Article(id=1239217294413451887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=1721577600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-22, acceptedDate=1725206400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-02, onlineDate=1773382026532, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382026532, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382026532, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382026532, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217294669304442, articleId=1239217294413451887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Review on Catalytic Conversion Mechanism of Ortho-Para Hydrogen, columnId=1239217294312788587, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Hydrogen Liquefaction & Cryogenic Storage and Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Ortho-para hydrogen conversion in the hydrogen liquefaction process is significant for the long-term storage and long-distance transportation of liquid hydrogen. This paper outlines the differences in the properties of orthohydrogen and parahydrogen, reviews the research progress on the physical mechanisms and reaction kinetic models of the ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversion process, and summarizes the performance of common catalysts. Finally, three mainstream schemes for ortho-para hydrogen conversion are compared. Research on the internal physical mechanisms and reaction kinetic models explores the conversion process from microscopic and macroscopic perspectives, respectively. Owing to the lack of experimental data, scholars have not yet formed a unified explanation for the surface characteristics of catalysts, which must be quantitatively validated. Furthermore, although nickel-based catalysts have higher catalytic efficiency, iron hydroxides and oxide catalysts are the main catalyst choices for ortho-para hydrogen conversion, considering the preparation, activation, and deactivation of catalysts and the characteristics of the liquefier. Among the three mainstream ortho-para hydrogen conversion schemes, the hydrogen liquefaction process with continuous conversion has the lowest energy consumption and is the future direction. Relevant research in China is still in its early stages and has great potential for development. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design and construction of ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversion test benches.
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Wang Kai, male, Ph. D., researcher, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, 86-17857140826, E-mail:
kaiwang19@zju.edu.cn. Research fields: liquid hydrogen storage and refueling, low-grade thermal energy recovery, etc.
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氢液化流程中正仲氢转化过程对于液氢的长时间储存与远距离运输具有极其重要的意义。概述了正仲氢的性质差异,综述了正仲氢催化转化过程的物理机制和反应动力学模型的研究进展,对常用催化剂进行了总结和性能对比。最后综述了正仲氢转化的3种主流方案,并对比了各方案的优缺点。物理机制和反应动力学分别从微观和宏观角度对正仲氢转化进行了研究,但由于催化剂表面的实验数据相对匮乏,学者对此尚未形成统一的论述和解释,迫切需要进行定量验证。在正仲氢转化的催化剂选择上,虽然镍基催化剂的催化效率更高,但综合考虑催化剂的制备、活化、失活以及氢液化器的工作特点,铁的氢氧化物及氧化物催化剂是主流的催化剂选择方案。此外,3种主流的正仲氢转化方案中采用连续转化过程的氢液化流程比能耗最低,是未来氢液化流程的发展方向,国内对此研究尚处于起步阶段,存在较大的发展空间。研究可为正仲氢催化转化实验台的设计和搭建等提供理论指导。
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The macroscopic kinetic process of ortho-para hydrogen conversion, figureFileSmall=l9bXZpAInEvQIHBiULdUKA==, figureFileBig=t+BOi0e13qiZXo1bIxbcnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308535673052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
正仲氢转化宏观动力学过程, figureFileSmall=l9bXZpAInEvQIHBiULdUKA==, figureFileBig=t+BOi0e13qiZXo1bIxbcnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308623753443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Isothermal conversion experimental platform designed by Fu Juntao et al.[74], figureFileSmall=sLgb9N+SG7pULlWgkv3tnw==, figureFileBig=IpwWIp2g1ppu9PrxFuB09Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308728611045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Fu Juntao等[74]设计的等温转化实验台, figureFileSmall=sLgb9N+SG7pULlWgkv3tnw==, figureFileBig=IpwWIp2g1ppu9PrxFuB09Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308804108522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Adiabatic conversion experimental platform designed by J. Essler et al.[77], figureFileSmall=r1oRTfU7awrxvLMGdPucmg==, figureFileBig=wk5hCUfT4hLGPejCF4nlHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308867023086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
J. Essler等[77]设计的绝热转化实验台, figureFileSmall=r1oRTfU7awrxvLMGdPucmg==, figureFileBig=wk5hCUfT4hLGPejCF4nlHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308971880691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Leuna hydrogen liquefaction unit, figureFileSmall=vDS9TDQ5KPNUe7iRx/rsFg==, figureFileBig=5d0aw7ykcn5sNZVRs0QPuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217309043183865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
Leuna氢液化装置, figureFileSmall=vDS9TDQ5KPNUe7iRx/rsFg==, figureFileBig=5d0aw7ykcn5sNZVRs0QPuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217309148041468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Production of liquid hydrogen in global major regions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 美国 | 加拿大 | 欧洲 | 日本 | 印度 | 中国 |
|---|
| 唐璐等[4](2011) | 214.0 | 81 | 24.4 | 29.1 | 2.7 | 0.6 |
| M. Aasadnia等[5](2018) | 214.0 | 81 | 29.4 | 27.8 | 2.7 | 0.6 |
| 陈双涛等[6](2020) | >326.0 | 80 | 24.0 | 25.5 | — | 4.0 |
| Zhang Zhenyang等[7](2022) | 214.0 | 86 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 2.7 | 4.5 |
| Zhang G.等[8](2023) | 395.5 | 79 | — | 41.7 | 3.9 | 33.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217309231927552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
全球主要区域的液氢产量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 美国 | 加拿大 | 欧洲 | 日本 | 印度 | 中国 |
|---|
| 唐璐等[4](2011) | 214.0 | 81 | 24.4 | 29.1 | 2.7 | 0.6 |
| M. Aasadnia等[5](2018) | 214.0 | 81 | 29.4 | 27.8 | 2.7 | 0.6 |
| 陈双涛等[6](2020) | >326.0 | 80 | 24.0 | 25.5 | — | 4.0 |
| Zhang Zhenyang等[7](2022) | 214.0 | 86 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 2.7 | 4.5 |
| Zhang G.等[8](2023) | 395.5 | 79 | — | 41.7 | 3.9 | 33.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217309324202242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Summary of physical mechanisms of ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversion, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 物理机制 | 作用机理/因素 | 作用范围 |
|---|
| 磁性机理(物理吸附) | 通过表面电场诱导范德华力相互作用和电多极相互作用 | 低温:吸附分子距离较远 适用于磁性催化剂 |
| 解离机理(化学吸附) | 电子交换超精细转换模型 三阶电子交换超精细转换模型 | 高温:吸附分子距离较近 前者适用于抗磁性金属,后者适用于抗磁性绝缘体 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239217310775431430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217294413451887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
正仲氢催化转化物理机制总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 物理机制 | 作用机理/因素 | 作用范围 |
|---|
| 磁性机理(物理吸附) | 通过表面电场诱导范德华力相互作用和电多极相互作用 | 低温:吸附分子距离较远 适用于磁性催化剂 |
| 解离机理(化学吸附) | 电子交换超精细转换模型 三阶电子交换超精细转换模型 | 高温:吸附分子距离较近 前者适用于抗磁性金属,后者适用于抗磁性绝缘体 |
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