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In cryogenic hydrogen storage systems, an accurate calculation method for the heat release from different ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversions is important to determine the load of hydrogen storage systems. The objective of this study is to present a precise calculation method for the conversion heat of ortho-para hydrogen. By establishing a conversion model, the methods of using a smoothing spline curve to fit the experimental data and energy balance calculations are used to derive the released heat in adiabatic conversion multistage converters and the released heat during continuous conversion. The heat release properties of different conversion methods are analyzed in this study. Notably, the heat release amount of continuous conversion is the smallest, that of isothermal conversion is the largest, and the conversion heat of adiabatic conversion is in between, which is related to the number of conversion stages. In addition, a specific method and procedure are programmed to solve the implicit differential formula for continuous conversion. Finally, the calculation results of the different methods are consistent with a maximum deviation of only 0.22%, indicating that the calculations in this study are valid and accurate.
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Xu Jingxuan, female, associate professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-18217105157, E-mail:
xujingxuan@usst.edu.cn. Research fields: cryogenic hydrogen energy storage and transportation, cryogenic energy storage technology.
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低温储氢系统中,不同正-仲氢催化转化放热量的精确计算方法对储氢系统负荷的确定至关重要。通过建立相应的转化模型,分别应用平滑样条曲线拟合实验数据和能量衡算的方法,推导了绝热转化多级转化器放热量的计算方法以及连续转化的转化热表达式,并分析了绝热、等温及连续转化方式的放热特性,结果表明连续转化的转化热最小,等温转化最大,而绝热转化介于两者之间,且与转化级数相关。针对连续转化的隐式微分表达式提出一种编程求解的具体方法和步骤。2种方法的计算结果一致,最大偏差仅为0.22%,表明提出的计算方法是有效和准确的。
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47(67): 28932-28944., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis of low-temperature and high-pressure (cryo-compressed) hydrogen storage processes cooled by mixed-refrigerants, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217313405268921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217313413657530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, companyId=1239217313405268921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217313417851836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, companyId=1239217313405268921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海理工大学储能科学与工程研究所 上海 200093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239217316496470034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Fitted curve of the equilibrium percentage of para-hydrogen vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=kVBn7fojq9uFih7ZmLLWog==, figureFileBig=8IuIF8O3JVxGcUArQgBguQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316584550423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
仲氢平衡百分比随温度变化的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=kVBn7fojq9uFih7ZmLLWog==, figureFileBig=8IuIF8O3JVxGcUArQgBguQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316748128287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Fitted curve of the specific mass conversion heat vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=IpLVbxVTxd8VJH0Xr7GTOQ==, figureFileBig=y+N/tZMmfL/+DxmNUytWHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316827820067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
