Article(id=1239217295222960331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744992000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-19, revisedDate=1746892800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-11, acceptedDate=1747152000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-14, onlineDate=1773382026725, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382026725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382026725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382026725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217295533338835, articleId=1239217295222960331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Trend Analysis of Hydrogen Liquefaction Technology, columnId=1239217294312788587, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Hydrogen Liquefaction & Cryogenic Storage and Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a clean energy source, LH2 is poised to play a pivotal role in future energy supplies. Currently, international hydrogen liquefaction facilities suffer from high energy consumption, high liquefaction costs, and low exergy efficiencies. In contrast, the development of cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction technologies and equipment in China is still in its infancy, significantly lagging behind advanced global standards. Against this backdrop, this paper summarizes the recent research advancements in hydrogen liquefaction technology, encompassing both process design and practical facilities. It delves into the latest developments in steady-state process simulation and dynamic characteristic studies, evaluating performance metrics across various liquefaction processes. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of the technical features and equipment layouts of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants and small-scale laboratory setups. Finally, it consolidates the key development priorities and future directions for hydrogen liquefaction technology, aiming to provide valuable guidance for technological progress and accelerate the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Ju Yonglin, male, professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 86-21-34206532, E-mail: . Research fields: liquefied natural gas, cryogenic heat transfer technology.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yujing Bi, Yonglin Ju), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239217303619957257, articleId=1239217295222960331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=氢气液化技术研究进展及发展趋势分析, columnId=1239217294497337970, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=氢液化与低温储运, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液氢作为一种清洁能源,将在未来清洁能源供应中扮演重要角色。当前国际上的氢气液化装置普遍存在单位能耗和液化成本高以及效率低的问题,而我国氢气低温液化技术和装备的研发刚刚起步,与国际先进水平相比仍存在显著差距。鉴于此,总结了近年来氢气液化技术在流程设计和实际装置方面的研究进展,探讨了稳态流程模拟与动态特性研究的最新技术发展,并分析了不同液化流程的性能指标。同时,分别对氢气液化工厂和小型实验室液化装置的技术特点与设备布局进行了总结。最后,归纳了氢气液化技术的发展重点和未来发展方向,旨在为该技术的进步提供参考,进而推动氢能的社会化应用进程。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:。研究方向:液化天然气技术,低温传热技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5HK22Rqiz2n9l/5LfkLdvw==, magXml=5VjYGsI4hI1eDsDyeMSsVg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=I4+60cyA85SIkAELTg9aiw==, pdfFileSize=3742431, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cKAbzi/FU+RxL+IJEIWlmw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=MHL/q1FgRBSUw3EYYIYDgQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=毕于敬, 巨永林)}, authors=[Author(id=1239217303993250345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304093913647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, authorId=1239217303993250345, language=EN, stringName=Yujing Bi, firstName=Yujing, middleName=null, lastName=Bi, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304186188338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, authorId=1239217303993250345, language=CN, stringName=毕于敬, firstName=于敬, middleName=null, lastName=毕, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217303900975648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303913558562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303921947171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240)])]), Author(id=1239217304270074423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yju@sjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304358154814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, authorId=1239217304270074423, language=EN, stringName=Yonglin Ju, firstName=Yonglin, middleName=null, lastName=Ju, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304429457986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, authorId=1239217304270074423, language=CN, stringName=巨永林, firstName=永林, middleName=null, lastName=巨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217303900975648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303913558562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303921947171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1239217304563675725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=hydrogen liquefaction), Keyword(id=1239217304727253593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=process design), Keyword(id=1239217306203648606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=practical facilities), Keyword(id=1239217306291728998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=performance metrics), Keyword(id=1239217306404975212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=technical features), Keyword(id=1239217306551775859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=氢气液化), Keyword(id=1239217306673410680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=流程设计), Keyword(id=1239217306765685373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=实际装置), Keyword(id=1239217306870542978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=性能指标), Keyword(id=1239217306979594887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=技术特点)], refs=[Reference(id=1239217308661510883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=中国政府网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国政府网. 习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表重要讲话[EB/OL]. (2020-09-22) [2025-02-24]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-09/22/content_5546168.htm., articleTitle=习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表重要讲话, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217308753785582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Chinese government website, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Chinese government website. President Xi Jinping delivers an important speech at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly[EB/OL]. (2020-09-22) [2025-02-24]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-09/22/content_5546168.htm.), articleTitle=President Xi Jinping delivers an important speech at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217308854448886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=176, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=ZHANG T, URATANI J, HUANG Y, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG T, URATANI J, HUANG Y, et al. Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 176: 113204., articleTitle=Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217308946723581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=国家发展改革委, 国家能源局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021-2035年)[EB/OL]. (2022-03-23) [2025-02-24]. https://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf., articleTitle=氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021-2035年), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217309043192581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration. Medium- to long-term plan for the development of the hydrogen energy industry (2021-2035)[EB/OL]. (2022-03-23) [2025-02-24]. https://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.), articleTitle=Medium- to long-term plan for the development of the hydrogen energy industry (2021-2035), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217309148050184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=27, issue=1, pageStart=34, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=MØLLER K T, JENSEN T R, AKIBA E, journalName=Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MØLLER K T, JENSEN T R, AKIBA E, et al. Hydrogen - a sustainable energy carrier[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2017, 27(1): 34-40., articleTitle=Hydrogen - a sustainable energy carrier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217309227741967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=62, issue=null, pageStart=473, pageEnd=487, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=XU Pan, WEN Jian, LI Ke, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Pan, WEN Jian, LI Ke, et al. Review of the continuous catalytic ortho-para hydrogen conversion technology for hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 62: 473-487., articleTitle=Review of the continuous catalytic ortho-para hydrogen conversion technology for hydrogen liquefaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217309332599572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=271, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=TENG Junjie, WANG Kai, ZHU Shaolong, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TENG Junjie, WANG Kai, ZHU Shaolong, et al. Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of hydrogen liquefaction processes with various ortho-para hydrogen conversion methods[J]. Energy, 2023, 271: 127016., articleTitle=Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of hydrogen liquefaction processes with various ortho-para hydrogen conversion methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217310779634458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=19, pageStart=13329, pageEnd=13338, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(19): 13329-13338., articleTitle=Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217310880297757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=16, issue=5, pageStart=3024, pageEnd=3033, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=MAZLOOMI K, GOMES C, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZLOOMI K, GOMES C. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: prospects and challenges[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(5): 3024-3033., articleTitle=Hydrogen as an energy carrier: prospects and challenges, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217310985155365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=99, pageStart=39408, pageEnd=39424, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=BUSCH T, GROß T, LINßEN J, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BUSCH T, GROß T, LINßEN J, et al. The role of liquid hydrogen in integrated energy systems-a case study for Germany[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(99): 39408-39424., articleTitle=The role of liquid hydrogen in integrated energy systems-a case study for Germany, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311085818664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=530, pageEnd=544, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin, journalName=Frontiers in Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2020, 14(3): 530-544., articleTitle=Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311178093356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=212, issue=null, pageStart=57, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=AASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M. Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: a review[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212: 57-83., articleTitle=Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311261979442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=3, issue=3, pageStart=321, pageEnd=334, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=BAKER C R, SHANER R L, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAKER C R, SHANER R L. A study of the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1978, 3(3): 321-334., articleTitle=A study of the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311324894008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3326, pageEnd=3333, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=KUENDIG A, LOEHLEIN K, KRAMER G J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUENDIG A, LOEHLEIN K, KRAMER G J, et al. Large scale hydrogen liquefaction in combination with LNG re-gasification[C]//Proceedings of the 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference. Lyon, 2006: 3326-3333., articleTitle=Large scale hydrogen liquefaction in combination with LNG re-gasification, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311396197181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=26, pageStart=11185, pageEnd=11200, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=KANOGLU M, YILMAZ C, ABUSOGLU A, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KANOGLU M, YILMAZ C, ABUSOGLU A. Geothermal energy use in absorption precooling for Claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(26): 11185-11200., articleTitle=Geothermal energy use in absorption precooling for Claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311475888962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=255, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=YANG J H, YOON Y, RYU M, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG J H, YOON Y, RYU M, et al. Integrated hydrogen liquefaction process with steam methane reforming by using liquefied natural gas cooling system[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 255: 113840., articleTitle=Integrated hydrogen liquefaction process with steam methane reforming by using liquefied natural gas cooling system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311559775047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=11, pageStart=8014, pageEnd=8029, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=BERSTAD D, SKAUGEN G, WILHELMSEN Ø, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BERSTAD D, SKAUGEN G, WILHELMSEN Ø. Dissecting the exergy balance of a hydrogen liquefier: analysis of a scaled-up claude hydrogen liquefier with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(11): 8014-8029., articleTitle=Dissecting the exergy balance of a hydrogen liquefier: analysis of a scaled-up claude hydrogen liquefier with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311643661134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=SHARIFI A, JAFARI M, RANJBAR F, journalName=Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHARIFI A, JAFARI M, RANJBAR F, et al. Using a solar photovoltaic-thermal system, and a new hydrogen liquefaction system based on the enhanced claud cycle, design and multi-objective optimization[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2023, 56: 103081., articleTitle=Using a solar photovoltaic-thermal system, and a new hydrogen liquefaction system based on the enhanced claud cycle, design and multi-objective optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311735935828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=263, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=LIU Xianglong, HU Guang, ZENG Zhi, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Xianglong, HU Guang, ZENG Zhi. Performance characterization and multi-objective optimization of integrating a biomass-fueled brayton cycle, a kalina cycle, and an organic Rankine cycle with a claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. Energy, 2023, 263: 125535., articleTitle=Performance characterization and multi-objective optimization of integrating a biomass-fueled brayton cycle, a kalina cycle, and an organic Rankine cycle with a claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311853376347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=305, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, LI Cui, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, LI Cui, et al. Hydrogen pressure-based comparative and applicability analysis of different innovative Claude cycles for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction[J]. Energy, 2024, 305: 132291., articleTitle=Hydrogen pressure-based comparative and applicability analysis of different innovative Claude cycles for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311983399779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=94, pageEnd=98, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=KUZ' MENKO I F, MORKOVKIN I M, GUROV E I, journalName=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUZ' MENKO I F, MORKOVKIN I M, GUROV E I. Concept of building medium-capacity hydrogen liquefiers with helium refrigeration cycle[J]. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2004, 40(1): 94-98., articleTitle=Concept of building medium-capacity hydrogen liquefiers with helium refrigeration cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312088257385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=33, issue=12, pageStart=3116, pageEnd=3121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=VALENTI G, MACCHI E, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VALENTI G, MACCHI E. Proposal of an innovative, high-efficiency, large-scale hydrogen liquefier[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33(12): 3116-3121., articleTitle=Proposal of an innovative, high-efficiency, large-scale hydrogen liquefier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312155366251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=23, authorNames=唐璐, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐璐. 基于液氮预冷的氢液化流程设计及系统模拟[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2012., articleTitle=基于液氮预冷的氢液化流程设计及系统模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312239252339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=TANG Lu, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(TANG Lu. Design and system simulation of hydrogen liquefaction process based on liquid nitrogen precooling[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2012.), articleTitle=Design and system simulation of hydrogen liquefaction process based on liquid nitrogen precooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312314749816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=108, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=CHANG H M, KIM B H, CHOI B, journalName=Cryogenics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG H M, KIM B H, CHOI B. Hydrogen liquefaction process with Brayton refrigeration cycle to utilize the cold energy of LNG[J]. Cryogenics, 2020, 108: 103093., articleTitle=Hydrogen liquefaction process with Brayton refrigeration cycle to utilize the cold energy of LNG, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312398635902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=110, issue=null, pageStart=219, pageEnd=230, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=26, authorNames=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Process optimization and analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 110: 219-230., articleTitle=Process optimization and analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312495104902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=250, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=27, authorNames=BIAN Jiang, YANG Jian, LI Yuxing, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BIAN Jiang, YANG Jian, LI Yuxing, et al. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process with LNG precooling and dual-pressure Brayton cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 250: 114904., articleTitle=Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process with LNG precooling and dual-pressure Brayton cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312578990985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=38, pageStart=16949, pageEnd=16963, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=28, authorNames=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Conceptual design and optimization of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium expansion cycle integrating with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(38): 16949-16963., articleTitle=Conceptual design and optimization of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium expansion cycle integrating with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312688042896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=252, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=29, authorNames=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Design and analysis of an efficient hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium reverse Brayton cycle integrating with steam methane reforming and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization[J]. Energy, 2022, 252: 124047., articleTitle=Design and analysis of an efficient hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium reverse Brayton cycle integrating with steam methane reforming and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312771928980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=49, issue=null, pageStart=1482, pageEnd=1496, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=30, authorNames=YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, TAN Hongbo, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, TAN Hongbo. An energy-saving hydrogen liquefaction process with efficient utilization of liquefied natural gas cold energy[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 49: 1482-1496., articleTitle=An energy-saving hydrogen liquefaction process with efficient utilization of liquefied natural gas cold energy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312855815067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=613, issue=1, pageStart=255, pageEnd=263, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=QUACK H, journalName=AIP Conference Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QUACK H. Conceptual design of a high efficiency large capacity hydrogen liquefier[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, 613(1): 255-263., articleTitle=Conceptual design of a high efficiency large capacity hydrogen liquefier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312964866977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=22, pageStart=12531, pageEnd=12544, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P. Simulation on a proposed large-scale liquid hydrogen plant using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(22): 12531-12544., articleTitle=Simulation on a proposed large-scale liquid hydrogen plant using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313061335976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=39, issue=13, pageStart=7015, pageEnd=7029, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=33, authorNames=KRASAE-IN S, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRASAE-IN S. Optimal operation of a large-scale liquid hydrogen plant utilizing mixed fluid refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(13): 7015-7029., articleTitle=Optimal operation of a large-scale liquid hydrogen plant utilizing mixed fluid refrigeration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313149416365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=23, pageStart=15564, pageEnd=15585, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=34, authorNames=ASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M. A novel hydrogen liquefaction process configuration with combined mixed refrigerant systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(23): 15564-15585., articleTitle=A novel hydrogen liquefaction process configuration with combined mixed refrigerant systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313250079665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=9, pageStart=6033, pageEnd=6050, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=35, authorNames=SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M. Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(9): 6033-6050., articleTitle=Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313346548662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=3, pageStart=1636, pageEnd=1653, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=36, authorNames=MEHRPOOYA M, SADAGHIANI M S, HEDAYAT N, journalName=International Journal of Energy Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MEHRPOOYA M, SADAGHIANI M S, HEDAYAT N. A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(3): 1636-1653., articleTitle=A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313443017664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=50, pageStart=29797, pageEnd=29819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=37, authorNames=SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M, ANSARINASAB H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M, ANSARINASAB H. Process development and exergy cost sensitivity analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(50): 29797-29819., articleTitle=Process development and exergy cost sensitivity analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313522709443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=38, authorNames=ZHANG Shengan, LIU Guilian, journalName=Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Shengan, LIU Guilian. Design and performance analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process[J]. