Article(id=1239217294715449532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744992000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-19, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=1746547200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-07, onlineDate=1773382026604, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382026604, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382026604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382026604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217294962913475, articleId=1239217294715449532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research on Three Methods for Calculating Heat Release from Ortho-Para Catalytic Conversion in Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage Systems, columnId=1239217294312788587, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Hydrogen Liquefaction & Cryogenic Storage and Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In cryogenic hydrogen storage systems, an accurate calculation method for the heat release from different ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversions is important to determine the load of hydrogen storage systems. The objective of this study is to present a precise calculation method for the conversion heat of ortho-para hydrogen. By establishing a conversion model, the methods of using a smoothing spline curve to fit the experimental data and energy balance calculations are used to derive the released heat in adiabatic conversion multistage converters and the released heat during continuous conversion. The heat release properties of different conversion methods are analyzed in this study. Notably, the heat release amount of continuous conversion is the smallest, that of isothermal conversion is the largest, and the conversion heat of adiabatic conversion is in between, which is related to the number of conversion stages. In addition, a specific method and procedure are programmed to solve the implicit differential formula for continuous conversion. Finally, the calculation results of the different methods are consistent with a maximum deviation of only 0.22%, indicating that the calculations in this study are valid and accurate.

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Xu Jingxuan, female, associate professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-18217105157, E-mail: . Research fields: cryogenic hydrogen energy storage and transportation, cryogenic energy storage technology.
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低温储氢系统中,不同正-仲氢催化转化放热量的精确计算方法对储氢系统负荷的确定至关重要。通过建立相应的转化模型,分别应用平滑样条曲线拟合实验数据和能量衡算的方法,推导了绝热转化多级转化器放热量的计算方法以及连续转化的转化热表达式,并分析了绝热、等温及连续转化方式的放热特性,结果表明连续转化的转化热最小,等温转化最大,而绝热转化介于两者之间,且与转化级数相关。针对连续转化的隐式微分表达式提出一种编程求解的具体方法和步骤。2种方法的计算结果一致,最大偏差仅为0.22%,表明提出的计算方法是有效和准确的。

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许婧煊,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,18217105157,E-mail:。研究方向:低温氢能储运、低温储能技术。
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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(31): 16833-16840., articleTitle=Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen storage based on compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and cryo-compressed hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217321974231213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=39, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=赵虎林, journalName=广西化工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵虎林. 显热的计算以及热容公式的选用[J]. 