比质量转化热的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=IpLVbxVTxd8VJH0Xr7GTOQ==, figureFileBig=y+N/tZMmfL/+DxmNUytWHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316894928935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Fitted curve of the specific mole conversion heat vs. temperature, figureFileSmall=HKGXI5yTZ9SzINn+GAHX/Q==, figureFileBig=5w8ZBcuIPdb+0gRd2GJcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217316974620715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
比物质的量转化热的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=HKGXI5yTZ9SzINn+GAHX/Q==, figureFileBig=5w8ZBcuIPdb+0gRd2GJcJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317050118191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
A simulated cryo-compressed hydrogen storage process, figureFileSmall=JULd3BbjcF7qGz6UEBO/uA==, figureFileBig=plmWJxx3KWdrOCKorY13Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317125615667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
模拟低温压缩储氢流程1压缩机;2冷却器;3低温换热器;4正-仲转化器;10X氢的流程节点。
, figureFileSmall=JULd3BbjcF7qGz6UEBO/uA==, figureFileBig=plmWJxx3KWdrOCKorY13Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317217890360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Flow chart of hydrogen storage process coupled with adiabatic conversion, figureFileSmall=TlH3k0vg7UkWKEetH+GX5w==, figureFileBig=WJFf/OZNAEyRfIhvzmSEtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317289193531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
绝热转化储氢流程图1绝热容器;2催化剂层;3一级换热器;4一级绝热转化器;5二级换热器;6二级绝热转化器;a10X氢的流程节点。
, figureFileSmall=TlH3k0vg7UkWKEetH+GX5w==, figureFileBig=WJFf/OZNAEyRfIhvzmSEtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317352108093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
The flow chart of isothermal conversion process, figureFileSmall=jcBhtnOcXNgPjSdhuzS4Eg==, figureFileBig=Fi5CA8aHtI2ia5eN7dGeJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317456965699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
等温转化流程图1等温蒸发器;2催化转化段;3冷却器;4液氮浴。
, figureFileSmall=jcBhtnOcXNgPjSdhuzS4Eg==, figureFileBig=Fi5CA8aHtI2ia5eN7dGeJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317528268871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The internal structure of a plate-fin heat exchanger filled with catalyst and the construction of heat exchange unit, figureFileSmall=hwPFrY4xJBCbr2WaBc1BUA==, figureFileBig=Hm5xRMaqkLM5Wzt2SAjZwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317620543562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
一种填充催化剂的板翅式热交换器的内部结构及换热单元构造, figureFileSmall=hwPFrY4xJBCbr2WaBc1BUA==, figureFileBig=Hm5xRMaqkLM5Wzt2SAjZwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317687652429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Block diagram of the calculation program for continuous conversion enthalpy, figureFileSmall=UgCTVigSxIFmMyi6xDj5EA==, figureFileBig=7l7WuC2kaye3U4WsHsO1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317767344210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
连续转化放热量计算程序框图, figureFileSmall=UgCTVigSxIFmMyi6xDj5EA==, figureFileBig=7l7WuC2kaye3U4WsHsO1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317834453078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Comparison of calculated conversion heat (77.3 K@30 MPa), figureFileSmall=kmQOoF663lMoKU0ywYXtPQ==, figureFileBig=s2LmWKjLIVsWJcsAW89eTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317918339161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