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2022, 24(1): 51-65., articleTitle=Design and performance analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313619178439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=81, pageStart=31653, pageEnd=31670, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=39, authorNames=SUN Heng, XU Jiaming, WANG Chao, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Heng, XU Jiaming, WANG Chao, et al. Optimization and analysis of a cascaded dual mixed refrigerant hydrogen liquefaction process considering the influence of pre-cooling stages[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(81): 31653-31670., articleTitle=Optimization and analysis of a cascaded dual mixed refrigerant hydrogen liquefaction process considering the influence of pre-cooling stages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313690481611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=1324, pageEnd=1339, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=40, authorNames=SLEITI A K, AL-AMMARI W A, GHANI S, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SLEITI A K, AL-AMMARI W A, GHANI S, et al. A novel hydrogen liquefaction process using dual mixed cryogenic refrigeration system: energy, exergy, and economic analysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 56: 1324-1339., articleTitle=A novel hydrogen liquefaction process using dual mixed cryogenic refrigeration system: energy, exergy, and economic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313761784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=41, authorNames=MELAAEN E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MELAAEN E. Dynamic simulation of the liquefaction section in baseload LNG plants[D]. Norwegian: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 1994., articleTitle=Dynamic simulation of the liquefaction section in baseload LNG plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315271734231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=27, issue=7, pageStart=1182, pageEnd=1190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=42, authorNames=RODRÍGUEZ M, DIAZ M S, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RODRÍGUEZ M, DIAZ M S. Dynamic modelling and optimisation of cryogenic systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27(7): 1182-1190., articleTitle=Dynamic modelling and optimisation of cryogenic systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315368203230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=89, issue=7, pageStart=37, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=43, authorNames=STEPHENSON G, WANG L, journalName=Hydrocarbon Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHENSON G, WANG L. Dynamic simulation of liquefied natural gas processes[J]. Hydrocarbon Processing, 2010, 89(7): 37-44., articleTitle=Dynamic simulation of liquefied natural gas processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315464672226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=36, issue=5, pageStart=3204, pageEnd=3214, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=44, authorNames=DUTTA R, GHOSH P, CHOWDHURY K, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUTTA R, GHOSH P, CHOWDHURY K. Customization and validation of a commercial process simulator for dynamic simulation of Helium liquefier[J]. Energy, 2011, 36(5): 3204-3214., articleTitle=Customization and validation of a commercial process simulator for dynamic simulation of Helium liquefier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315552752613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=84, issue=null, pageStart=546, pageEnd=557, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=45, authorNames=LEE C J, SONG K, LEE Y, journalName=Computers & Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE C J, SONG K, LEE Y, et al. A decomposition methodology for dynamic modeling of cold box in offshore natural gas liquefaction process[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2016, 84: 546-557., articleTitle=A decomposition methodology for dynamic modeling of cold box in offshore natural gas liquefaction process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315657610215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=97, issue=null, pageStart=350, pageEnd=358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=46, authorNames=HE Tianbiao, JU Yonglin, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Tianbiao, JU Yonglin. Dynamic simulation of mixed refrigerant process for small-scale LNG plant in skid mount packages[J]. Energy, 2016, 97: 350-358., articleTitle=Dynamic simulation of mixed refrigerant process for small-scale LNG plant in skid mount packages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315741496298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=755, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=47, authorNames=LI J, LIU L Q, XIONG L Y, journalName=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J, LIU L Q, XIONG L Y, et al. Dynamic simulations of medium-sized hydrogen liquefiers based on EcosimPro simulation software[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 755(1): 012070., articleTitle=Dynamic simulations of medium-sized hydrogen liquefiers based on EcosimPro simulation software, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315808605164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=93, issue=null, pageStart=403, pageEnd=415, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=48, authorNames=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Dynamic simulation and analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process with single-stage helium reverse Brayton cycle[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 93: 403-415., articleTitle=Dynamic simulation and analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process with single-stage helium reverse Brayton cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315875714034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=12, pageStart=6261, pageEnd=6274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=49, authorNames=张振扬, 妙丛, 王峰, journalName=化工进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张振扬, 妙丛, 王峰, 等. 规模化氢液化装置现状及未来技术路线分析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274., articleTitle=规模化氢液化装置现状及未来技术路线分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315947017207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=12, pageStart=6261, pageEnd=6274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=50, authorNames=ZHANG Zhenyang, MIAO Cong, WANG Feng, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Zhenyang, MIAO Cong, WANG Feng, et al. Analysis of present status and future technical route on large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274.), articleTitle=Analysis of present status and future technical route on large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316030903292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=710, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=51, authorNames=MCINTOSH G E, journalName=AIP Conference Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MCINTOSH G E. Hydrogen liquefiers since 1950[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2004, 710(1): 9-15., articleTitle=Hydrogen liquefiers since 1950, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316114789376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1960, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=52, authorNames=BRICKWEDDE F G, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRICKWEDDE F G. A few remarks on the beginnings of the NBS-AEC cryogenic laboratory[C]//Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1960: 1-4., articleTitle=A few remarks on the beginnings of the NBS-AEC cryogenic laboratory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316215451651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1960, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=49, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=53, authorNames=VANDER AREND P C, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VANDER AREND P C. Large-scale production, handling, and storage of liquid hydrogen[C]//Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1960: 49-54., articleTitle=Large-scale production, handling, and storage of liquid hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316303532039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=10, pageStart=4524, pageEnd=4533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=54, authorNames=KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P. Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(10): 4524-4533., articleTitle=Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316366446605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=53, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=55, authorNames=BRACHA M, LORENZ G, PATZELT A, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRACHA M, LORENZ G, PATZELT A, et al. Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1994, 19(1): 53-59., articleTitle=Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316450332687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=56, authorNames=央视网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=央视网. 多个关键技术取得重大突破 我国首套吨级氢液化系统研制成功[EB/OL]. (2021-09-20) [2025-02-24]. https://news.cctv.com/2021/09/20/ARTI8Vogh42jGVl4DNm3kn3l210920.shtml., articleTitle=多个关键技术取得重大突破 我国首套吨级氢液化系统研制成功, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316521635859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=57, authorNames=CCTV.com, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CCTV.com. Major breakthroughs achieved in multiple key technologies: China's first ton-scale hydrogen liquefaction system successfully developed[EB/OL]. (2021-09-20) [2025-02-24]. https://news.cctv.com/2021/09/20/ARTI8Vogh42jGVl4DNm3kn3l210920.shtml.), articleTitle=Major breakthroughs achieved in multiple key technologies: China's first ton-scale hydrogen liquefaction system successfully developed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316592939033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=58, authorNames=中国科学院网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国科学院网. 理化所研制的全国产5吨/天氢液化器通过测试验收[EB/OL]. (2024-03-14) [2025-02-24]. https://www.cas.cn/syky/202403/t20240314_5008685.shtml., articleTitle=理化所研制的全国产5吨/天氢液化器通过测试验收, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316660047900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Chinses Academy of Sciences, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Chinses Academy of Sciences. Fully domestically produced 5 t/d hydrogen liquefier developed in China passes testing and acceptance[EB/OL]. (2024-03-14) [2025-02-24]. https://www.cas.cn/syky/202403/t20240314_5008685.shtml.), articleTitle=Fully domestically produced 5 t/d hydrogen liquefier developed in China passes testing and acceptance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316727156768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=60, authorNames=中国新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国新闻网. (高质量发展调研行)日产10吨氢气液化工厂即将投产“氢”能商业化拐点加速到来[EB/OL]. (2024-06-01) [2025-02-24]. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2024/06-01/10226998.shtml., articleTitle=(高质量发展调研行)日产10吨氢气液化工厂即将投产“氢”能商业化拐点加速到来, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316794265633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=61, authorNames=China News Service, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(China News Service. (High-quality development research series) A 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction plant is about to go into operation; the commercialization inflection point of hydrogen energy is accelerating[EB/OL]. (2024-06-01) [2025-02-24]. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2024/06-01/10226998.shtml.), articleTitle=(High-quality development research series) A 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction plant is about to go into operation; the commercialization inflection point of hydrogen energy is accelerating, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316861374500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=62, authorNames=环球网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=环球网. 