Article(id=1239217296552554717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=1720972800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-15, acceptedDate=1724947200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-30, onlineDate=1773382027041, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382027041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382027041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382027041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217297731154175, articleId=1239217296552554717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Residential Fresh Air Units with Exhaust Air Heat Recovery, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Improving indoor air quality in homes requires fresh air; however, this is a strain on air conditioning systems. To address this issue, the use of energy-efficient fresh air units equipped with exhaust air heat recovery is recommended. These units include both passive and active types, with prominent examples being air-to-air enthalpy heat exchangers and heat pump units. Currently, the evaluation of the energy efficiency in fresh air units predominantly revolves around air-to-air enthalpy heat exchangers, rendering the commonly used heat exchange efficiency inapplicable to heat pump units. The concept of exhaust air heat recovery is perplexing and contradictory. Furthermore, the assessment of fresh air units primarily focuses on the units themselves, without considering their impact on air conditioning units and the overall system performance once combined. This study aims to establish a unified definition of exhaust air heat recovery for fresh air units, elucidating its intrinsic meaning. Additionally, it proposes a comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation method for a combined fresh air and air conditioning system. Through a case study of seven existing fresh air unit types, the necessity of exhaust air heat recovery is highlighted, and the energy efficiency levels of different unit types are compared.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Zhang Chunlu, male, professor, director, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, 86-21-69589750, E-mail: . Research fields: refrigeration and heat pump system modeling, optimization and control.
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新风对改善住宅内空气质量至关重要,但也增大了建筑空调能耗。住宅宜采用排风热回收型的节能新风机组,包括被动式和主动式2种类型,典型代表分别为全热交换器和热泵热回收型机组。当前对新风机组的能效评价体系仍主要围绕全热交换器构建,其常用的热交换效率并不适用于热泵主动热回收机制,且排风热回收的概念存在混淆和冲突。此外,现有评价一般局限于新风机组个体表现,未考虑其对空调机组的潜在影响,以及二者协作后的整体效能。文章力图明晰新风机组排风热回收的界定,消除概念混乱,同时提出联合空调系统的综合能效评价方法。针对7类现有新风机组的实例分析,验证了采用排风热回收技术的必要性,并对比了不同类型机组的能效水平。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张春路,男,教授,所长,同济大学机械与能源工程学院,制冷与低温工程研究所,021-69589750,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷热泵系统仿真、优化与控制。
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evaluation), Keyword(id=1239217311324894009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=新风机组), Keyword(id=1239217311396197180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=排风热回收), Keyword(id=1239217311471694657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=全热交换器), Keyword(id=1239217311568163656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=热泵), Keyword(id=1239217311664632655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=能效评价)], refs=[Reference(id=1239217313329771443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of the comprehensive energy efficiency of different fresh air units, figureFileSmall=PBOb/s9WWc44r5r46p+IRA==, figureFileBig=xYI1xhbx0VShezrT+fg38A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217312851620761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同新风机组的综合能效对比, figureFileSmall=PBOb/s9WWc44r5r46p+IRA==, figureFileBig=xYI1xhbx0VShezrT+fg38A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217312964866978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Classification and description of key components/processes within the fresh air unit, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别部件/环节说明