广西化工, 1985, 14(3): 39-43., articleTitle=显热的计算以及热容公式的选用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217322049728687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=39, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=18, authorNames=ZHAO Hulin, journalName=Technology & Development of Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHAO Hulin. Calculation of sensible heat and selection of heat capacity formula[J]. Technology & Development of Chemical Industry, 1985, 14(3): 39-43.), articleTitle=Calculation of sensible heat and selection of heat capacity formula, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217322100060337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=201, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=19, authorNames=ZHU Shaolong, TENG Junjie, ZHI Xiaoqin, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Shaolong, TENG Junjie, ZHI Xiaoqin, et al. Numerical study on comprehensive performance of flow and heat transfer coupled with ortho-para hydrogen conversion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2023, 201: 123653., articleTitle=Numerical study on comprehensive performance of flow and heat transfer coupled with ortho-para hydrogen conversion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217322146197683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=67, pageStart=28932, pageEnd=28944, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=20, authorNames=WANG Haocheng, ZHAO Yanxing, DONG Xueqiang, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Haocheng, ZHAO Yanxing, DONG Xueqiang, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of low-temperature and high-pressure (cryo-compressed) hydrogen storage processes cooled by mixed-refrigerants[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(67): 28932-28944., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis of low-temperature and high-pressure (cryo-compressed) hydrogen storage processes cooled by mixed-refrigerants, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217313405268921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217313413657530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, companyId=1239217313405268921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217313417851836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, companyId=1239217313405268921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海理工大学储能科学与工程研究所 上海 200093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239217316496470034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Fitted curve of the equilibrium percentage of para-hydrogen vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=kVBn7fojq9uFih7ZmLLWog==, figureFileBig=8IuIF8O3JVxGcUArQgBguQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316584550423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图1, caption=仲氢平衡百分比随温度变化的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=kVBn7fojq9uFih7ZmLLWog==, figureFileBig=8IuIF8O3JVxGcUArQgBguQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316748128287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fitted curve of the specific mass conversion heat vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=IpLVbxVTxd8VJH0Xr7GTOQ==, figureFileBig=y+N/tZMmfL/+DxmNUytWHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316827820067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图2, caption=比质量转化热的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=IpLVbxVTxd8VJH0Xr7GTOQ==, figureFileBig=y+N/tZMmfL/+DxmNUytWHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316894928935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fitted curve of the specific mole conversion heat vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=HKGXI5yTZ9SzINn+GAHX/Q==, figureFileBig=5w8ZBcuIPdb+0gRd2GJcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316974620715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图3, caption=比物质的量转化热的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=HKGXI5yTZ9SzINn+GAHX/Q==, figureFileBig=5w8ZBcuIPdb+0gRd2GJcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317050118191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=A simulated cryo-compressed hydrogen storage process, figureFileSmall=JULd3BbjcF7qGz6UEBO/uA==, figureFileBig=plmWJxx3KWdrOCKorY13Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317125615667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模拟低温压缩储氢流程