转化热的计算结果对比(77.3 K@30 MPa), figureFileSmall=kmQOoF663lMoKU0ywYXtPQ==, figureFileBig=s2LmWKjLIVsWJcsAW89eTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217317977059418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Calculated conversion enthalpy under different temperature conditions, figureFileSmall=RdrsJHrs6dDQYrSKwtowZQ==, figureFileBig=mSyaOKKISIufXECQlAMQMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318035779676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同温度工况下转化热的计算结果, figureFileSmall=RdrsJHrs6dDQYrSKwtowZQ==, figureFileBig=mSyaOKKISIufXECQlAMQMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318115471456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Absolute errors in the results of conversion enthalpy calculations with different methods, figureFileSmall=Zz5mEV5E3WFnglsTC1IDIw==, figureFileBig=wmIo7GbD7n4fbfIYZTJ1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318203551844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同计算方法下转化热的计算结果的绝对误差, figureFileSmall=Zz5mEV5E3WFnglsTC1IDIw==, figureFileBig=wmIo7GbD7n4fbfIYZTJ1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217318283243625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
The equilibrium percentage of para-hydrogen at partial temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/% | 温度/K | 仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/% |
|---|
| 20 | 99.82 | 90 | 42.88 |
| 30 | 97.02 | 100 | 38.62 |
| 40 | 88.73 | 120 | 32.96 |
| 50 | 77.05 | 150 | 28.60 |
| 60 | 65.57 | 200 | 25.97 |
| 70 | 55.99 | 250 | 25.26 |
| 80 | 48.54 | 300 | 25.07 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319730278506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
部分温度下仲氢平衡百分比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/% | 温度/K | 仲氢平衡百分比Np,t/% |
|---|
| 20 | 99.82 | 90 | 42.88 |
| 30 | 97.02 | 100 | 38.62 |
| 40 | 88.73 | 120 | 32.96 |
| 50 | 77.05 | 150 | 28.60 |
| 60 | 65.57 | 200 | 25.97 |
| 70 | 55.99 | 250 | 25.26 |
| 80 | 48.54 | 300 | 25.07 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319818358891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
The specific mass conversion heat per kilogram of normal hydrogen converted to equilibrium hydrogen at the same temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 转化热/(kJ/kg) | 拟合值/(kJ/kg) | 相对误差/‰ |
|---|
| 15.00 | 527.00 | 527.118 7 | 0.23 |
| 20.39 | 525.00 | 525.027 7 | 0.05 |
| 30.00 | 506.00 | 505.737 4 | -0.52 |
| 50.00 | 364.00 | 364.099 5 | 0.27 |
| 60.00 | 285.00 | 285.028 8 | 0.10 |
| 70.00 | 216.00 | 215.891 6 | -0.50 |
| 75.00 | 185.00 | 185.121 1 | 0.65 |
| 100.00 | 88.30 | 88.274 4 | -0.29 |
| 125.00 | 37.50 | 37.506 7 | 0.18 |
| 150.00 | 15.10 | 15.095 2 | -0.32 |
| 175.00 | 5.70 | 5.700 0 | -0.01 |
| 200.00 | 2.06 | 2.059 2 | -0.40 |
| 250.00 | 0.23 | 0.229 8 | -0.76 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319902244974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
每千克正常氢转化为相同温度下平衡氢的比质量转化热, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 转化热/(kJ/kg) | 拟合值/(kJ/kg) | 相对误差/‰ |
|---|
| 15.00 | 527.00 | 527.118 7 | 0.23 |
| 20.39 | 525.00 | 525.027 7 | 0.05 |
| 30.00 | 506.00 | 505.737 4 | -0.52 |
| 50.00 | 364.00 | 364.099 5 | 0.27 |
| 60.00 | 285.00 | 285.028 8 | 0.10 |
| 70.00 | 216.00 | 215.891 6 | -0.50 |
| 75.00 | 185.00 | 185.121 1 | 0.65 |
| 100.00 | 88.30 | 88.274 4 | -0.29 |
| 125.00 | 37.50 | 37.506 7 | 0.18 |
| 150.00 | 15.10 | 15.095 2 | -0.32 |
| 175.00 | 5.70 | 5.700 0 | -0.01 |
| 200.00 | 2.06 | 2.059 2 | -0.40 |
| 250.00 | 0.23 | 0.229 8 | -0.76 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217319969353839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
The conversion heat per mol of ortho-hydrogen molecules converted to para-hydrogen molecules at the same temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 转化热/(kJ/kmol) | 拟合值/(kJ/kmol) | 相对误差/‱ |
|---|
| 10.00 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.850 2 | 0.000 2 |
| 20.00 | 1 417.860 | 1 417.855 7 | -0.003 1 |
| 20.39 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.855 1 | 0.003 6 |
| 30.00 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.851 6 | 0.001 1 |
| 40.00 | 1 417.790 | 1 417.796 6 | 0.004 6 |
| 50.00 | 1 417.060 | 1 417.068 6 | 0.006 1 |
