台使用H2O/LiBr工质对的样机(图13(b)),设计储能容量为8 kW·h,供热输出为1 kW;水箱和管道采用不锈钢材质防止腐蚀,溶液罐采用玻璃材质便于观察。该研究展示了动态蓄能和释能运行结果,但释能过程性能不佳,作者尝试多种方式改善仍未奏效。
Zhang Xiaoling等[66]建立了一台储冷容量为10 kW·h的样机(图13(c)),采用H2O/LiBr为工质对。样机可提供7 ℃的冷冻水、65 ℃生活热水和43 ℃供暖热水。供冷、供生活热水及供暖3种工况下ESD分别为42、88、110 kW·h/m3,而ESE分别为0.51、0.97、1.03。Gao Jintong等[21]搭建了四罐型双级吸收式储能样机(图13(d)),LiBr溶液总充注量为380 kg(浓度40%,本文中浓度均指质量分数),该研究分析了溶液、制冷剂及冷热水进出口的温度动态变化特征。在制热工况下,蒸发器温度为12~15 ℃时,ESD为67 kW·h/m3;当蒸发器温度升至15~18 ℃时,ESD为85 kW·h/m3;制冷工况下,供冷温度为11 ℃时,ESD为66 kW·h/m3,当供冷温度升至13 ℃后,ESD为81 kW·h/m3。Ding Zhixiong等[25]搭建了三罐型双级吸收式储能样机(图13(e)),LiBr溶液总充注量为40 kg(浓度50%),设计储冷容量为5 kW·h。经过72 h稳压测试,样机表现良好,压力稳定约为3.4 kPa。该研究分析了温度(溶液、制冷剂、冷热水)、压力、冷热水流量及热负荷等参数的动态变化特征,并实测了不同蓄能温度下的循环性能,结果表明,三罐型双级循环可在低蓄能温度下提升ESD。基于该三罐型双级吸收式储能样机,团队还开展了三罐型双级变温器的研究,在70 ℃的热源温度下实现了输出温度大于90 ℃。本团队建立了3 kW·h的吸收式储能样机来测试新型工质对的循环性能(图13(f)),结果表明,新型吸收剂IL([EMIM][OAc])和DES(Ethaline)均可在低蓄能温度(50 ℃)下正常运行。
通过结晶进一步提升ESD的三相吸收式储能近年来也广受关注。WangLingshi等[67]测试了LiCl溶液三相储能的性能(图13(g)),ESD最高可达300kW·h/m3,释能速率达1.3kW。A. Mehari等[68]也测试了LiCl溶液三相储能的性能,不同之处在于,该研究为开式系统,采用空气作为传热流体,测得ESD高达333~405kW·h/m3。LinYao等[69-70]建立了1台三相吸收式储能实验样机(图13(h)),初始充注约115kgLiCl溶液(浓度为38%),并添加乙二醇作为活性剂提高LiCl的溶解度。该研究给出了详细的蓄能和释能动态变化特征及循环性能,因为加入了乙二醇,ESD有18%~48%的提升,达108~177kW·h/m3;与传统的两相循环相比,三相储能的ESD提高19.3%~80.3%。You Jinfang等[71-72]建立了1台采用LiBr溶液的三相吸收式储能样机,通过滤筒过滤、高位进液、加热棒熔晶及冷剂旁通冲洗的手段实现了结晶防堵塞。相比无结晶情况,三相储能测得的ESD提高102%~210%。三相吸收式储能的融晶和防堵措施还需进一步深入研究,尤其对于长周期储能,其可靠性和高效性还需进一步探究。
为促进吸收式储能的应用,本团队建立了太阳能吸收式储能项目示范用于房间供冷供热,如图14所示。该系统采用太阳能集热器作为热源,冷却塔作为冷源,风机盘管作为供能末端。在冷热源温差的驱动下,设计储能容量为5kW·h的吸收式储能机组成功实现为房间供冷供热。供冷工况下,房间温度可长时间稳定约为26 ℃;供热工况配合冷凝热回收,实现连续供暖,且实测ESD和ESE达414.1 kW·h/m3和1.21,均创最高实验记录。
先进储能循环、新型储能工质均为吸收式储能的高效性、紧凑性、适用性、经济性带来了较大的改善,一系列成功研发的实验样机也为吸收式储能技术走向应用奠定了基础。为应对能源危机和环境问题两大挑战,我国提出了“双碳”目标[73],吸收式储能技术在该大背景下,将迎来前所未有的机遇。而未来吸收式储能还需要不断提高自身性能,找准应用场景,具体发展方向如下:
1)研发吸收动力学和热力学性能更优异的吸收剂具有重要意义。盐溶液工质虽表现出较优的性能,但腐蚀性、易结晶和高成本等缺点阻碍了吸收式储能技术的大规模推广。离子液体和深共熔溶剂等新兴的无结晶吸收剂具有低腐蚀性、可设计性和制冷剂多样性(如水、氨、醇、氟、二氧化碳等)的优势,大幅增加了工质对的选择范围。深共熔溶剂成本极低,有利于推动吸收式储能的大规模商业化,但高黏度和低导热系数的关键挑战仍需解决。
2)目前仍缺乏高效的长期(如季节性储能)和大容量(如高层建筑、社区甚至区域规模)的热储能技术。吸收式储能具有高储能密度和低热损失,非常符合长期和大容量储能系统的基本特征。结合短期和长期储能的太阳能吸收式储能有可能实现连续输出,增加储能系统的利用率。此外,低蓄能温度和多样化输出形式(如制冷、制热、升温)使吸收式储能在多能互补系统中具有显著的灵活性和多功能性。例如,吸收式储能可以集成到发电厂中,以回收发电过程中的废热及消纳多余的电力,既可以提高能源利用效率,同时提高电网的灵活性。
3)数据中心、电子设备和电池热管理中日益增长的冷却需求不仅给制冷行业带来了挑战,也为低碳制冷设备的发展创造了机遇。可再生能源驱动的吸收式储能可应用于此类场景,以处理部分或全部冷负荷,从而实现节能减排。此外,由于蓄能温度低,吸收式储能还具有从此类发热设备中回收热量的潜力。通过合理的耦合运行策略和热回收机制,吸收式储能集成冷却系统有望实现高效性和经济性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52106028)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52322812)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.011
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
  • 录用日期:2025-01-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106028)
国家自然科学基金(52106028)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322812)
国家自然科学基金(52322812)
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    香港城市大学能源及环境学院 香港 999077

通讯作者:

吴伟,男,副教授,香港城市大学能源及环境学院,852-34424436,E-mail:。研究方向:高效热泵、高密度储能、先进热管理、可再生能源利用、零能耗建筑等。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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