1压缩机;2冷却器;3低温换热器;4正-仲转化器;10X氢的流程节点。

, figureFileSmall=JULd3BbjcF7qGz6UEBO/uA==, figureFileBig=plmWJxx3KWdrOCKorY13Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317217890360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flow chart of hydrogen storage process coupled with adiabatic conversion, figureFileSmall=TlH3k0vg7UkWKEetH+GX5w==, figureFileBig=WJFf/OZNAEyRfIhvzmSEtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317289193531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图5, caption=绝热转化储氢流程图

1绝热容器;2催化剂层;3一级换热器;4一级绝热转化器;5二级换热器;6二级绝热转化器;a10X氢的流程节点。

, figureFileSmall=TlH3k0vg7UkWKEetH+GX5w==, figureFileBig=WJFf/OZNAEyRfIhvzmSEtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317352108093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The flow chart of isothermal conversion process, figureFileSmall=jcBhtnOcXNgPjSdhuzS4Eg==, figureFileBig=Fi5CA8aHtI2ia5eN7dGeJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317456965699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图6, caption=等温转化流程图

1等温蒸发器;2催化转化段;3冷却器;4液氮浴。

, figureFileSmall=jcBhtnOcXNgPjSdhuzS4Eg==, figureFileBig=Fi5CA8aHtI2ia5eN7dGeJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317528268871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The internal structure of a plate-fin heat exchanger filled with catalyst and the construction of heat exchange unit, figureFileSmall=hwPFrY4xJBCbr2WaBc1BUA==, figureFileBig=Hm5xRMaqkLM5Wzt2SAjZwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317620543562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图7, caption=一种填充催化剂的板翅式热交换器的内部结构及换热单元构造, figureFileSmall=hwPFrY4xJBCbr2WaBc1BUA==, figureFileBig=Hm5xRMaqkLM5Wzt2SAjZwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317687652429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Block diagram of the calculation program for continuous conversion enthalpy, figureFileSmall=UgCTVigSxIFmMyi6xDj5EA==, figureFileBig=7l7WuC2kaye3U4WsHsO1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317767344210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图8, caption=连续转化放热量计算程序框图, figureFileSmall=UgCTVigSxIFmMyi6xDj5EA==, figureFileBig=7l7WuC2kaye3U4WsHsO1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317834453078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of calculated conversion heat (77.3 K@30 MPa), figureFileSmall=kmQOoF663lMoKU0ywYXtPQ==, figureFileBig=s2LmWKjLIVsWJcsAW89eTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317918339161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图9, caption=转化热的计算结果对比(77.3 K@30 MPa), figureFileSmall=kmQOoF663lMoKU0ywYXtPQ==, figureFileBig=s2LmWKjLIVsWJcsAW89eTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317977059418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Calculated conversion enthalpy under different temperature conditions, figureFileSmall=RdrsJHrs6dDQYrSKwtowZQ==, figureFileBig=mSyaOKKISIufXECQlAMQMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318035779676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同温度工况下转化热的计算结果, figureFileSmall=RdrsJHrs6dDQYrSKwtowZQ==, figureFileBig=mSyaOKKISIufXECQlAMQMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318115471456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Absolute errors in the results of conversion enthalpy calculations with different methods, figureFileSmall=Zz5mEV5E3WFnglsTC1IDIw==, figureFileBig=wmIo7GbD7n4fbfIYZTJ1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318203551844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同计算方法下转化热的计算结果的绝对误差, figureFileSmall=Zz5mEV5E3WFnglsTC1IDIw==, figureFileBig=wmIo7GbD7n4fbfIYZTJ1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318283243625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=The equilibrium percentage of para-hydrogen at partial temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/%温度/K仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/%