| 60.00 | 1 413.530 | 1 413.529 9 | -0.000 1 |
| 80.00 | 1 382.330 | 1 382.316 5 | -0.009 8 |
| 100.00 | 1 295.560 | 1 295.542 0 | -0.013 9 |
| 150.00 | 867.380 | 867.388 7 | 0.010 1 |
| 200.00 | 440.450 | 440.459 8 | 0.022 3 |
| 300.00 | 74.148 | 74.1442 | -0.050 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320049045617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
每摩尔正氢分子转化为同温度下仲氢分子释放的热量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 转化热/(kJ/kmol) | 拟合值/(kJ/kmol) | 相对误差/‱ |
|---|
| 10.00 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.850 2 | 0.000 2 |
| 20.00 | 1 417.860 | 1 417.855 7 | -0.003 1 |
| 20.39 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.855 1 | 0.003 6 |
| 30.00 | 1 417.850 | 1 417.851 6 | 0.001 1 |
| 40.00 | 1 417.790 | 1 417.796 6 | 0.004 6 |
| 50.00 | 1 417.060 | 1 417.068 6 | 0.006 1 |
| 60.00 | 1 413.530 | 1 413.529 9 | -0.000 1 |
| 80.00 | 1 382.330 | 1 382.316 5 | -0.009 8 |
| 100.00 | 1 295.560 | 1 295.542 0 | -0.013 9 |
| 150.00 | 867.380 | 867.388 7 | 0.010 1 |
| 200.00 | 440.450 | 440.459 8 | 0.022 3 |
| 300.00 | 74.148 | 74.1442 | -0.050 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320111960180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Comparison between the actual data of the equilibrium para-hydrogen percentage and the calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 实际Np,t/% | 计算 /% | 绝对误差/% |
|---|
| 30 | 97.02 | 96.94 | -0.08 |
| 50 | 77.05 | 76.78 | -0.27 |
| 60 | 65.57 | 65.64 | 0.07 |
| 100 | 38.62 | 38.74 | 0.12 |
| 150 | 28.60 | 28.51 | -0.09 |
| 200 | 25.97 | 25.94 | -0.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320187457654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
实际仲氢平衡百分比与计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 温度/K | 实际Np,t/% | 计算 /% | 绝对误差/% |
|---|
| 30 | 97.02 | 96.94 | -0.08 |
| 50 | 77.05 | 76.78 | -0.27 |
| 60 | 65.57 | 65.64 | 0.07 |
| 100 | 38.62 | 38.74 | 0.12 |
| 150 | 28.60 | 28.51 | -0.09 |
| 200 | 25.97 | 25.94 | -0.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320267149432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
The enthalpy of normal hydrogen, ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen at normal boiling point, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 温度/K | 压力/kPa | 焓值/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 正常氢 | 20.369 | 101.325 | 269.08 |
| 正氢 | 20.380 | 101.325 | 444.92 |
| 仲氢 | 20.271 | 101.325 | -256.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320342646907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
正常氢、正氢和仲氢在正常沸点下的焓值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 温度/K | 压力/kPa | 焓值/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 正常氢 | 20.369 | 101.325 | 269.08 |
| 正氢 | 20.380 | 101.325 | 444.92 |
| 仲氢 | 20.271 | 101.325 | -256.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320409755775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
The node parameters of the simulated cryo compressed hydrogen storage process, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 温度/K | 压力/MPa | 仲氢百分比/% |
|---|
| 101 | 298.15 | 0.1 | 25 |
| 102 | 298.15 | 30 | 25 |
| 103 | 77.4 | 30 | 25 |
| 104 | 77.4 | 30 | 50.29 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320472670337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
模拟低温压缩储氢流程的节点参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 温度/K | 压力/MPa | 仲氢百分比/% |
|---|
| 101 | 298.15 | 0.1 | 25 |
| 102 | 298.15 | 30 | 25 |
| 103 | 77.4 | 30 | 25 |
| 104 | 77.4 | 30 | 50.29 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320535584899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Results of the conversion heat for the three types of ortho-para conversion paths calculated by different methods (77.3 K@30 MPa condition), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 转化方式 | | 转化热/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 比质量转化热拟合法 | 比物质的量转化热拟合法 | 热量衡算法 |