取用全热交换器仅计入不超过室外空气
排风流经的冷凝器状态的部分
损耗排风参与的混风使排风靠近室外状态
排风直排/泄漏未达到室外状态的排风
压缩机、风机散热直接加热排风且无益
无关排风无关的换热器例如新风流经的蒸发器
外部增益排风参与的混风使排风远离室外状态
), ArticleFig(id=1239217313057141671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=新风机组内关键部件/环节的分类说明, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别部件/环节说明
取用全热交换器仅计入不超过室外空气
排风流经的冷凝器状态的部分
损耗排风参与的混风使排风靠近室外状态
排风直排/泄漏未达到室外状态的排风
压缩机、风机散热直接加热排风且无益
无关排风无关的换热器例如新风流经的蒸发器
外部增益排风参与的混风使排风远离室外状态
), ArticleFig(id=1239217313149416363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Selected conditions and parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节室外工况室内工况新风负荷占比其余负荷显热占比
干球/℃湿球/℃干球/℃湿球/℃
春季20192719.50.10.2
夏季35282719.50.40.7
秋季20142113.00.20.2
冬季762113.00.2
), ArticleFig(id=1239217313224913839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217296552554717, language=CN, label=表2, caption=选定计算工况及参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节室外工况室内工况新风负荷占比其余负荷显热占比
干球/℃湿球/℃干球/℃湿球/℃
春季20192719.50.10.2
夏季35282719.50.40.7
秋季20142113.00.20.2
冬季762113.00.2
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住宅用排风热回收新风机组的能效评价
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成家豪 1, 2 , 张春路 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(5): 124-132
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(5): 124-132
住宅用排风热回收新风机组的能效评价
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成家豪1, 2, 张春路2
作者信息
  • 1同济大学机械工程博士后工作站 上海 201804
  • 2同济大学机械与能源工程学院 制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 201804

通讯作者:

张春路,男,教授,所长,同济大学机械与能源工程学院,制冷与低温工程研究所,021-69589750,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷热泵系统仿真、优化与控制。
Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Residential Fresh Air Units with Exhaust Air Heat Recovery
Jiahao Cheng1, 2, Chunlu Zhang2
Affiliations
  • 1.Postdoctoral Station of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
  • 2.Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.124
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新风对改善住宅内空气质量至关重要,但也增大了建筑空调能耗。住宅宜采用排风热回收型的节能新风机组,包括被动式和主动式2种类型,典型代表分别为全热交换器和热泵热回收型机组。当前对新风机组的能效评价体系仍主要围绕全热交换器构建,其常用的热交换效率并不适用于热泵主动热回收机制,且排风热回收的概念存在混淆和冲突。此外,现有评价一般局限于新风机组个体表现,未考虑其对空调机组的潜在影响,以及二者协作后的整体效能。文章力图明晰新风机组排风热回收的界定,消除概念混乱,同时提出联合空调系统的综合能效评价方法。针对7类现有新风机组的实例分析,验证了采用排风热回收技术的必要性,并对比了不同类型机组的能效水平。

新风机组  /  排风热回收  /  全热交换器  /  热泵  /  能效评价

Improving indoor air quality in homes requires fresh air; however, this is a strain on air conditioning systems. To address this issue, the use of energy-efficient fresh air units equipped with exhaust air heat recovery is recommended. These units include both passive and active types, with prominent examples being air-to-air enthalpy heat exchangers and heat pump units. Currently, the evaluation of the energy efficiency in fresh air units predominantly revolves around air-to-air enthalpy heat exchangers, rendering the commonly used heat exchange efficiency inapplicable to heat pump units. The concept of exhaust air heat recovery is perplexing and contradictory. Furthermore, the assessment of fresh air units primarily focuses on the units themselves, without considering their impact on air conditioning units and the overall system performance once combined. This study aims to establish a unified definition of exhaust air heat recovery for fresh air units, elucidating its intrinsic meaning. Additionally, it proposes a comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation method for a combined fresh air and air conditioning system. Through a case study of seven existing fresh air unit types, the necessity of exhaust air heat recovery is highlighted, and the energy efficiency levels of different unit types are compared.