2099.829042.88
3097.0210038.62
4088.7312032.96
5077.0515028.60
6065.5720025.97
7055.9925025.26
8048.5430025.07
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319730278506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表1, caption=部分温度下仲氢平衡百分比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/%温度/K仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/%
2099.829042.88
3097.0210038.62
4088.7312032.96
5077.0515028.60
6065.5720025.97
7055.9925025.26
8048.5430025.07
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319818358891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The specific mass conversion heat per kilogram of normal hydrogen converted to equilibrium hydrogen at the same temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K转化热/(kJ/kg)拟合值/(kJ/kg)相对误差/‰
15.00527.00527.118 70.23
20.39525.00525.027 70.05
30.00506.00505.737 4-0.52
50.00364.00364.099 50.27
60.00285.00285.028 80.10
70.00216.00215.891 6-0.50
75.00185.00185.121 10.65
100.0088.3088.274 4-0.29
125.0037.5037.506 70.18
150.0015.1015.095 2-0.32
175.005.705.700 0-0.01
200.002.062.059 2-0.40
250.000.230.229 8-0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319902244974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表2, caption=每千克正常氢转化为相同温度下平衡氢的比质量转化热, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K转化热/(kJ/kg)拟合值/(kJ/kg)相对误差/‰
15.00527.00527.118 70.23
20.39525.00525.027 70.05
30.00506.00505.737 4-0.52
50.00364.00364.099 50.27
60.00285.00285.028 80.10
70.00216.00215.891 6-0.50
75.00185.00185.121 10.65
100.0088.3088.274 4-0.29
125.0037.5037.506 70.18
150.0015.1015.095 2-0.32
175.005.705.700 0-0.01
200.002.062.059 2-0.40
250.000.230.229 8-0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319969353839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The conversion heat per mol of ortho-hydrogen molecules converted to para-hydrogen molecules at the same temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K转化热/(kJ/kmol)拟合值/(kJ/kmol)相对误差/‱
10.001 417.8501 417.850 20.000 2
20.001 417.8601 417.855 7-0.003 1
20.391 417.8501 417.855 10.003 6
30.001 417.8501 417.851 60.001 1
40.001 417.7901 417.796 60.004 6
50.001 417.0601 417.068 60.006 1
60.001 413.5301 413.529 9-0.000 1
80.001 382.3301 382.316 5-0.009 8
100.001 295.5601 295.542 0-0.013 9
150.00867.380867.388 70.010 1
200.00440.450440.459 80.022 3
300.0074.14874.1442-0.050 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320049045617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表3, caption=每摩尔正氢分子转化为同温度下仲氢分子释放的热量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K转化热/(kJ/kmol)拟合值/(kJ/kmol)相对误差/‱
10.001 417.8501 417.850 20.000 2
20.001 417.8601 417.855 7-0.003 1
20.391 417.8501 417.855 10.003 6
30.001 417.8501 417.851 60.001 1
40.001 417.7901 417.796 60.004 6
50.001 417.0601 417.068 60.006 1
60.001 413.5301 413.529 9-0.000 1
80.001 382.3301 382.316 5-0.009 8
100.001 295.5601 295.542 0-0.013 9
150.00867.380867.388 70.010 1
200.00440.450440.459 80.022 3
300.0074.14874.1442-0.050 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320111960180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Comparison between the actual data of the equilibrium para-hydrogen percentage and the calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K实际Np,t/%计算/%绝对误差/%
3097.0296.94-0.08
5077.0576.78-0.27
6065.5765.640.07
10038.6238.740.12
15028.6028.51-0.09
20025.9725.94-0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320187457654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表4, caption=实际仲氢平衡百分比与计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/K实际Np,t/%计算/%绝对误差/%
3097.0296.94-0.08
5077.0576.78-0.27
6065.5765.640.07
10038.6238.740.12
15028.6028.51-0.09