|---|
| 绝热转化 | 一级转化器 |  |  | 62.21±1.05 |
| 二级转化器 |  |  | 101.75±1.98 |
| 总计 |  |  | 164.36±3.03 |
| 等温转化 | | 171.91 | 174.26 | 174.38 |
| 连续转化 | | 144.26 | 145.61 | 145.53 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320615276679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
3种正-仲转化方式通过不同方法计算的转化热结果(77.3 K@30 MPa工况), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 转化方式 | | 转化热/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 比质量转化热拟合法 | 比物质的量转化热拟合法 | 热量衡算法 |
|---|
| 绝热转化 | 一级转化器 |  |  | 62.21±1.05 |
| 二级转化器 |  |  | 101.75±1.98 |
| 总计 |  |  | 164.36±3.03 |
| 等温转化 | | 171.91 | 174.26 | 174.38 |
| 连续转化 | | 144.26 | 145.61 | 145.53 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320694968457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=
O-P conversion enthalpy results for a wider range of temperatures using different calculation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工况 | 转化级数 | 转化热/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 绝热转化*1 | 等温转化 | 连续转化 |
|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 |
|---|
| 液氢 | 1级 | 86.65 | 85.49 | 86.05 | | | | | | |
| 2级 | 188.33 | 187.91 | 189.04 | | | | | | |
| 3级 | 239.05 | 239.52 | 250.11 | | | | | | |
| 总计 | 514.03 | 512.92 | 525.20 | 523.82 | 524.39 | 525.42 | 489.37 | 491.59 | 490.22 |
| 40 K | | —*2 | —*2 | —*2 | 445.45 | 447.71 | —*2 | 413.52 | 415.55 | —*2 |
| 50 K | | 365.04 | 363.68 | 361.72 | 363.58 | 365.45 | 363.64 | 332.03 | 333.60 | 330.88 |
| 60 K | | 281.53 | 281.71 | 281.66 | 284.51 | 284.01 | 283.17 | 251.45 | 252.84 | 250.59 |
| 70 K | | 209.76 | 212.83 | 213.26 | 215.37 | 215.24 | 215.07 | 184.08 | 185.68 | 183.78 |
| 80 K | | 156.08 | 158.71 | 159.26 | 158.26 | 160.91 | 161.11 | 132.82 | 133.99 | 132.32 |
| 90 K | | 116.80 | 117.20 | 117.77 | 117.58 | 118.97 | 119.37 | 94.63 | 95.17 | 95.35 |
| 100 K | | 86.87 | 85.76 | 86.32 | 87.79 | 87.05 | 87.53 | 66.71 | 67.19 | 67.38 |
| 110 K | | 63.23 | 62.49 | 62.21 | 63.79 | 62.91 | 63.43 | 46.23 | 46.98 | 47.16 |
| 120 K | | 44.01 | 44.38 | 44.92 | 44.73 | 44.92 | 45.44 | 31.72 | 32.57 | 32.73 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217320766271627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294715449532, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
更广温度区间的工况转化热在不同方法下的计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工况 | 转化级数 | 转化热/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 绝热转化*1 | 等温转化 | 连续转化 |
|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 |
|---|
| 液氢 | 1级 | 86.65 | 85.49 | 86.05 | | | | | | |
| 2级 | 188.33 | 187.91 | 189.04 | | | | | | |
| 3级 | 239.05 | 239.52 | 250.11 | | | | | | |
| 总计 | 514.03 | 512.92 | 525.20 | 523.82 | 524.39 | 525.42 | 489.37 | 491.59 | 490.22 |
| 40 K | | —*2 | —*2 | —*2 | 445.45 | 447.71 | —*2 | 413.52 | 415.55 | —*2 |
| 50 K | | 365.04 | 363.68 | 361.72 | 363.58 | 365.45 | 363.64 | 332.03 | 333.60 | 330.88 |
| 60 K | | 281.53 | 281.71 | 281.66 | 284.51 | 284.01 | 283.17 | 251.45 | 252.84 | 250.59 |
| 70 K | | 209.76 | 212.83 | 213.26 | 215.37 | 215.24 | 215.07 | 184.08 | 185.68 | 183.78 |
| 80 K | | 156.08 | 158.71 | 159.26 | 158.26 | 160.91 | 161.11 | 132.82 | 133.99 | 132.32 |
| 90 K | | 116.80 | 117.20 | 117.77 | 117.58 | 118.97 | 119.37 | 94.63 | 95.17 | 95.35 |
| 100 K | | 86.87 | 85.76 | 86.32 | 87.79 | 87.05 | 87.53 | 66.71 | 67.19 | 67.38 |
| 110 K | | 63.23 | 62.49 | 62.21 | 63.79 | 62.91 | 63.43 | 46.23 | 46.98 | 47.16 |
| 120 K | | 44.01 | 44.38 | 44.92 | 44.73 | 44.92 | 45.44 | 31.72 | 32.57 | 32.73 |
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