研制成功,正式发布!攻克五大关键技术[EB/OL]. (2024-09-26) [2025-02-24]. https://china.huanqiu.com/article/4Japdg5Zm3x., articleTitle=研制成功,正式发布!攻克五大关键技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217316932677672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Huanqiu.com, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Huanqiu.com. Successfully developed and officially launched! Five key technologies have been overcome[EB/OL]. (2024-09-26) [2025-02-24]. https://china.huanqiu.com/article/4Japdg5Zm3x.), articleTitle=Successfully developed and officially launched! Five key technologies have been overcome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317024952366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=17, pageStart=9088, pageEnd=9094, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=64, authorNames=NAKANO A, MAEDA T, ITO H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAKANO A, MAEDA T, ITO H, et al. Small-scale hydrogen liquefaction with a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle refrigerator[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(17): 9088-9094., articleTitle=Small-scale hydrogen liquefaction with a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle refrigerator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317108838449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=907, pageEnd=919, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=65, authorNames=KRASAE-IN S, BREDESEN A M, STANG J H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRASAE-IN S, BREDESEN A M, STANG J H, et al. Simulation and experiment of a hydrogen liquefaction test rig using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(1): 907-919., articleTitle=Simulation and experiment of a hydrogen liquefaction test rig using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317196918837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=1573, issue=1, pageStart=1357, pageEnd=1364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=66, authorNames=BAIK J H, KARNG S W, GARCEAU N, journalName=AIP Conference Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAIK J H, KARNG S W, GARCEAU N, et al. Development of 1 L hr-1 scale hydrogen liquefier using Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014, 1573(1): 1357-1364., articleTitle=Development of 1 L hr-1 scale hydrogen liquefier using Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317264027704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=35, pageStart=11872, pageEnd=11878, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=67, authorNames=GARCEAU N M, BAIK J H, LIM C M, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GARCEAU N M, BAIK J H, LIM C M, et al. Development of a small-scale hydrogen liquefaction system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(35): 11872-11878., articleTitle=Development of a small-scale hydrogen liquefaction system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317356302398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=90, pageStart=38258, pageEnd=38270, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=68, authorNames=XIE Fushou, XIA Siqi, ZHU Yuhao, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Fushou, XIA Siqi, ZHU Yuhao, et al. Experimental study on small-scale hydrogen liquefaction of 0.5 L/h[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(90): 38258-38270., articleTitle=Experimental study on small-scale hydrogen liquefaction of 0.5 L/h, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317456965700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=234, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=69, authorNames=SHEN Yunwei, QIU Changxu, LIU Dongli, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Yunwei, QIU Changxu, LIU Dongli, et al. Experimental study on a closed-cycle Joule-Thomson cryocooler working at liquid hydrogen temperature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 234: 121291., articleTitle=Experimental study on a closed-cycle Joule-Thomson cryocooler working at liquid hydrogen temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317532463174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=80, issue=null, pageStart=370, pageEnd=380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=70, authorNames=BI Yujing, XU Yifan, JU Yonglin, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BI Yujing, XU Yifan, JU Yonglin. Experimental investigation and simulation on a small-scale open hydrogen liquefaction system with stepwise cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 80: 370-380., articleTitle=Experimental investigation and simulation on a small-scale open hydrogen liquefaction system with stepwise cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217317620543563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=18, pageStart=5917, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=71, authorNames=AZIZ M, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AZIZ M. Liquid hydrogen: a review on liquefaction, storage, transportation, and safety[J]. Energies, 2021, 14(18): 5917., articleTitle=Liquid hydrogen: a review on liquefaction, storage, transportation, and safety, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217303900975648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303913558562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217303921947171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, companyId=1239217303900975648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239217307138978451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Basic configuration of the simple Claude cycle, figureFileSmall=qSBBiH1DFO2nDgO33NRKMA==, figureFileBig=cKAbzi/FU+RxL+IJEIWlmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307222864535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图1, caption=简单Claude循环基本构型, figureFileSmall=qSBBiH1DFO2nDgO33NRKMA==, figureFileBig=cKAbzi/FU+RxL+IJEIWlmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307428385440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Basic configuration of the helium reverse Brayton cycle, figureFileSmall=qB5Nevo726P98m1iILj5cA==, figureFileBig=cFvtJN9kAXO39qhmBPxPvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307533243045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氦气逆布雷顿循环基本构型, figureFileSmall=qB5Nevo726P98m1iILj5cA==, figureFileBig=cFvtJN9kAXO39qhmBPxPvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307625517737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Basic configuration of the mixed refrigerant cycle, figureFileSmall=j5IHCeaseaYEhJdno/oMUA==, figureFileBig=+73DWziznJaDyEQb7SXtQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307730375342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基础混合制冷剂制冷循环, figureFileSmall=j5IHCeaseaYEhJdno/oMUA==, figureFileBig=+73DWziznJaDyEQb7SXtQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307818455729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dynamic model of the hydrogen liquefaction process[46], figureFileSmall=nXtb4Wyd9i205OYYtxxuzA==, figureFileBig=HJwkZv6dw3to8+Jzf3zfXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307927507640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氢气液化动态模型[46], figureFileSmall=nXtb4Wyd9i205OYYtxxuzA==, figureFileBig=HJwkZv6dw3to8+Jzf3zfXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308057531072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flow schematic of the hydrogen liquefaction process in Leuna[51], figureFileSmall=4XcKl5DIZmJIsvHrex6f/w==, figureFileBig=qzN76hlpfGO9eVbzdZx3tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308158194375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Leuna氢气液化工厂工艺流程图[51], figureFileSmall=4XcKl5DIZmJIsvHrex6f/w==, figureFileBig=qzN76hlpfGO9eVbzdZx3tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308254663371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Experimental apparatus of the hydrogen liquefaction system[63], figureFileSmall=E23HKH9PGQnU5JbzX5JF2A==, figureFileBig=b2r4O2bJv+5iZPHKxkgpBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308342743758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=图6, caption=氢气液化实验装置[63], figureFileSmall=E23HKH9PGQnU5JbzX5JF2A==, figureFileBig=b2r4O2bJv+5iZPHKxkgpBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308443407063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Comparison of steady-state hydrogen liquefaction processes with various refrigeration cycles, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环类型文献液化量/(t/d)单位能耗/[kW·h/kg(LH2)]效率/%
氢气制冷循环C. R. Baker等[12]25010.8536.00
A. Kuendig等[13]504.00 
M. Kanoglu等[14]520.815.0867.9
J. H. Yang等[15]30011.05 
D. Berstad等[16]1257.0942.5(预冷);38.4(低温)
A. Sharifi等[17]1 123.215.0856.3
Liu Xianglong等[18]3.3 34.04
Yang Jian等[19] 4.98(25 00 kPa);5.27(1 500 kPa) 
氦气制冷循环I. F. Kuz' menko等[20]5.412.734.6
G. Valenti等[21]8645.0447.7
唐璐[22]50 38.52(J-T阀);40.17(膨胀机)
H. M. Chang等[23]0.517.37 
Yin Liang等[24]1.57.13349.41
Bian Jiang等[25]1206.6047.0
Bi Yujing等[26]59.70339.1
Bi Yujing[27]57.94857.17
Yang Jian等[28]1206.2948.7
混合制冷剂制冷循环H. Quack[29]1735~760.7
S. Krasae-in等[30]1005.3554
S. Krasae-in[31]1005.9148.9
M. Asadnia等[32]1007.6939.5
M. S. Sadaghiani等[33]3004.4155.47
M. S. Sadaghiani等[35]1307.64631.99
Zhang Shengan等[36]288.95.8555.30
Sun Heng等[37]287.75.66452.77
A. K. Sleiti等[38]2983.73259.65
), ArticleFig(id=1239217308539876060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217295222960331, language=CN, label=表1, caption=采用不同制冷循环的稳态氢气液化流程, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环类型文献液化量/(t/d)单位能耗/[kW·h/kg(LH2)]效率/%
氢气制冷循环C. R. Baker等[12]25010.8536.00
A. Kuendig等[13]504.00 
M. Kanoglu等[14]520.815.0867.9
J. H. Yang等[15]30011.05 
D. Berstad等[16]1257.0942.5(预冷);38.4(低温)
A. Sharifi等[17]1 123.215.0856.3
Liu Xianglong等[18]3.3 34.04
Yang Jian等[19] 4.98(25 00 kPa);5.27(1 500 kPa) 
氦气制冷循环I. F. Kuz' menko等[20]5.412.734.6
G. Valenti等[21]8645.0447.7
唐璐[22]50 38.52(J-T阀);40.17(膨胀机)
H. M. Chang等[23]0.517.37 
Yin Liang等[24]1.57.13349.41
Bian Jiang等[25]1206.6047.0
Bi Yujing等[26]59.70339.1
Bi Yujing[27]57.94857.17
Yang Jian等[28]1206.2948.7
混合制冷剂制冷循环H. Quack[29]1735~760.7
S. Krasae-in等[30]1005.3554
S. Krasae-in[31]1005.9148.9
M. Asadnia等[32]1007.6939.5
M. S. Sadaghiani等[33]3004.4155.47
M. S. Sadaghiani等[35]1307.64631.99
Zhang Shengan等[36]288.95.8555.30
Sun Heng等[37]287.75.66452.77
A. K. Sleiti等[38]2983.73259.65
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
氢气液化技术研究进展及发展趋势分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
毕于敬 , 巨永林
制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025,46(5): 1-11
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025, 46(5): 1-11
氢气液化技术研究进展及发展趋势分析
全屏
毕于敬, 巨永林
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240

通讯作者:

巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:。研究方向:液化天然气技术,低温传热技术。
Research Progress and Trend Analysis of Hydrogen Liquefaction Technology
Yujing Bi, Yonglin Ju
Affiliations
  • Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001
文章导航
收藏切换

液氢作为一种清洁能源,将在未来清洁能源供应中扮演重要角色。当前国际上的氢气液化装置普遍存在单位能耗和液化成本高以及效率低的问题,而我国氢气低温液化技术和装备的研发刚刚起步,与国际先进水平相比仍存在显著差距。鉴于此,总结了近年来氢气液化技术在流程设计和实际装置方面的研究进展,探讨了稳态流程模拟与动态特性研究的最新技术发展,并分析了不同液化流程的性能指标。同时,分别对氢气液化工厂和小型实验室液化装置的技术特点与设备布局进行了总结。最后,归纳了氢气液化技术的发展重点和未来发展方向,旨在为该技术的进步提供参考,进而推动氢能的社会化应用进程。

氢气液化  /  流程设计  /  实际装置  /  性能指标  /  技术特点

As a clean energy source, LH2 is poised to play a pivotal role in future energy supplies. Currently, international hydrogen liquefaction facilities suffer from high energy consumption, high liquefaction costs, and low exergy efficiencies. In contrast, the development of cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction technologies and equipment in China is still in its infancy, significantly lagging behind advanced global standards. Against this backdrop, this paper summarizes the recent research advancements in hydrogen liquefaction technology, encompassing both process design and practical facilities. It delves into the latest developments in steady-state process simulation and dynamic characteristic studies, evaluating performance metrics across various liquefaction processes. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of the technical features and equipment layouts of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants and small-scale laboratory setups. Finally, it consolidates the key development priorities and future directions for hydrogen liquefaction technology, aiming to provide valuable guidance for technological progress and accelerate the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy.