20025.9725.94-0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320267149432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=The enthalpy of normal hydrogen, ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen at normal boiling point, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型温度/K压力/kPa焓值/(kJ/kg)
正常氢20.369101.325269.08
正氢20.380101.325444.92
仲氢20.271101.325-256.06
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320342646907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表5, caption=正常氢、正氢和仲氢在正常沸点下的焓值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型温度/K压力/kPa焓值/(kJ/kg)
正常氢20.369101.325269.08
正氢20.380101.325444.92
仲氢20.271101.325-256.06
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320409755775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=The node parameters of the simulated cryo compressed hydrogen storage process, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号温度/K压力/MPa仲氢百分比/%
101298.150.125
102298.153025
10377.43025
10477.43050.29
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320472670337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表6, caption=模拟低温压缩储氢流程的节点参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号温度/K压力/MPa仲氢百分比/%
101298.150.125
102298.153025
10377.43025
10477.43050.29
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320535584899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Results of the conversion heat for the three types of ortho-para conversion paths calculated by different methods (77.3 K@30 MPa condition), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转化方式 转化热/(kJ/kg)
比质量转化热拟合法比物质的量转化热拟合法热量衡算法
绝热转化一级转化器62.21±1.05
二级转化器101.75±1.98
总计164.36±3.03
等温转化 171.91174.26174.38
连续转化 144.26145.61145.53
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320615276679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表7, caption=3种正-仲转化方式通过不同方法计算的转化热结果(77.3 K@30 MPa工况), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转化方式 转化热/(kJ/kg)
比质量转化热拟合法比物质的量转化热拟合法热量衡算法
绝热转化一级转化器62.21±1.05
二级转化器101.75±1.98
总计164.36±3.03
等温转化 171.91174.26174.38
连续转化 144.26145.61145.53
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320694968457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=O-P conversion enthalpy results for a wider range of temperatures using different calculation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况转化级数转化热/(kJ/kg)
绝热转化*1等温转化连续转化
Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3
液氢1级86.6585.4986.05      
2级188.33187.91189.04      
3级239.05239.52250.11      
总计514.03512.92525.20523.82524.39525.42489.37491.59490.22
40 K *2*2*2445.45447.71*2413.52415.55*2
50 K 365.04363.68361.72363.58365.45363.64332.03333.60330.88
60 K 281.53281.71281.66284.51284.01283.17251.45252.84250.59
70 K 209.76212.83213.26215.37215.24215.07184.08185.68183.78
80 K 156.08158.71159.26158.26160.91161.11132.82133.99132.32
90 K 116.80117.20117.77117.58118.97119.3794.6395.1795.35
100 K 86.8785.7686.3287.7987.0587.5366.7167.1967.38
110 K 63.2362.4962.2163.7962.9163.4346.2346.9847.16
120 K 44.0144.3844.9244.7344.9245.4431.7232.5732.73
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320766271627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表8, caption=更广温度区间的工况转化热在不同方法下的计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况转化级数转化热/(kJ/kg)
绝热转化*1等温转化连续转化
Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3
液氢1级86.6585.4986.05      
2级188.33187.91189.04      
3级239.05239.52250.11      
总计514.03512.92525.20523.82524.39525.42489.37491.59490.22
40 K *2*2*2445.45447.71*2413.52415.55*2
50 K 365.04363.68361.72363.58365.45363.64332.03333.60330.88
60 K 281.53281.71281.66284.51284.01283.17251.45252.84250.59
70 K 209.76212.83213.26215.37215.24215.07184.08185.68183.78
80 K 156.08158.71159.26158.26160.91161.11132.82133.99132.32
90 K 116.80117.20117.77117.58118.97119.3794.6395.1795.35
100 K 86.8785.7686.3287.7987.0587.5366.7167.1967.38
110 K 63.2362.4962.2163.7962.9163.4346.2346.9847.16
120 K 44.0144.3844.9244.7344.9245.4431.7232.5732.73
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低温储氢系统中三种正-仲催化转化放热量计算方法研究