fresh air unit  /  exhaust air heat recovery  /  air-to-air enthalpy heat exchanger  /  heat pump  /  energy efficiency evaluation
成家豪, 张春路. 住宅用排风热回收新风机组的能效评价. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 124 -132 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.124
Jiahao Cheng, Chunlu Zhang. Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Residential Fresh Air Units with Exhaust Air Heat Recovery[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 124 -132 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.124
新风机组是改善室内空气质量的关键设备[1]。通过将新鲜空气过滤杀菌后,置换室内污浊的空气,可有效改善室内卫生水平,并降低人员感染呼吸道疾病的风险。近年伴随人民生活水平的提高,以及对大气污染和呼吸道传染疾病的关注度上升,建筑新风越发受到重视,尤其是住宅和类住宅建筑内加装了新风系统。北京、江苏等地的DB 32/3920—2020《住宅设计标准》[2]已明确要求新建住宅必须预装新风系统。
新风在改善室内环境的同时,也带来了需额外处理的负荷。Zhao Kang等[3]的实测研究发现新风负荷占总负荷的29%,进而增加了空调系统的功耗。
为进一步节能增效,促进建筑空调领域的碳中和,对排风进行热回收的新风机组得到关注和广泛研究[4]。依照排风热回收形式可以分为2类:1)被动式热回收,以显热或全热的热交换器为代表。室外新风和室内回风两股空气在热交换器内交叉流动,实现夏季对新风的部分冷却和除湿,冬季部分加热,从而可以降低新风引入室内的负荷。这类系统当前最为常见,并被各地超低能耗建筑推荐使用。2)主动式热回收,以双风道的热泵热回收机组为代表。该机组基于蒸气压缩式循环构建,夏季制冷剂蒸发侧对新风实施冷却除湿,制冷剂冷凝侧向排风散热(该过程实现排风热回收,否则系统需要向更高温度的室外环境散热,效率降低);冬季则系统反转,制冷剂蒸发侧从排风中取用废热,制冷剂冷凝侧加热新风。该系统对新风处理的能力和深度是可以超过被动式热回收系统的,如有必要甚至能够覆盖室内全部的湿负荷[5]。此外,热泵热回收机组的系统形式也在不断迭代更新,包括和全热交换器的组合使用等[6]
新风机组通常要和空调机组配合使用,共同营造室内健康舒适环境,调控温度、湿度、CO2体积分数等参数至合理水平。从节能角度,选用不同类型的新风机组,以及采取不同的调控策略,均可能影响整体系统的能耗。例如,主动式热泵型机组单体的能耗一般较被动式更高,但其额外承担了部分室内负荷,降低了空调机组侧的负担及功耗,因此最终整体功耗反而可能更低。B. Seshadri等[7]研究表明采用主动式热泵机组为室内承担湿负荷后,空调侧水机的供水温度可从7 ℃提升至17 ℃,性能系数可提升至8.0。
为衡量排风热回收新风机组的性能,需要有合理公平的评价方法。纵观国家/各地标准以及学术研究,当前评价体系有两大特点:1)以被动式机组的热回收效率为主导;2)仅考虑新风机组本身。问题在于:其一,源自被动式机组的热回收效率并不适用于热泵型的主动式机组,套用当前概念将导致明显矛盾。这表明对各类新风机组排风热回收的概念仍需统一并加以辨析。其二,新风机组同空调机组协作,二者承担的负荷及功耗分配可以有不同的优化方案,因此对排风热回收新风机组性能的评价,不应局限于新风本体,还应考虑和空调机组配合后的综合效果。国内部分学者[8-9]也关注到这一点,但提出的方法是对比新风与空调机组的能效/能耗,认为若新风机组能效更高,则整体更节能。这类方法中均假设空调机组能效为定值,忽略了不同新风机组对空调侧性能的影响。
本文面向住宅用排风热回收新风机组,将首先指出当前不同排风热回收新风机组评价体系的矛盾之处;针对热回收效率评价指标的问题,重新定义排风热回收的概念并加以辨析和示例说明;最后从结合空调的整体系统出发,从更高层面定义综合能效,并对比多类机组形式,说明其合理性。