hydrogen liquefaction  /  process design  /  practical facilities  /  performance metrics  /  technical features
毕于敬, 巨永林. 氢气液化技术研究进展及发展趋势分析. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001
Yujing Bi, Yonglin Ju. Research Progress and Trend Analysis of Hydrogen Liquefaction Technology[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001
当前,全球经济快速发展与生态治理之间的矛盾日益加剧,化石燃料使用引发的碳排放问题备受关注。作为世界上最大的温室气体排放国,中国承诺于2030年前达到碳排放峰值,并努力争取2060年前实现碳中和[1]。因此,推动清洁低碳能源发展成为关键。氢能作为一种低碳能源载体,被视为实现能源转型的必要条件之一[2],是未来国家能源体系的重要组成部分[3]
氢具有来源广、环境友好、能量密度高、应用形式多样等特点,其低位热值约为120 MJ/kg[4],远超目前广泛使用的化石燃料。因此,以氢为能源载体是改善和优化当前工业体系能源结构的重要突破方向[5]。然而,气态氢的能量密度较低,且构建和维护大型高压氢气储存及运输设施面临诸多技术和经济挑战,这极大程度上限制了氢能的大规模应用。因此,氢气液化作为一种相对成熟的商业储氢方法,被视为推动氢能部署的重要举措之一[6]
液氢储运成本低、能量密度高,被认为是最有前途的储氢运输方法之一[7]。液氢的体积能量密度可达10.1 MJ/L[8],采用液氢进行氢能储运能够提高运输稳定性,并减少杂质对氢纯度的影响[9]。随着氢能的发展,液氢将在长途及大规模运输中发挥重要作用[10],并被广泛用于汽车燃料、低温推进燃料和高温超导体的冷却剂等领域。然而,氢气液化是一个能源密集型过程,设备和工艺效率低是实现氢经济的主要障碍[11]。此外,我国氢气液化技术研究起步较晚、技术尚未完全成熟,目前国内的氢气液化工厂大多采用国外的技术和装置,且液氢产量较少,主要用于航天领域,民用液氢市场仍有较大空缺。
基于上述背景,本文综述了近年来氢气液化技术的研究进展,重点从概念型氢气液化流程设计分析以及实际氢气液化装置2个方面进行探讨。在总结现有发展状况的基础上,明确了当前氢气液化技术的研究重点,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望与分析。
目前常用的氢气液化流程按照制冷循环所用工质的不同,可分为氢气制冷循环、氦气制冷循环和混合制冷剂制冷循环,基于这些常规液化循环的改进设计被应用于不同的应用场景和装置。
以氢为工质的制冷循环一般是改良后的Claude循环,循环基本构型如图1所示。低温区所需的冷量一部分通过膨胀机的绝热膨胀来提供,另一部分冷量由节流后未被液化的氢气返流提供。鉴于氢的特殊物理性质,通常需要先使用预冷剂将原料氢预冷,在实际应用中还常将制冷剂和原料氢分开,使制冷循环作为一个独立的系统。
C. R. Baker等[12]于1987年提出一种双压Claude循环的氢气液化过程,从膨胀机和节流阀出来的2路氢分别进入高压和低压压缩机,减少因重复压缩带来的额外功耗。该工艺中液化所得的液氢产品的压力和温度分别为929 kPa和20.57 K,流程单位能耗为10.85 kW·h/kg(LH2)。A. Kuendig等[13]提出了一个利用液化天然气冷能预冷的大型氢气液化流程,液氢产能为50 t/d。该工艺的制冷循环为以氢为工质的Claude循环,预冷部分采用LNG(液化天然气,liquefied natural gas)冷能和以氮气为工质的布雷顿循环相结合的方式共同预冷。M. Kanoglu等[14]提出一种由氨-水吸收式制冷循环和Claude循环组成的综合氢气液化系统,其中吸收系统的热量由地热提供。该工艺中氢的液化速率为6.028 kg/s,整个液化系统的性能系数和效率分别为0.162和67.9%。
J. H. Yang等[15]提出一种LNG冷能和SMR(蒸气甲烷重整,steam methane reforming)制氢相结合的氢气液化系统,系统的原料氢气来自SMR工艺,预冷段采用LNG冷能和氮气布雷顿循环结合的方式,深冷段使用Claude循环提供冷量。采用该工艺可将氢气液化工艺的单位能耗从13.58 kW·h/kg(LH2)降至11.05 kW·h/kg(LH2)。D. Berstad等[16]在Aspen HYSYS软件中模拟了采用混合制冷剂预冷和以氢为工质的Claude循环制冷的氢气液化过程。该氢气液化流程的单位能耗为7.09 kW·h/kg(LH2),混合制冷剂预冷循环和低温Claude循环的效率分别为42.5%和38.4%。
A. Sharifi等[17]将太阳能发电工艺过程和液氢生产技术结合,在以氢为工质的Claude循环的基础上耦合了利用太阳能的ORC(有机朗肯循环,organic Rankine cycle)过程,为氢气液化工艺提供电力。该氢气液化循环的液氢产量为13 kg/s,实际功耗为54 301 kJ/kg(LH2),集成系统的效率可达56.3%。Liu Xianglong等[18]提出了一种基于生物质能布雷顿循环与双回路有机闪蒸循环、改良型Kalina循环、蒸气加热负荷和氢气Claude循环结合的氢气液化组合。研究结果显示,该系统可实现0.038 2 kg/s的液氢产量。Yang Jian等[19]为解决经典Claude循环在较低压力下液化效率低的问题,提出了2种创新型Claude循环。研究表明,两级制冷循环交叉布置的Claude循环适用于压力在2 200~3 500 kPa的氢气,进料氢气压力为2 500 kPa时氢气液化的单位能耗为4.98 kW·h/kg(LH2),采用分流制冷循环的Claude循环适用于压力小于2 200 kPa的氢气,1 500 kPa时氢气液化的单位能耗为5.27 kW·h/kg(LH2)。
以氦气为工质的制冷循环一般采用逆布雷顿循环,基本构型如图2所示。预冷后的高压氦气通过多级换热器和膨胀机降温至约20 K,用于冷却氢气至沸点温度以下。由于氦气的沸点低于氢气,因此氦气在降温过程中不发生相变。与Claude循环相比,氦气逆布雷顿循环的能耗较高,但安全隐患和对关键设备的要求较低。
I. F. Kuz' menko等[20]提出一种采用液氮预冷和氦气膨胀制冷循环的氢气液化工艺,该工艺可以液化质量流量为225 kg/h的氢气,系统单位能耗为12.7 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为34.6%。此外,与其他流程的对比结果表明,在热力学参数方面,采用氦气制冷循环的中容量氢气液化装置比采用中压氢气制冷循环的传统液化装置更具竞争力。G. Valenti等[21]在Aspen Plus软件中模拟了一种与整体煤气化联合循环发电系统相结合的采用回热式氦气逆布雷顿循环的氢气液化系统,在该系统中氢气液化所需冷量由4个氦气布雷顿循环提供。该系统的产量为864 t/d,单位能耗为5.04 kW·h/kg(LH2),系统效率为47.7%。唐璐[22]提出一种基于液氮预冷和氦气膨胀制冷的氢气液化流程,该流程在设计时对于末级膨胀分别考虑了节流膨胀和液体膨胀机2种方式。结果表明,采用J-T节流阀和膨胀机的氢气液化流程的效率分别为38.52%和40.17%。
H. M. Chang等[23]根据韩国LNG进口情况提出可以采用LNG冷能为氢气液化提供预冷段的冷量,压力为0.1 MPa的低压LNG和压力为7 MPa的高压LNG分别与标准氦气膨胀循环、两级串联氦气膨胀循环以及两级并联氦气膨胀循环结合。模拟结果表明采用低压LNG预冷、两级串联的氦布雷顿循环总体性能较好。Yin Liang等[24]在Aspen HYSYS软件中对采用液氮预冷和氦气逆布雷顿循环的氢气液化流程进行了流程模拟,并针对系统中的多个关键操作参数进行了全局优化,优化后的氢气液化流程与优化前相比单位能耗降低了19.65%。
Bian Jiang等[25]提出一种利用LNG直接膨胀循环进行氢气预冷和采用双压氦气逆布雷顿级联循环进行深冷的氢气液化工艺。研究结果表明,该工艺的单位能耗为6.60 kW·h/kg(LH2),系统损失和效率分别为12.36 MW和47.0%。Bi Yujing等[26]设计并模拟了一种采用5组分混合制冷剂预冷和氦气膨胀循环制冷的氢气液化系统,该工艺的单位能耗为9.703 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为39.1%。此外,他们还在后续的工作中在氦气膨胀制冷循环的基础上在预冷段结合LNG冷能,构建了制储氢一体化的氢气液化集成系统,模拟结果显示LNG冷能利用使系统燃料成本降低了约30%,集成系统单位能耗仅为7.948 kW·h/kg(LH2[27]
Yang Jian等[28]创新性地构建了一种结合双压ORC的新型氢气液化工艺,该工艺在预冷段结合了LNG冷能和ORC,深冷液化段由氦气逆布雷顿循环提供冷量。经过遗传算法优化后,该工艺的最佳效率为48.7%,最小单位能耗为6.29 kW·h/kg(LH2)。
以混合制冷剂为工质的制冷循环一般采用级联式循环,利用2种或多种制冷剂串联操作,通过工质逐级液化的冷效应达到所需低温,其中每个独立的制冷循环对另一个制冷循环预冷或使用多个辅助制冷循环冷却主气流,也有少数不发生液化的情况下采用布雷顿循环,基础多级混合制冷剂循环如图3所示。混合制冷剂的使用可以降低传热温差,但过多的制冷剂组分会增加配比和充注难度,一旦泄漏会造成系统内的组分分布不均,因此设计时需综合考虑热力学特性和技术经济指标。
H. Quack[29]在2002年提出采用混合制冷剂的氢气液化循环,该循环在预冷段采用丙烷制冷循环,在低温段使用氦氖混合制冷剂,根据产品要求和原料气条件的不同,流程单位能耗在5~7 kW·h/kg(LH2)变化,效率为60.7%。S. Krasae-in等[30]提出了一种由10种组分组成的混合制冷剂预冷和4个氢气布雷顿级联式制冷的氢气液化工艺,整个流程的单位能耗为5.35 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为54%。后来,他们又基于之前的研究对更实际的大规模液化氢气流程进行了改进,将混合制冷剂的组分调整为5种并优化了级联式制冷循环,优化后该流程的单位能耗和效率分别为5.91 kW·h/kg(LH2)和48.9%。相较于之前的流程虽然功耗有所增加,但大幅简化了混合制冷剂的组分,从而简化了系统操作[31]
M. Asadnia等[32]提出并分析了一种新型氢气液化工艺流程,其中预冷段采用含有11种组分的混合制冷剂,含有氢气和氦气这2种组分的混合制冷剂被用于低温布雷顿循环。该流程的单位能耗为7.69 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为39.5%,性能系数为0.171。S. M. Sadaghiani等[33]介绍并分析了一种采用混合制冷剂的新型低温氢气液化工艺流程,用于预冷的混合制冷剂含有9种组分,用于深冷的混合制冷剂包含氖、氢和氦3种组分,该工艺每天可产生300 t的液氢。使用Aspen HYSYS软件对该流程进行了模拟计算,结果表明该流程的单位能耗和效率为4.410 kW·h/kg(LH2)和55.47%,工艺性能系数为0.179 7。他们还在后续工作中加入了吸收式制冷,这一改进提升了流程整体工艺性能[34]。2017年,他们又提出一种仅使用一个混合制冷剂循环的氢气液化工艺[35],该工艺使用了含有7种组分的混合制冷剂,制冷循环中共使用了8个膨胀机,该工艺的单位能耗为7.646 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为31.99%。