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岳腾龙 , 许婧煊
制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025,46(5): 47-57
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制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025, 46(5): 47-57
低温储氢系统中三种正-仲催化转化放热量计算方法研究
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岳腾龙, 许婧煊
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学储能科学与工程研究所 上海 200093

通讯作者:

许婧煊,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,18217105157,E-mail:。研究方向:低温氢能储运、低温储能技术。
Research on Three Methods for Calculating Heat Release from Ortho-Para Catalytic Conversion in Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage Systems
Tenglong Yue, Jingxuan Xu
Affiliations
  • Institute of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.047
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低温储氢系统中,不同正-仲氢催化转化放热量的精确计算方法对储氢系统负荷的确定至关重要。通过建立相应的转化模型,分别应用平滑样条曲线拟合实验数据和能量衡算的方法,推导了绝热转化多级转化器放热量的计算方法以及连续转化的转化热表达式,并分析了绝热、等温及连续转化方式的放热特性,结果表明连续转化的转化热最小,等温转化最大,而绝热转化介于两者之间,且与转化级数相关。针对连续转化的隐式微分表达式提出一种编程求解的具体方法和步骤。2种方法的计算结果一致,最大偏差仅为0.22%,表明提出的计算方法是有效和准确的。

正-仲转化  /  转化热  /  储氢技术  /  数据处理  /  误差分析

In cryogenic hydrogen storage systems, an accurate calculation method for the heat release from different ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversions is important to determine the load of hydrogen storage systems. The objective of this study is to present a precise calculation method for the conversion heat of ortho-para hydrogen. By establishing a conversion model, the methods of using a smoothing spline curve to fit the experimental data and energy balance calculations are used to derive the released heat in adiabatic conversion multistage converters and the released heat during continuous conversion. The heat release properties of different conversion methods are analyzed in this study. Notably, the heat release amount of continuous conversion is the smallest, that of isothermal conversion is the largest, and the conversion heat of adiabatic conversion is in between, which is related to the number of conversion stages. In addition, a specific method and procedure are programmed to solve the implicit differential formula for continuous conversion. Finally, the calculation results of the different methods are consistent with a maximum deviation of only 0.22%, indicating that the calculations in this study are valid and accurate.

ortho-para conversion  /  conversion heat  /  hydrogen storage technology  /  data processing  /  error analysis
岳腾龙, 许婧煊. 低温储氢系统中三种正-仲催化转化放热量计算方法研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.047
Tenglong Yue, Jingxuan Xu. Research on Three Methods for Calculating Heat Release from Ortho-Para Catalytic Conversion in Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage Systems[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.047
氢作为一种潜在的清洁能源,已经吸引了全球范围内的广泛关注和研究。氢能的发展可追溯至20世纪初,当时研究者们开始尝试将氢作为一种新的能源形式应用于工业和交通领域。然而,由于储氢技术的限制以及制约氢能发展的种种挑战,氢能的应用一直受到一定程度的限制。近年来,随着科学技术的不断进步和对清洁能源需求的推动,氢能逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。
未来,氢能被预计为能源转型的重要解决方案之一。首先,氢能在能量密度和可存储性方面具有巨大优势,这意味着氢能可以成为替代化石燃料的可行选择。其次,氢能的应用领域广泛,涵盖能源供应、交通运输、工业生产等多个领域。例如,利用氢能作为燃料电池的能源来驱动车辆,可以大幅减少汽车尾气排放,改善大气质量。此外,氢能还可以应用于电力能源储备系统,为可再生能源的稳定供应提供支持。
储氢作为氢能应用的重要环节,具有关键意义。储氢技术的发展不仅可以解决氢能存储和运输过程中的安全问题,还可以提高氢能利用效率。当前存在多种储氢技术,如压缩气态储氢、液态储氢和固态储氢等,它们在不同的领域和应用场景中具有各自的优势和适用性。氢有2种自旋异构体:正氢和仲氢,正氢所处能级比仲氢更高,随着温度的降低,正氢分子自发地转化为仲氢并放出热量,使其温度升高。在氢的液化温度下将正常氢(75%正氢)转化为纯仲氢所释放的热量为527~670 J/g,大于其汽化潜热445.6 J/g,因此会导致液氢的蒸发损失[1]。研究显示,在没有正-仲催化剂的情况下,这种转化热能够在10 d内蒸发多达50%的液氢[2]。此外,转化热也会使储氢系统的能耗增加。因此,氢的正-仲转化放热量的准确计算方法有助于低温氢工艺系统的设计和优化,减少能耗和液氢蒸发损失。
目前,国内外学者已对氢的正-仲转化进行了广泛研究,主要包括:1)正、仲氢混合气体的配分函数研究[3-4],其中G. Colona等[3]从统计热力学的基本原理出发,得到正常氢配分函数的一般表达式,解决了熵和赫姆霍兹自由能定义的不确定性问题,即它们取决于配分函数本身,而能量和比热则由配分函数的导数得到;2)正-仲转化器在氢的低温工艺流程中的设置和优化。近年来关于氢液化及低温压缩储氢工艺的研究均将正-仲转化视为重要影响因素,Xu Yi-fan等[5]建立了氢液化模型并对比了3种正-仲转化方式对功耗的影响,结果表明连续转化过程的能耗最低,等温转化的能耗最高,而绝热转化的能耗介于两者之间,且随着转化级数的增加而降低,八级绝热转化的能耗比二级绝热转化减少了10.95%。