目前对全热交换器(被动式)和热泵热回收型(主动式)2类新风机组,均有对应国标实施。
GB/T 21087—2020《热回收新风机组》[10]以热交换效率作为性能的评判值,衡量的是相同室外进风(OA)工况下送风(SA)逼近回风(RA)的程度。热交换效率的定义为:
其中,Y可以取焓值、含湿量或温度,对应的是全热/湿量/显热交换效率。
同一标准内还定义了能量回收比/能效系数的概念,为进风OA和送风SA二者间能量差同全热交换新风机组总功耗的比值。
目前学术研究及实际应用,包括各地各类建筑技术导则中,还是以热交换器效率的使用为主。
GB/T 40397—2021《户式新风除湿机》[11]规定了冷水式、直膨式、双冷源式等冷却减湿机组的要求,适用范围上涵盖了热泵热回收型的新风机组。但标准内只规定有功率、除湿量、制冷(热)量等能力指标,未提及能效的定义及使用要求。
若借鉴GB/T 19411—2003《除湿机》[12](该标准更多面向的是采用冷凝热再热、单风道的除湿机组)的能效定义,除湿类机组常用单位输入功率除湿量(specific moisture extraction rate,SMER)的能效指标,即除湿量/除湿机输入总功率。
而GB/T 25128—2010《直接蒸发式全新风空气处理机组》[13]则沿袭对传统蒸气压缩式系统的评价,采用了性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)的定义。相应GB 37479—2019《风管送风式空调机组能效限定值及能效等级》[14]还定义了能效等级。
全热交换器因形式简单、生产方便、成本较低等特点,在当前新风除湿机市场中占据优势。诸如《上海市超低能耗建筑导则(试行)》[15]等各地标准也默认此类形式为热回收新风机组的代表,在对产品性能的约束上则均采用热交换效率的概念。
问题在于热交换效率对于热泵热回收型新风机组并不适用。若生搬硬套式(1)的计算方法,则显热交换效率很可能大于100%(当送入较回风更低的温度时),这显然与“热交换效率”的物理概念不符。
另一方面,全热交换器新风机组本身能效系数的定义虽然与热泵热回收机组的性能系数在概念上有可比性,但并未被广泛接受及应用。同时,即使二者均以性能系数(送风能量变化同功耗之比)的指标衡量,也并不合理,因送风状态不同,对比基准未统一。这里涉及能量品位的区别:热泵热回收机组的送风焓值可以更低(冬季制热则更高),能够额外承担部分室内负荷;全热交换器则不能,多余负荷均留给空调机组侧处理。
由此可见,当前全热交换器和热泵热回收型机组虽然同属新风机组,并均具备热回收功能,但能效评价方法上存在矛盾之处。当前评价体系以全热交换器为主,很难给予热泵热回收型机组合理公正的评判,阻碍了其研究和应用的发展。
对于不同类型的新风机组,排风中究竟有多少比例的能量真正实现了热回收?针对该问题,本文提出新风机组中排风热回收的统一测算方法,将有助于对排风热回收概念的辨析和理解。
针对排风热回收环节,定义以下概念:
1)完全可用能Xusable:室内回风相较室外环境最大可利用的能量,即
2)实际回收能Xrecovered:排风中被回收后用于对新风产生实质有益效果的能量部分。
这里强调“实质有益效果”,是考虑到可能存在某些环节使排风状态更接近室外空气,但并没有对新风侧产生作用。例如排风流经风机的升温。
3)能量回收效率ηX:实际回收能占完全可用能的比例,即
上述X可对应全热、显热或潜热,kW。
图1借助焓湿图展示了排风能量热回收的概念。图1(a)中最终排风EA和回风RA的焓值之差对应实际回收的能量,其相较于完全可用能(回风RA和室外OA焓值之差)的比例即为焓值的能量回收效率ηiηi<1)。图1(b)则对应了实际排风状态的某个维度超出室外的情形,例如这里的温度,而按定义实际回收能不会超出最大可用能,其最多完全利用最大可用能(即ηt=1),达到与室外一致的状态,超出室外环境的部分来自其余主动环节(例如热泵热回收系统中依赖压缩机做功驱动而转移的热量)。
为计算2.1节定义的排风热回收能量效率,对不同类型的新风机组具体计算过程有所差异,但可以归纳出通用的准则:
1)对新风机组内的各部件/环节加以分类,判别其在排风热回收过程中归属的具体类别,共划分取用/损耗/无关/外部增益4类。关键部件的分类及说明如表1所示。