Zhang Shengan等[36]基于改进的Claude预冷循环与布雷顿制冷循环相结合,开发了一种混合制冷剂的高效氢气液化工艺。该工艺使用了氮气和3种不同混合制冷剂的独立制冷循环,其性能系数为0.157 4,单位能耗为5.85 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为55.30%。Sun Heng等[37]提出一种基于级联混合制冷剂循环的氢气液化过程,2个混合制冷剂循环串联使制冷剂的冷量得到充分利用。他们对不同预冷级数的级联工艺进行了对比,并采用粒子群算法对流程进行了优化。结果表明,该工艺的单位能耗为5.664 kW·h/kg(LH2),性能系数为0.232 2,效率为52.77%。A. K. Sleiti等[38]介绍了一种利用双混合制冷系统的创新型氢气液化流程,将2种相互作用的混合制冷剂集成在了2个制冷回路中。该工艺的能耗极低,单位能耗为3.732 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为59.65%。
表1总结了基于不同制冷循环的氢气液化流程。通过对比分析可知,流程的结构布置、工质选择以及运行条件的变化都会显著影响氢气液化工艺的单位能耗及整体性能。其中,采用氢气制冷循环的液化流程主要应用于大型氢气液化工厂,目前多数在运行的装置均采用该类循环。氦气由于其无毒、不可燃等安全特性,常与LNG系统结合用于海上液氢储运方案的相关研究。相比之下,采用混合制冷剂预冷循环的氢气液化流程具有相对较低的能耗,近年来也逐渐受到越来越多研究人员的关注,但其应用还需要解决制冷剂组分配比等问题。
氢气液化是一个动态过程,液化循环参数随时间变化,即使在系统达到稳态后,流程热力学参数也会因外界干扰或条件变动偏离设计值,从而影响系统效率、液化率和能耗。通过流程模拟的形式开展氢气液化过程的动态特性研究,可以反映实际运行中的状态变化和性能变动,并为实际装置设计可靠的控制结构。目前国内外对于氢气液化流程动态特性的研究报道较少,仅有少量针对天然气和氦液化的动态模拟。
E. Melaaen[39]建立了基本负荷型天然气液化流程中的低温换热器的动态模型,模拟了不同的操作模型并讨论了控制参数或输入变量变化对流程造成的影响。管壁温度波动对材料应力的影响使得设备破坏,最终导致无法生产指定数量的LNG。M. Rodríguez等[40]对大型天然气液化工厂中的低温部分进行了动态模拟,重点研究了具有相变的逆流式换热器及其后端高压分离罐的严格动力学建模,并通过空间离散方法求解了该动力学模型,得到了控制变量和状态变量的最优曲线。
G. Stephenson等[41]针对丙烷预冷混合制冷剂制冷天然气液化循环中的盘管换热器建立了动态模型,该模型可用于后续液化天然气流程的优化设计、控制和运行。R. Dutta等[42]使用Aspen HYSYS软件对氦气液化工厂进行了动态模拟,并使用2个实际运行的氦气液化装置的冷却温度数据对该模型进行了验证。经过自定义和参数估计,流程动态模拟结果与工厂实际数据吻合较好,实时因子在8~14之间。C. J. Lee等[43]提出了在设计初期缺乏内部设计数据的情况下建立LNG冷箱内板翅式换热器动态建模的分解方法,并在估算了设备尺寸、区域和层的布置等物理配置后应用了该方法。该动态模型在海上天然气液化过程的动态验证研究中达到了预期结果并将为后续LNG冷箱装置的动态模拟提供研究基础。
He Tianbiao等[44]为小型撬装式液化天然气装置设计了一个采用混合制冷剂预冷的液化天然气过程动态模型,以天然气的温度、成分、压力、流量和水冷器的温度变化为扰动,测试了该过程的稳定性和关键参数的动态响应。在其设计的控制方案下,该动态模型可以克服一些干扰并稳定运行。Li J.等[45]利用EcosimPro过程模拟软件对2个分别采用1台和2台氦气膨胀机的中型氢气液化工艺流程进行了动态模拟,并提出了相应的控制逻辑和策略。流程对比显示,采用2台膨胀机的装置由于换热器占地面积小,结构更紧凑,但由于2台设备串联使得系统控制更为复杂。Bi Yujing等[46]针对单级液氮预冷氦气膨胀制冷循环的氢气液化流程设计了一套采用直接式控制方案的动态模型,如图4所示,通过引入不同的外部扰动测试并总结了系统关键变量的动态特性。
自20世纪50年代初以来全球建造的氢气液化工厂超过50家,其中大部分位于美国、加拿大和日本,合计产能约占全球产能的90%[47]。美国是最早开始研究液氢生产技术的国家,第1个氢气液化器建于1904年,使用Dewar氢气液化器,该液化装置在圣路易斯世界博览会展出,最终被国家标准局购买[48]。1952年,美国原子能委员会建造了产能为240 L/h的氢气液化装置,仲氢含量可达90%~95%[49]。1957年,第1套大规模氢气液化装置由空气产品公司在美国俄亥俄州建设,该装置的液氢产能为3 t/d,其系统设计与国家标准局的装置类似,采用了液氮预冷氢气Claude循环[50]。该装置对氢气液化技术产业发展影响深远,后续规模化氢气液化装置基本为该装置的改进。空气产品公司是北美最大的液氢供应商,其次是普莱克斯。普莱克斯目前在美国拥有5个液氢工厂,产能为6~35 t/d,其中的氢气液化流程通常采用带有预冷循环的改良型Claude循环。据报道,其系统单位能耗约为12.5~15 kW·h/kg(LH2),效率为19%~24%[51]
此外,另一家技术成熟的大型氢气液化公司林德公司,在1991年和2008年于德国建造了2个氢气液化工厂,分别位于Ingolstadt和Leuna,因其较为详细的流程图及性能参数,常被用于新型概念型工厂的设计参考。其中,位于Ingolstadt的氢气液化工厂曾经是德国最大的氢气液化工厂,该工厂使用炼油厂生产的原料气。首先利用液氮将氢气预冷至80 K,随后通过氢气膨胀制冷循环将氢气进一步冷却至30 K,然后通过J-T阀液化。该装置的液化能力为4.4 t/d,单位能耗为13.58 kW·h/kg(LH2[52]。位于Leuna的氢气液化工厂采用的液化循环与Ingolstant的类似,其流程图如图5所示。相比之下,其采用的连续型正仲氢转化方式使得系统效率更高,工厂液氢产量为5 t/d,单位能耗为11.9 kW·h/kg(LH2[51]
我国对氢气液化装置的研究起步较晚,早期氢气液化装置主要依赖进口,且液氢产能有限,主要用于航天技术研究及火箭发射等领域,民用化和商业化应用尚处于起步阶段,无论是规模还是技术成熟度,与发达国家相比仍存在一定差距。近年来,我国加大了在氢气液化装置研发领域的投入力度,已成功研制出国产化小型氢气液化装置并开始着手建设相关设施。2021年我国首套拥有自主知识产权的小型吨级氢气液化系统调试成功,该装置实现了90%以上的国产化,打破了相关关键技术的封锁[53]。2024年3月,中国科学院理化所承担研制的产能为5 t/d的氢气液化系统通过测试验收,该装置采用氦气膨胀制冷循环,系统满负荷运行条件下液氢产量为5.17 t/d,仲氢含量达到98.66%,单位能耗为12.98 kW·h/kg(LH2[54]。2024年5月,国富氢能公司建造的10 t/d的大规模氢气液化工厂完成试运行评审,该装置是国内首套大规模10 t级氢气液化装置,标志着液氢超级工程核心技术“卡脖子”问题取得重大突破,是液氢利用从航天试验走向工业和民用的重要契机[55]。2024年11月,由航天科技集团六院北京航天试验技术研究所和航天氢能科技有限公司联合研制的5 t/d的氢气液化系统在北京正式发布,成功攻克了采用氢气Claude循环的氢气液化工艺流程设计、大型高效连续性正仲氢转化换热技术等5大关键核心技术,为推动液氢大规模应用的工业化进程奠定了坚实基础[56]。这些进展不仅提升了我国氢气液化装置的技术水平,而且大幅提高了液氢国产化产能,为实现绿色低碳发展和能源转型提供了强有力的技术支持。
与大型氢气液化装置相比,实验室级小型氢气液化系统的实验装置和测试经验均相对较少。A. Nakano等[57]利用两级10 K的G-M(吉福特-麦克马洪,Gifford-McMahon)制冷机设计并制造了一台小型氢气液化装置,该装置的最大氢气液化率为19.9 L/d,同时提出了一种预测带制冷机的液化器的液化速率简单估计方法,并对该方法的有效性进行了讨论。S. Krase-in等[58]研究了一种采用混合制冷剂制冷系统的小型实验室氢气液化装置,该装置使用的制冷工质为新型多组分混合制冷剂。该装置的制冷系统可以将0.6 kg/h的氢气从2 ℃冷却至-158 ℃,混合制冷剂压缩机的能耗为1.76 kW·h/kg氢气。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,证明了混合制冷剂系统可以提升氢气液化流程的性能。J. H. Baik等[59]设计了预冷段使用液氮,深冷段采用单级20 K的G-M制冷机制冷的小型氢气液化器,该液化器由G-M制冷机、翅片热管、液氮预冷器、正仲氢转化器和真空夹套储罐组成,在压力300 kPa以下可以实现1 L/h的氢气液化量。液化后的液氢可以通过真空绝缘低损耗传输管路转移至5 L的储存容器中[60]
Xie Fushou等[61]设计并制造了一种基于两级G-M制冷机的常温微正压下氢气直接液化的小型氢气液化装置。实验结果表明,采用两级减压阀实现常温氢气微正压直接液化方案是可行的,该装置的纯氢液化速率为0.47 L/h,液化压力可保持在约120~160 kPa。为了研究制冷量在10 W以上液氢温度下闭式循环J-T制冷机的制冷特性,Shen Yunwei等[62]建立了一个由油润滑的涡旋式压缩机驱动的简化J-T制冷机的实验室样机。实验中以纯氢为工质,分析了该闭式循环制冷机的冷却过程及其温度、压力和质量流量的稳定性。采用热平衡法测得,在20.8 K下该装置可达到10.9W的稳定制冷量。Bi Yujing等[63]设计了一套伴随压力变化和温度分级的小型氢气降温液化实验装置,实验装置如图6所示。该装置的设计氢气流量为0.2 kg/h,通过两级预冷和三级逆流换热后,氢的温度降至饱和温度以下,实现了与流程模拟节点的互相验证。
通过对氢气液化流程的研究可以发现,目前文献报道的稳态氢气液化流程的研究主要着眼于通过改进热力学循环、改进制冷剂组分及引入可再生能源的方式降低流程的单位能耗和液化成本,概念型氢气液化流程的研究重点目前仍为降低液化成本、提高液化效率。其中,改进热力学循环在现有的Linde-Hampson循环、氢气Claude循环和氦气逆布雷顿循环的基础上,通过调整热力学循环的结构,比如增加压缩机和中冷器级数、改变膨胀机排布方式以及采用两相膨胀机代替节流阀等措施,提升系统整体的热力学效率。对制冷机组分及性能的改进主要包含预冷剂和制冷剂的选择和配比、冷凝和蒸发压力、节点温度以及其他参数的优化研究,目的是获得更低的单位能耗和更高的热力学效率。此外,可再生能源的引入通常与吸收式制冷、ORC等方式结合,为氢气液化流程提供部分冷量或电力,从而减少系统的总能耗。总体而言,采用氢气Claude循环的氢气液化流程的研究是氢气液化系统研究的基础,近年来,采用混合制冷剂循环的氢气液化流程的研究也日益受到关注。对于当前国内研究重点关注的中小型氢液化流程,采用氦气制冷循环不仅能够降低初期投资,且氦气系统的安全性相对更高,此外,氦气相关动力及低温设备的发展也非常迅速,国产化水平较高。因此,在国内氢气液化研究起步阶段需要根据容量特点、运行要求和技术设备水平针对氢气液化装置进行高效型液化流程的设计和模拟,根据基础氢气液化流程分析结果对其中热力学损失较大的部分进行流程改进,并充分合理地利用能量,提升系统整体性能。