但多数研究对正-仲转化热的大小均处于近似计算的阶段,鲜有对其准确的分析和研究。主流方法是根据转化前后正、仲氢混合物的焓差计算转化热的大小,该方法在连续转化和等温转化中使用较为常见,前者仅需考虑系统的冷负荷大小而无需清楚转化热和冷却热的准确占比,后者则无显热负荷。该方法的准确度由使用的状态方程、数据库或模拟软件决定[5-6];或利用实验测量的数据内插求值,用于对其他方法的二次验证;或根据转化热负荷随温度分布特性,采用多元混合物作为模拟热源,以其在不同温区释放的显热/潜热模拟氢的正-仲转化热负荷,保证二者温度-负荷特性和各温区内总热负荷接近[7],该方法适合于连续转化的多流股换热器热力计算,但其精度仍有待研究。
在正常条件下(298.15 K,101.3 kPa)平衡氢中正氢分子和仲氢分子的比例为75∶25,随着温度降低,仲氢分子的比例逐渐提高,在20.4 K时平衡比例变成0.2∶99.8。在20~300 K内仲氢平衡浓度的部分值如表1所示,使用MATLAB拟合工具箱中的Smoothing Spline方法拟合该组数据,得到拟合曲线Np,t(下标p表示仲氢,o表示正氢,t为温度,下同),该模型表示仲氢平衡浓度关于温度的函数Np,t=ut),仲氢平衡浓度的计算值在20~300 K温度区间内的分布如图1所示[8-9]。Xu Yifan等[5]已证明该方法比经验公式的计算更准确,因此本文使用该拟合曲线计算仲氢在平衡氢中的百分比浓度。
同样地,将正-仲转化的比转化热定义为温度的函数,通过拟合实测数据得到比转化热在该温区内连续的计算曲线。正、仲氢的比转化热有2种表示方式,其一是单位质量的正常氢转化为相同温度下平衡氢的过程所释放的热量(正常氢指正、仲氢的比例为3∶1的氢,平衡氢为在某一温度下正氢与仲氢的转化达到稳定的氢),如表2所示;另一种是在特定温度下单位物质的量的正氢分子转化为仲氢分子所放出的热量,如表3所示[10]表2表3中比转化热的值可由式(1)相互转换,但它们用于计算的准确度不同,本文使用Smoothing Spline方法分别拟合两表中的数据,得到2种比转化热的关于温度的拟合函数ft)(以质量浓度变化为计算依据)和ht)(以摩尔浓度变化为计算依据)。此外,由于正-仲转化的影响在温度低于250 K时才会明显出现,对于ft)在温度高于250 K的部分,为避免过拟合,设定常温(298.15 K)下的比转化热为0 kJ/kg。2种模型的拟合曲线分别如图2图3所示,其计算值与实际值的最大相对误差为0.99‰。本文将利用ft)计算转化热的方法称为质量比转化热拟合法(以Q1表示),使用ht)者称为物质的量比转化热拟合法(以Q2表示)。
同一温度下以质量浓度变化为依据的转化热拟合式ft)和以摩尔浓度变化为依据的ht)与仲氢的平衡百分比之间可建立如式(1)的关系:
式中:为逆计算出的仲氢平衡百分比;ft)为某温度下质量比转化热的内插值,kJ/kg;ht)为同一温度下的物质的量比转化热的内插值,kJ/kmol;M为氢的相对分子质量[11],为2.015 8 g/mol。
根据表2表3的数据按式(1)计算的值,与表1对应温度下的仲氢平衡浓度对比,如表4所示。
由文献[10]给出的数据计算的仲氢平衡浓度与表1中的值并不一致,但误差很小,理论上当温度为20.4 K一个大气压下氢的平衡组成中仲氢的比例为99.7%,由此可得在氢液化工艺中仲氢平衡浓度在转化前后的跨度达74.7%,表4中得出的最大误差与此相比仅占0.36%。该误差对转化热计算结果的影响还需验证,因多数为负误差,推测可能是质量比转化热偏小或摩尔比转化热偏大导致。
另一种方法根据转化前后氢的物性参数,通过热量衡算求得转化过程释放的热量大小,在本文中称其为热量衡算法(以Q3表示)。通过在MATLAB中连接NIST REFPROP 10.0软件获得氢的物性数据。对于纯物质,REFPROP采用3种状态方程计算其热力学性质[12]:1)以赫姆霍兹能表示的状态方程(equations of state explicit in Helmholtz energy);2)MBWR方程(the modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state);3)改进的对应状态模型(an extended corresponding states model,ECS),而S. Faramarzi等[13]指出,在低温时MBWR方程计算氢的热力学参数的准确性更高。平衡氢的焓值由式(2)计算:
式中:heq为平衡氢的焓值,hohp分别为正、仲氢的焓值,kJ/kg。
考虑到REFPROP软件计算的焓值是基于正常沸点(normal boiling point,NBP)的相对值,因此需要将其按式(3)进行修正,修正项如表5所示。
式中:ha为修正的焓值,hREFPROP为从软件获取的焓值,hNBP为在正常沸点下的焓值,kJ/kg。
正-仲转化在氢的液化储存和低温压缩储存过程中影响很大[14],因此本文以一种低温压缩储氢流程为模拟计算对象,工艺流程图和节点参数如图4表6所示,进料氢气为纯净的正常氢,并对流程进行如下简化:
1)冷却器、管道和各种转化装置均为理想绝热装置且无压力降。
2)正-仲转化仅在催化剂的作用下发生且转化后的氢为目标温度下的平衡氢。
3)不考虑热泄漏、摩擦、耗散等不可逆损失,无动能和势能的变化。
氢的正-仲催化转化有3种方式,分别为绝热转化、等温转化和连续转化,本文以上述流程为基础分别对3种转化方式建立模型并分析和对比。
绝热转化过程如图5所示,通常采用多级转化的方式,本文拟定采取两级转化的形式。各转化装置的外层完全绝热且过程中无压力降,因此装置进、出口的氢具有相等的焓,转化过程满足能量方程式(4):
式中:h′h″分别为绝热转化器入口与出口处氢的焓值,kJ/kg。
在催化剂的作用下正-仲转化在绝热容器中进行,氢到达出口时全部为转化器的进口温度对应的平衡氢,由式(4)得出转化器进、出口氢的温度应满足式(5)的关系:
式中:hp,tho,t分别为正氢与仲氢在温度t和相应压力下的焓值,kJ/kg;t′t″分别为各级绝热转化器进、出口氢的温度,K。此外,确定进口温度t′和该温度下的平衡分数后,可使用逼近法编程求得绝热转化器出口的温度t″
由于绝热转化是一个变温过程,从转化器入口至出口的流动过程中氢的温度逐渐升高,当温度的变化范围较小时可用下面的近似算法计算各级转化器中的正-仲转化热。
1)质量比转化热拟合法。
氢的平均温度为:
式中:t′t″分别为绝热转化器进、出口氢的温度,K。
由质量比转化热拟合曲线可求出平均温度下的比转化热,但需注意转化后的仲氢平衡百分比应由进口温度t′确定,即,如式(7)~(9)所示。其中的分式项表示转化进行的程度,表示入口氢的仲氢平衡浓度,在第1级转化器中特别地为正常氢中的仲氢平衡浓度(0.25),而从第2级(或第i级)转化器开始为上一级转化器出口的仲氢浓度,该项的存在意味着在绝热转化中发生了过度的正-仲转化,出口的氢依旧处于非平衡状态,于是在转化后将其重新冷却至原本的温度是必要的。
式中:Q1,i为第i级转化器中释放的质量比转化热,kJ/kg;+Δi与-Δi分别为计算结果的正误差与负误差。
多级转化器的总转化热为:
总转化热的误差限等于各级转化热误差限的叠加。
2)物质的量比转化热拟合法。
将各级转化器中氢的平均温度代入物质的量比转化热拟合曲线求出平均物质的量比转化热:
将式(11)转换为以单位质量正常氢为基准的转化热,其中为入口温度下的仲氢平衡百分比,而Np的值与式(7)~(9)的选取规则相同。
式中:Q2,i为质量比转化热,kJ/kg;为物质的量比转化热,kJ/kmol。
多级转化器的总转化热为:
总转化热的误差是各级转化器误差的叠加。
3)热量衡算法。
氢分子在发生正-仲转化的过程中从高能级转变至低能级并释放能量,根据能量守恒原则,由绝热和等压的条件可知氢的压力势能始终不变,则该部分能量全部转化为显热,因此正-仲转化放热量等于显热的增量。但由于在该过程中正、仲氢的比例在持续地变化,同一温度下平衡氢与正常氢的比定压热容不同,其大小同时受到仲氢平衡浓度和温度的影响,取各转化器进、出口氢的比定压热容的平均值作为近似值[15]
式中:为绝热转化过程中氢的平均比定压热容,分别为绝热转化器入口和出口处氢的平均比定压热容,kJ/(kg·K)。
其中,进、出口氢的比定压热容按式(17)和式(18)计算,进口为正常氢,出口仲氢平衡百分比应以入口温度计算,而的取值或计算方法遵循与式(7)~(9)相同的规则。
式中:分别为正氢和仲氢在温度t下的比定压热容,kJ/(kg·K)。
转化热为:
式中:Q3,i为质量比转化热,kJ/kg;max()、min()分别表示取最大值与最小值函数。
多级转化器的总转化热为:
总转化热的误差为各级误差的叠加。
等温转化过程如图6所示,绝热蒸发装置中的饱和液氮将正-仲转化热全部吸收,使转化发生段内氢的温度维持在恒定值,即液氮的沸点tbp=77.3 K,转化过程中任意位置氢的温度ti与进、出口的温度应满足式(23)~(24)的关系。由于氢的温度在转化过程中恒定不变,将该温度代入式(7)~(9)和式(11)、式(12)~(14)分别计算出Q1Q2,计算结果将不会存在原理上的误差。
式中:tbp为液氮的沸点,77.3 K。