2)然后按分类的类别求和,进而从取用部分扣除外部增益,或者从完全可用能扣除损耗,得出实际回收能,如式(4)或式(5)所示,2个方向的计算结果应一致。
3)按式(3)得出不同维度的能量回收效率,其中完全可用能由式(2)给出。
1)全热交换器。
图2所示为内部漏风的全热交换器的例子(简化:隐去风机等辅助部件)。按2.2.1节中的方法,统计可得取用环节是全热交换器,则从焓的角度,
而完全可用能为:
从而有焓值的能量回收效率:
式(6)的值也可以用完全可用能扣除损耗得出,损耗环节包括:内部排风侧向送风侧的直接泄漏、排风内未充分回收的部分。
计算结果与式(6)一致。
类似的,温度的排风能量回收效率:
图2所示的案例,若采用式(1)的定义方法,计算可得全热交换效率为70%,显热交换效率为71%。与本文的结果相比将夸大约10%。这是因为在该定义中仅使用空气状态,未能考虑到全热交换器内部泄漏的影响。换言之,现行评价体系容易夸大部分气密性不佳产品的效率值。
2)热泵热回收机。
图3所示为一类典型热泵热回收机组稳定工况下运行的例子。系统内设置蒸发器/冷凝器2个换热器,蒸发器对新风冷却除湿,冷凝器进行排风热回收。该示例还假设了可能的漏风环节,包括从送风侧向排风侧的内部泄漏,及排风侧向机组外部的泄漏。
按2.2.1节中的方法,从焓的角度,对排风侧依次统计可得:
①RA—RA′,风机升温对应的损耗环节。损耗的能量为:
②RA′—RA″,新风侧漏风混合后使排风温度降低,但含湿量升高。拆分成2部分:
a. 温度降低属于外部增益,对应能量变化:
b. 含湿量升高,属于损耗,对应能量变化:
③RA″—EA′,部分漏风直排外部,假设漏出的均为送风侧漏入的部分,计入无关环节。(当系统内存在涉及排风的多处漏入/漏出时,处理起来较为复杂,也依赖于假设条件,本文提供2类假设:a. 净漏出量=max(实际漏出-漏入量,0),即认为总是优先漏出已漏入的部分,有多余的再视作漏出的是排风。b. 净漏出量=排风量/(排风量+漏入量)×漏出量,即按比例漏出。当无漏入时,以上2种假设等价,即净漏出量等于全部漏出量。)
④EA′—EA,流经冷凝器用于散热,属于取用环节,但属于排风热回收的部分最多只到和室外状态相同,且该环节只有显热的回收。对应能量值如下:
⑤EA直排。排风EA虽然温度高于室外OA,但含湿量更低,因此潜热方面存在直排的损耗:
最终,由式(4)和式(5),将取用部分减除外部增益,或从完全回收能(与式(7)等同)里扣除损耗,均可以得出实际回收能为0.88 kJ,从而得出焓值的能量回收效率ηi为25%。
类似的,温度层面的能量回收效率为:
排风温度超出室外空气的部分不计入。该值小于100%,是风机升温导致的损耗。若采用式(1)的热交换效率定义,计算得到170%,显然不合理。
相比2.2.2节中的全热交换器,热泵对排风中温度的回收效率大幅提升,焓值回收效率则有所下降,这是由于一般热泵系统中,排风用于冷凝侧散热,更多是排风的显热部分被回收,其较室外更低的含湿量(潜热部分)则未利用。若期望进一步提高焓值回收效率,一种可能的思路是将送风侧的冷凝水不直接排除,而是喷淋在排风一侧,相当于进行蒸发冷却,以此降低冷凝器进风温度,改善系统性能。由此,宏观来看,新风侧气态的湿被冷凝为液态,当喷淋到排风一侧后重新蒸发为气体,总体也是新风侧气态的湿(水蒸气)向排风侧的转移。
在住宅及类住宅建筑中,大部分情况下新风是和空调协作,以控制室内舒适健康的环境为目标。新风量的确定通常取决于空间体积及室内人数,进而决定了新风负荷。选用不同的新风机组会承担新风负荷乃至室内其余负荷的一部分,而空调机组则承担剩余部分。整体系统中涉及负荷在2个子系统间的分配,进而负荷分配还影响到各子系统的效率。由此可知,仅聚焦单一系统做能效评价是不够合理的,本文提出新风空调系统综合能效的概念(计算思路如图4所示),定义推导如下:
1)确定负荷。新风侧负荷及其中显热占比:
假设新风负荷占总负荷的比例为r,则总负荷:
假设室内其余负荷中显热占比为γL,AC,则整体负荷显热比:
2)确定新风机组能力及能效。在一定的室外和室内工况下:①对全热交换器而言,由其常用的全热效率和显热效率指标,可折算出制冷量、性能系数及显热比(显冷量和总冷量之比)。
②对热泵类主动热回收新风机组,在一定新风和回风工况下的机组性能,可由实验测试得出,通常应由设备供应商提供。若采用变频机组,应有不同频率下的机组性能,且该频率值可优化。如1.1.2节所述,常用的性能指标为制冷量Qc,FA、除湿量mw,FA和功耗WFA,并可进一步导出制冷能效COPc,FA和除湿能效SMERFA