从氢气液化流程的动态特性研究来看,目前对于氢气低温液化循环动态模拟的研究少有文献报道,仅有少量针对天然气、氦气等其他工质低温液化的动态模拟,对于氢气液化流程的研究几乎仅限于稳态流动下的定常参数分析及优化,条件变动下的氢气液化装置关键性能参数的动态响应特性及调控策略研究相对缺乏。因此有必要在后续研究中对氢气液化流程进行动态模拟,加深对氢气低温液化过程的了解,同时也能为实验系统及实际装置的控制设计提供参考。
从实际氢气液化装置的发展来看,现阶段的氢气液化工厂以大规模氢气液化装置为主,主要采用的流程是改进的液氮预冷氢气Claude循环,且几乎均由国外公司提供技术支持,公开发表的设计参数和运行数据非常少。目前,国际上商业化氢气液化工厂的单位能耗通常在10~20 kW·h/kg(LH2[64]。国内氢气液化装置的研发处于起步阶段,国产化设备技术以及液氢产能与国际水平相比仍有一定差距,以氢气为工质的相关低温设备技术及材料要求高,且国产化发展尚未完全成熟和当前设计的中小型系统的容量特性导致目前国内的氢气液化系统仍以氦气膨胀制冷流程为主。下一阶段的发展目标应在攻克相关设备及技术瓶颈的基础上尽早实现液氢产业规模化。
相对于大型氢气液化系统研究,实验室级小规模氢气液化装置的研究非常少,设备测试经验以及相关实验数据均相对缺乏。此外,文献中研究的小型氢气低温液化实验装置多采用单一固定的低温冷源实现氢气液化,其温区划分、节点参数以及运行工况等与概念型流程设计不同,无法对流程节点的热物理性质进行比对验证。相应地,目前的实验研究还未与流程模拟结合,未考虑模拟结果与实测数据之间的差异。因此,现阶段需要重点研究如何在确保安全操作的前提下,设计和运行流程化的小型氢气液化实验装置,并与流程模拟相结合,共同为实际氢气液化装置的设计和改进提供实测数据和技术支持,加速技术优化进程。
本文从流程设计模拟与实际装置应用2方面综述了近年来氢气液化技术的研究进展。在流程设计模拟部分,分别探讨了氢气液化的稳态流程模拟和动态特性研究,详细分析了各流程的性能指标;在实际装置应用方面,总结了在运行工厂及小型实验室液化装置的设备布局和技术特点。基于上述分析,进一步总结了当前氢气液化技术的研究现状和发展重点,并指出了未来的研究方向和关键挑战,旨在为推动氢气液化技术的发展提供有价值的参考和指导。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
中国政府网. 习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表重要讲话[EB/OL]. (2020-09-22) [2025-02-24]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-09/22/content_5546168.htm.
(Chinese government website. President Xi Jinping delivers an important speech at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly[EB/OL]. (2020-09-22) [2025-02-24]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-09/22/content_5546168.htm.)
[2]
ZHANG T, URATANI J, HUANG Y, et al. Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: recent progress and perspectives[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 176: 113204.
[3]
国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021-2035年)[EB/OL]. (2022-03-23) [2025-02-24]. https://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.
(National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration. Medium- to long-term plan for the development of the hydrogen energy industry (2021-2035)[EB/OL]. (2022-03-23) [2025-02-24]. https://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.)
[4]
MØLLER K T, JENSEN T R, AKIBA E, et al. Hydrogen - a sustainable energy carrier[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2017, 27(1): 34-40.
[5]
XU Pan, WEN Jian, LI Ke, et al. Review of the continuous catalytic ortho-para hydrogen conversion technology for hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 62: 473-487.
[6]
TENG Junjie, WANG Kai, ZHU Shaolong, et al. Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of hydrogen liquefaction processes with various ortho-para hydrogen conversion methods[J]. Energy, 2023, 271: 127016.
[7]
CARDELLA U, DECKER L, KLEIN H. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(19): 13329-13338.
[8]
MAZLOOMI K, GOMES C. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: prospects and challenges[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(5): 3024-3033.
[9]
BUSCH T, GROß T, LINßEN J, et al. The role of liquid hydrogen in integrated energy systems-a case study for Germany[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(99): 39408-39424.
[10]
YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2020, 14(3): 530-544.
[11]
AASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M. Large-scale liquid hydrogen production methods and approaches: a review[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212: 57-83.
[12]
BAKER C R, SHANER R L. A study of the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1978, 3(3): 321-334.
[13]
KUENDIG A, LOEHLEIN K, KRAMER G J, et al. Large scale hydrogen liquefaction in combination with LNG re-gasification[C]//Proceedings of the 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference. Lyon, 2006: 3326-3333.
[14]
KANOGLU M, YILMAZ C, ABUSOGLU A. Geothermal energy use in absorption precooling for Claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(26): 11185-11200.
[15]
YANG J H, YOON Y, RYU M, et al. Integrated hydrogen liquefaction process with steam methane reforming by using liquefied natural gas cooling system[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 255: 113840.
[16]
BERSTAD D, SKAUGEN G, WILHELMSEN Ø. Dissecting the exergy balance of a hydrogen liquefier: analysis of a scaled-up claude hydrogen liquefier with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(11): 8014-8029.
[17]
SHARIFI A, JAFARI M, RANJBAR F, et al. Using a solar photovoltaic-thermal system, and a new hydrogen liquefaction system based on the enhanced claud cycle, design and multi-objective optimization[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2023, 56: 103081.