在该过程中正-仲转化释放的热量全部被液氮吸收带走,此外无其他形式的能量转变,因此转化热等于进、出口氢(节点b103与b104)的焓变:
式中:hb104hb103图6中对应节点的焓值,kJ/kg。
将催化剂填充在换热器通道中,在冷却过程中实现正、仲氢的连续转化,可有效降低氢气的冷却能耗。图7所示为一种板翅式热交换器的内部结构,氢流过换热单元时在催化剂的作用下发生转化并同时与制冷剂换热[16]。随着温度降低,正-仲转化连续地发生并且转化热及时地被带走,每一处的氢均处于相应温度下的平衡状态。
1)质量比转化热拟合法。
采取微元法进行处理,基于转化氢是相应温度下平衡氢的假设,将连续转化过程视为由无穷多微分反应基元构成,在每个基元内发生从前一个温度的平衡点至下一平衡点的转变,前、后点的温度分别为titi+1ti>ti+1),由拟合曲线图3可知物质的量比转化热的大小在温度区间内连续变化,则基元转化热等于某个中间温度ξ下的平均放热量与发生转化的氢分子数量之积,而每摩尔正常氢在基元内发生转化的物质的量正好等于仲氢平衡百分比绝对值的增量。
式中:qi为一个微元温度区间内释放的转化热,kJ/kg。
系统整体的摩尔转化放热量可表示为:
将摩尔转化热ht)替换为用质量转化热ft)表示的函数:
按物质的量比转化热拟合式计算的转化热表达式为:
由于Smoothing Spline拟合法无法得到显式函数表达式,因此将上式离散后使用计算机求解:
式中:Q1为质量比转化热,kJ/kg,与式(29)相比已消去常数Mt′t″分别为输入氢与输出氢的温度,K。
取步长Δt为0.01 K,构建计算程序如图8所示。
2)比物质的量转化热拟合法。
将式(27)离散:
式中:为物质的量比转化热,kJ/kmol;t′t″分别为输入氢与输出氢的温度,K。
取步长Δt为0.01 K,程序流程如图8所示,计算结果按式(10)转换为单位质量正常氢的转化热。
3)热量衡算法。
绝热转化过程释放的热量由2部分组成,其一是正-仲转化热,另一部分是冷却引起的显热减少量,2部分之和等于转化前后焓值的改变量,因此转化热等于焓变与冷却放热之差。
式中:Q3为质量比转化热,kJ/kg;h103h102分别为图4在连续转化情况下对应节点的焓值,kJ/kg;Qc为该过程降温引起的显热减少量,kJ/kg。
首先求解冷却放热量的大小,与绝热转化类似,在连续转化过程中正、仲氢的比例在持续变化,导致在同一温度下平衡氢与正常氢的比定压热容不同,但每一个基元的氢都处于平衡状态,因此可求出离散的比定压热容。
式中:cpti)、分别为温度ti下的平衡氢、仲氢和正氢的比定压热容,kJ/(kg·K);Np为温度ti下仲氢的平衡百分比。
基元冷却热qc,i为:
总冷却热为全部基元冷却热之和:
式中:Qc为显热总量,kJ/kg;t′t″分别为输入氢和输出氢的温度,K。
编程计算,取步长Δt为0.01 K,流程如图8所示。
1)氢液化。
氢液化的操作工况一般为21.3 K、0.13 MPa,该条件下平衡氢中仲氢含量>99%,由拟合式ut)计算得仲氢的摩尔分数为99.63%,分别采用3种转化方法,并使用3种计算方法计算转化热,其中绝热转化采用三级转化方式,中间级温度设定为100 K、60 K;在等温转化中假定采用液氢作为等温转化器的冷源,即消耗部分液氢以实现在液化温度下的正-仲转化;连续转化在冷却过程中不间断进行。
2)低温压缩氢。
低温压缩氢(CcH2)的操作工况一般为35~120 K、5~70 MPa[14],虽然该储存方式不涉及蒸发损失的问题,但为了保证储存质量(提高氢在储罐内的稳定休眠周期),本文认为也有必要进行正-仲催化转化。CcH2的工况选择是双变量问题,需要同时确定合适的储存温度与压力,本文不考虑储存效果,为了计算方便,将压力工况固定。根据Wang Haocheng等[17]的研究,氢的冷却特性在较高压力下保持相对稳定(>20 MPa),在该情况下压力的变化不会对计算结果产生较大影响,因此在计算过程中工况压力与前文保持一致为30 MPa,而温度以10 K为步长从40 K增至120 K(但该工况在45 K以下的温度已超出所用状态方程的计算范围)分别计算3种转化方法在3种计算方法下的转化热大小,其中绝热转化为了简化计算仅采用单级转化;连续转化不间断进行;而等温转化的实施条件受到外部冷源的限制,假定可通过外部压缩和制冷系统实现各温度下的饱和液体冷源的供应。进料条件与表6中一致。
根据表6的模拟工艺流程参数分别使用质量比转化热拟合法、摩尔比转化热拟合法和热量衡算法计算3种转化方式的转化热(每千克正常氢转化为对应温度下平衡氢释放的热量),对于绝热转化过程,两级转化的中间温度(对应图5中节点a103和a105)设为110 K。计算结果如表7所示。
通过不同计算结果的对比,可以看出比物质的量转化热拟合法与热量衡算的结果几乎一致,最大相对误差仅为0.22%,而比质量转化热拟合法的结果比其他2种方法低0.61%~1.79%。结合表4的推测,认为质量比转化热的文献数据偏小。绝热转化放热量的计算结果存在一定的误差范围,这是因为平均转化温度或平均热容具有一定的不确定性。
此外,对比不同的转化方式放热量的大小,如图9所示,连续转化的放热量最低,其次是绝热转化,等温转化最高,与Xu Yifan等[5]的结论一致。
总体而言,产生误差的原因和提高准确度的方法主要有以下4个方面:
1)原始数据的准确度。拟合原始数据决定了内插的准确度,因此原始测量数据越准确、间隔越小,则拟合曲线的准确度越高,误差越小。
2)数据处理方法是否合适。根据拟合对象的物理意义、变量间的数学关系选取最合适的拟合函数,但在本研究中两类关系均不明确,因此采取了特殊的拟合方法,该方法的计算准确度决定了计算误差的大小。采取更优的拟合方法可以提高计算准确度。
3)编程求解时的步长。步长Δt越短、节点数越多则计算越准确,误差更小。
4)物性参数的选取。这取决于所信任的数据库或物性方程,本文从REFPROP 10.0中查取数据,参考数据的准确度决定了计算结果误差的大小。
根据2.4节的条件,将上述3种计算方法应用于更广的温度工况下计算转化热,结果如表8图10所示。值得注意的是,热量衡算法依赖于第三方物性软件或数据库,当工况超出其使用的状态方程的计算范围时该方法将会失效,如表中40 K@30 MPa工况下绝热转化只有使用拟合法的数据得到计算结果。显然,连续转化的优越性始终存在,将Q1Q2Q3相互作差以得到如图11所示的绝对误差图,可以观察到大部分绝对误差均处于±4 kJ/kg范围内,在工程中可接受,但液氢工况下绝热转化的误差远超平均水平,这可能是热量衡算法计算时未考虑到蒸发潜热造成的。此外,温度越高误差向0收缩,这是因为温度越高转化热的值越小,误差也相应更小。
本文分别采用数据拟合和热量衡算的方法对3种正-仲氢转化过程的放热量进行计算,详细研究了2种转化热的数据处理过程,并根据能量守恒原则推导出转化热的解析式。同时,对一种低温压缩储氢流程进行计算,将不同的方法相互印证并分析了主要误差的来源和各自的适用性,得到如下结论:
1)数据拟合法和热量衡算法的计算结果几乎一致,但不同的数据拟合法计算精度不同,这取决于原始数据的准确度以及使用的数据处理方法。热量衡算法的计算依托于物性数据而不需要实验数据的支撑,但过程更加复杂,须具体情况具体分析。
2)对比了使用2种拟合数据及商业数据库计算不同正-仲氢转化方式下转化热的方法,在液氢研究中建议使用拟合数据,避免潜热的影响;在低温压缩氢研究的工况范围内3种方法之间的误差较小,但在极端工况下部分EOS可能会失效,故拟合数据法适用性更广;对于分别基于质量浓度数据和摩尔浓度数据的2种拟合数据法,本质是一致的,可根据原始数据的精度选择。
3)验证了3种转化方法的放热量连续转化最小,绝热转化次之,等温转化最大。
4)推导了3种正-仲催化转化方法放热量的计算式,提出使用计算机编程进行求解的具体方法。
但本文仍存在一些不足之处:
1)仅对某一种特定的流程进行分析,结论可能存在一定的局限性;
2)由于缺少标准值进行对照,本文的计算结果只能相互印证等。
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.047
  • 接收时间:2025-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-10-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
  • 录用日期:2025-05-07
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    上海理工大学储能科学与工程研究所 上海 200093

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许婧煊,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,18217105157,E-mail:。研究方向:低温氢能储运、低温储能技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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