进而也可推出显热比:
注意这里对全热交换器类机组也采取了性能系数(COP)的定义,概念上与热泵类机组类似,即送风侧总能量的变化与总功耗的比值。在国标GB/T 21087-2020《热回收新风机组》[10]和部分文献中有类似的定义,但实际中未广泛采用。部分原因是全热交换器主体作为能量传递装置,采用热泵类能量转化装置的定义计算容易得出较高水平值,不便于对其合理评价。这与本文强调的观点一致,即无论修改后的热效率或性能系数等指标,对新风类机组的单体评价是不够全面的。应当同空调侧结合,建立综合能效评价指标。在综合指标中,对全热交换器类机组沿袭性能系数的定义只是为了保持定义一致性,且便于后续对不同方案中新风机组和空调机组的配合/制约效果加以辨析。
3)确定空调机组能力及能效。从全部负荷中扣除新风承担的部分,得出空调机组的能力需求:
并进一步推得空调机组的能效COPc,AC=COPc,ACQc,ACγAC)。对于不同类型的空调系统,如冷水机组[16]或房间空调器[17],也可参照对应国标的规定进行性能测试和计算。
空调机组可以采取不同的方案和调节手段,以同时满足制冷量和显热比的要求。当空调主机缺乏对显热比的调节手段或所需显热比超出其调节范围时,一般会耗费更多的能耗(如采取额外电加热),也应计算在内。
4)综合能效。综合能效定义为总制冷量与总功耗的比值,并可化简得:
其中,
式(27)表明综合能效可表示为新风机组和空调机组二者能效的加权平均,权重和为1。该权重受机组能效和建筑负荷特征的影响。
上述推导面向制冷除湿工况,若针对冬季加热工况,则暂不考虑湿度的影响(因其一般需要加湿,会涉及具体的加湿方法),仅要求实现温度控制目标。相应的不难推导得冬季的制热综合能效,其表达形式与式(27)及式(28)完全一致,在能力计算中仅考虑显热即可,为示区别可将下标的c改为h。
此外,式(25)包含了以下假设:新风和空调机组的总制冷(热)量与负荷等同。实际考虑室内空气运输所转换的热量等因素,总制冷(热)量与负荷还存在微小差异。但该差异对不同方案的影响具有一致性。由于本文聚焦的是不同方案的对比,因此可忽略。否则在式(25)或式(27)的分子上增加一项Δq作为修正即可。
5)全年综合能效。可选取不同工况点,例如春/夏/秋/冬四季的典型工况,分别计算新风空调系统的综合能效,并进一步由加权调和平均得出全年的综合能效值:
其中,权重如下:
表征各工况下负荷占全年累计总负荷(冬季为热负荷)的比例。式(30)中αi为等价折算到各工况上的全年出现频次。
用于计算全年综合能效的工况点数量是不加限制的,可按需增减,并按负荷及出现频次调整相应加权系数即可。通常而言,工况选点越多,覆盖越全面,评估的准确性也应更高,当然相应计算过程也会更复杂。
基于3.1节定义的新风空调系统综合能效,选取现有的各类新风机组,进行性能评估。
1)新风风量为300 m3/h(0.1 kg/s)。满足一般家庭的新风量需求。
2)四季各选取一工况点,如表2所示。其中室内工况参考标准GB/T 21087—2020《热回收新风机组》[10]及GB/T 40397—2021《户式新风除湿机》[11]确定。各负荷占比系数与建筑类型相关,这里考虑了一定的季节特征,例如春秋季节室外温度较低,相应室内负荷占比中显热的部分则较小[18]
3)四季工况的等价全年出现频次比例假设为0.10∶0.50∶0.05∶0.35。
4)对比的新风机组类型包括:
①通风机。直通室外新风,不施加额外处理。
②常规全热交换器。全热/显热效率为55%/60%。
③高效全热交换器。全热/显热效率为65%/70%。
④常规热泵热回收机组。如图3所示,采用单一蒸发器和冷凝器的两换热器架构。
⑤高效热泵热回收机组。参见文献[19-20],采用改进的四换热器构型。
⑥常规热泵热回收+全热交换器机组。参见文献[21],将形式④与全热交换器结合使用。
⑦高效热泵热回收+全热交换器机组。参见专利[22],将热泵热回收模块改进为三换热器构型。
5)本文计算的主要目的是衡量新风机组的能效,公平起见,用于配合的空调机组应采取一致的方案设计。采取的空调机组及能力调节方案为:
①采用变频式机组。机组运行在50 Hz时,性能系数达3.20(满足GB 19577—2015《冷水机组能效限定值及能效等级》[23]规定的冷水机组一级能效标准要求)。通过频率的调节,可实现制冷(制热)总量的变化。