[18]
LIU Xianglong, HU Guang, ZENG Zhi. Performance characterization and multi-objective optimization of integrating a biomass-fueled brayton cycle, a kalina cycle, and an organic Rankine cycle with a claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. Energy, 2023, 263: 125535.
[19]
YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, LI Cui, et al. Hydrogen pressure-based comparative and applicability analysis of different innovative Claude cycles for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction[J]. Energy, 2024, 305: 132291.
[20]
KUZ' MENKO I F, MORKOVKIN I M, GUROV E I. Concept of building medium-capacity hydrogen liquefiers with helium refrigeration cycle[J]. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2004, 40(1): 94-98.
[21]
VALENTI G, MACCHI E. Proposal of an innovative, high-efficiency, large-scale hydrogen liquefier[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33(12): 3116-3121.
[22]
唐璐. 基于液氮预冷的氢液化流程设计及系统模拟[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2012.
(TANG Lu. Design and system simulation of hydrogen liquefaction process based on liquid nitrogen precooling[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2012.)
[23]
CHANG H M, KIM B H, CHOI B. Hydrogen liquefaction process with Brayton refrigeration cycle to utilize the cold energy of LNG[J]. Cryogenics, 2020, 108: 103093.
[24]
YIN Liang, JU Yonglin. Process optimization and analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction cycle[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 110: 219-230.
[25]
BIAN Jiang, YANG Jian, LI Yuxing, et al. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process with LNG precooling and dual-pressure Brayton cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 250: 114904.
[26]
BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Conceptual design and optimization of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium expansion cycle integrating with mixed refrigerant pre-cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(38): 16949-16963.
[27]
BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Design and analysis of an efficient hydrogen liquefaction process based on helium reverse Brayton cycle integrating with steam methane reforming and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization[J]. Energy, 2022, 252: 124047.
[28]
YANG Jian, LI Yanzhong, TAN Hongbo. An energy-saving hydrogen liquefaction process with efficient utilization of liquefied natural gas cold energy[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 49: 1482-1496.
[29]
QUACK H. Conceptual design of a high efficiency large capacity hydrogen liquefier[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, 613(1): 255-263.
[30]
KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P. Simulation on a proposed large-scale liquid hydrogen plant using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(22): 12531-12544.
[31]
KRASAE-IN S. Optimal operation of a large-scale liquid hydrogen plant utilizing mixed fluid refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(13): 7015-7029.
[32]
ASADNIA M, MEHRPOOYA M. A novel hydrogen liquefaction process configuration with combined mixed refrigerant systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(23): 15564-15585.
[33]
SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M. Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(9): 6033-6050.
[34]
MEHRPOOYA M, SADAGHIANI M S, HEDAYAT N. A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(3): 1636-1653.
[35]
SADAGHIANI M S, MEHRPOOYA M, ANSARINASAB H. Process development and exergy cost sensitivity analysis of a novel hydrogen liquefaction process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(50): 29797-29819.
[36]
ZHANG Shengan, LIU Guilian. Design and performance analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process[J]. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2022, 24(1): 51-65.
[37]
SUN Heng, XU Jiaming, WANG Chao, et al. Optimization and analysis of a cascaded dual mixed refrigerant hydrogen liquefaction process considering the influence of pre-cooling stages[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(81): 31653-31670.
[38]
SLEITI A K, AL-AMMARI W A, GHANI S, et al. A novel hydrogen liquefaction process using dual mixed cryogenic refrigeration system: energy, exergy, and economic analysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 56: 1324-1339.
[39]
MELAAEN E. Dynamic simulation of the liquefaction section in baseload LNG plants[D]. Norwegian: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 1994.
[40]
RODRÍGUEZ M, DIAZ M S. Dynamic modelling and optimisation of cryogenic systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27(7): 1182-1190.
[41]
STEPHENSON G, WANG L. Dynamic simulation of liquefied natural gas processes[J]. Hydrocarbon Processing, 2010, 89(7): 37-44.
[42]
DUTTA R, GHOSH P, CHOWDHURY K. Customization and validation of a commercial process simulator for dynamic simulation of Helium liquefier[J]. Energy, 2011, 36(5): 3204-3214.
[43]
LEE C J, SONG K, LEE Y, et al. A decomposition methodology for dynamic modeling of cold box in offshore natural gas liquefaction process[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2016, 84: 546-557.
[44]
HE Tianbiao, JU Yonglin. Dynamic simulation of mixed refrigerant process for small-scale LNG plant in skid mount packages[J]. Energy, 2016, 97: 350-358.
[45]
LI J, LIU L Q, XIONG L Y, et al. Dynamic simulations of medium-sized hydrogen liquefiers based on EcosimPro simulation software[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 755(1): 012070.
[46]
BI Yujing, JU Yonglin. Dynamic simulation and analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process with single-stage helium reverse Brayton cycle[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 93: 403-415.
[47]
张振扬, 妙丛, 王峰, 等. 规模化氢液化装置现状及未来技术路线分析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274.
(ZHANG Zhenyang, MIAO Cong, WANG Feng, et al. Analysis of present status and future technical route on large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274.)
[48]
MCINTOSH G E. Hydrogen liquefiers since 1950[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2004, 710(1): 9-15.
[49]
BRICKWEDDE F G. A few remarks on the beginnings of the NBS-AEC cryogenic laboratory[C]//Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1960: 1-4.
[50]
VANDER AREND P C. Large-scale production, handling, and storage of liquid hydrogen[C]//Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1960: 49-54.
[51]
KRASAE-IN S, STANG J H, NEKSA P. Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(10): 4524-4533.
[52]
BRACHA M, LORENZ G, PATZELT A, et al. Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1994, 19(1): 53-59.
[53]
央视网. 多个关键技术取得重大突破 我国首套吨级氢液化系统研制成功[EB/OL]. (2021-09-20) [2025-02-24]. https://news.cctv.com/2021/09/20/ARTI8Vogh42jGVl4DNm3kn3l210920.shtml.
(CCTV.com. Major breakthroughs achieved in multiple key technologies: China's first ton-scale hydrogen liquefaction system successfully developed[EB/OL]. (2021-09-20) [2025-02-24]. https://news.cctv.com/2021/09/20/ARTI8Vogh42jGVl4DNm3kn3l210920.shtml.)
[54]
中国科学院网. 理化所研制的全国产5吨/天氢液化器通过测试验收[EB/OL]. (2024-03-14) [2025-02-24]. https://www.cas.cn/syky/202403/t20240314_5008685.shtml.
(Chinses Academy of Sciences. Fully domestically produced 5 t/d hydrogen liquefier developed in China passes testing and acceptance[EB/OL]. (2024-03-14) [2025-02-24]. https://www.cas.cn/syky/202403/t20240314_5008685.shtml.)
[55]
中国新闻网. (高质量发展调研行)日产10吨氢气液化工厂即将投产“氢”能商业化拐点加速到来[EB/OL]. (2024-06-01) [2025-02-24]. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2024/06-01/10226998.shtml.
(China News Service. (High-quality development research series) A 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction plant is about to go into operation; the commercialization inflection point of hydrogen energy is accelerating[EB/OL]. (2024-06-01) [2025-02-24]. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2024/06-01/10226998.shtml.)
[56]
环球网. 研制成功,正式发布!攻克五大关键技术[EB/OL]. (2024-09-26) [2025-02-24]. https://china.huanqiu.com/article/4Japdg5Zm3x.
(Huanqiu.com. Successfully developed and officially launched! Five key technologies have been overcome[EB/OL]. (2024-09-26) [2025-02-24]. https://china.huanqiu.com/article/4Japdg5Zm3x.)
[57]
NAKANO A, MAEDA T, ITO H, et al. Small-scale hydrogen liquefaction with a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle refrigerator[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(17): 9088-9094.
[58]
KRASAE-IN S, BREDESEN A M, STANG J H, et al. Simulation and experiment of a hydrogen liquefaction test rig using a multi-component refrigerant refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(1): 907-919.
[59]
BAIK J H, KARNG S W, GARCEAU N, et al. Development of 1 L hr-1 scale hydrogen liquefier using Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014, 1573(1): 1357-1364.
[60]
GARCEAU N M, BAIK J H, LIM C M, et al. Development of a small-scale hydrogen liquefaction system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(35): 11872-11878.
[61]
XIE Fushou, XIA Siqi, ZHU Yuhao, et al. Experimental study on small-scale hydrogen liquefaction of 0.5 L/h[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(90): 38258-38270.
[62]
SHEN Yunwei, QIU Changxu, LIU Dongli, et al. Experimental study on a closed-cycle Joule-Thomson cryocooler working at liquid hydrogen temperature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 234: 121291.
[63]
BI Yujing, XU Yifan, JU Yonglin. Experimental investigation and simulation on a small-scale open hydrogen liquefaction system with stepwise cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 80: 370-380.
[64]
AZIZ M. Liquid hydrogen: a review on liquefaction, storage, transportation, and safety[J]. Energies, 2021, 14(18): 5917.
2025年第46卷第5期
PDF下载
130
60
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-10-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-19
  • 修回日期:2025-05-11
  • 录用日期:2025-05-14
基金
作者信息
    上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所 上海 200240

通讯作者:

巨永林,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206532,E-mail:。研究方向:液化天然气技术,低温传热技术。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.001
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