②室内循环空气采取旁通设置,最大风量为2 000 m3/h,通过改变流经蒸发器的风量,可以调节总制冷量中降温和除湿的比例,即调节显热比。
③通过上述二者的配合,可以实现一定范围内制冷量和显热比的适配。当所需显热比超出可调范围时,若辅以电加热,也计入总功耗。
图5以夏季工况为例,展示了不同新风机组和空调配合的单机及整体能效分布。可以看出整体综合能效COPsys介于空调机组能效COPAC和新风机组能效COPFA之间,与式(27)揭示的趋势一致。同时综合能效更接近空调机组能效,这是因为空调承担的负荷及功耗占比通常更高。
图5揭示的趋势进一步表明综合能效并不取决于任何单机能效,而是在二者间平衡(某些情形下可优化)的结果。例如,高效热泵热回收机组(HP)的单体能效不如高效全热交换器(ERV),但由于额外承担了部分室内负荷,减轻空调机组侧负担,并允许其运行在更高蒸发温度(高效HP还承担部分室内湿负荷,提升了空调机组的显热比),从而空调能效提升,并且最终综合能效提升5%。
图6对比了7类新风机组四季及全年的综合能效(其中春/秋季性能较低是考虑了为除湿过度冷却后需电辅热补足的功耗)。由图6可知:
1)各类方案中直通新风的综合全年能效最低,表明了新风机组采取排风热回收的重要性。
2)新风空调系统综合能效指标能够反映同类机组的性能差异。例如,全热交换器(ERV)热回收效率增大10%后,相应全年能效提升12%,趋势一致。对同属于热泵热回收的产品,改良后的高效方案相比常规方案全年能效也提升1倍。
3)综合能效指标适用不同类型机组。设计不合理的常规热泵全年能效可能还不及全热交换器。但对于部分改良后的有优势的机组,也能给予其合理评价。例如,热泵和全热交换器结合的高效方案较高效全热交换器机组的全年能效有16%的提升。
4)全年综合能效以满足室内同样空气状态目标下的能效(功耗)作为评价因素,更贴合真实场景。也表明无论是单体性能系数,或是排风热回收效率,均不适合作为新风机组的能效指标。
新风机组在住宅及类住宅建筑中扮演重要角色,和空调机组协作共同营造室内舒适环境。本文针对排风热回收新风机组,综述了现行能效评价方法,重新辨析并统一了排风热回收的概念内涵,并提出一种新的综合新风空调系统的整体能效评价方法。主要工作及结论如下:
1)对排风热回收新风机组,现行能效评价中以全热交换器的热交换效率为主,较少采用热泵型的性能系数评价方法。2类方法无法通用,若对热泵型机组沿袭热交换效率的方法,将导出矛盾。本文揭示了热交换效率指标的局限性。
2)通过重新梳理排风热回收的概念,提出通用的效率计算方法,对各类新风机组均可以给出合理结果。该概念的提出也有助于厘清排风热回收过程中的实际应用和耗散等环节,可指导系统设计。
3)提出的新风空调系统的全年综合能效,为各类排风热回收的新风机组提供了统一评价标准,允许对不同机组类型的能效进行公平合理的界定。这将有利于引导新风机组产品的研究及技术方向,促进相关产业发展。
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.124
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-10-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2024-07-15
  • 录用日期:2024-08-30
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    1同济大学机械工程博士后工作站 上海 201804
    2同济大学机械与能源工程学院 制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 201804

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张春路,男,教授,所长,同济大学机械与能源工程学院,制冷与低温工程研究所,021-69589750,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷热泵系统仿真、优化与控制。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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