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Article(id=1239217294040158813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749398400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-09, revisedDate=1752422400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-14, acceptedDate=1752422400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineDate=1773382026443, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382026443, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382026443, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382026443, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217294409257582, articleId=1239217294040158813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Electrostatic Accumulation Mechanism in Liquid Hydrogen Pipe Flow, columnId=1239217294312788587, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Hydrogen Liquefaction & Cryogenic Storage and Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate electrostatic accumulation induced by cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) flow in pipelines, a test system was constructed with LH2 as the primary working medium. Using vacuum insulation, insulated connections, electrostatic shielding, and other measures, as well as the application of the leakage charge method, safe and accurate measurement of extremely low-level charge quantities generated by LH2 flow under cryogenic conditions was achieved. The charge accumulation characteristics under multiple flow conditions with Reynolds numbers (Re) below 2×105 were analyzed. The experimental results indicated that notable flow charging phenomena occurred during LH2 flow with extremely low electrical conductivity in pipelines. Furthermore, charge accumulation demonstrated a linear growth during the test period. Within the range of pipe lengths and Reynolds numbers covered by the experiment, the average charge density decreased with an increase in the flow velocity; however, the rate of decrease gradually diminished. The average charge density of flow decreased with increasing pipe diameter. The developed electrostatic accumulation test system for low-temperature LH2 pipe flow provided an important platform support for conducting LH2 electrostatic tests. This study validated the feasibility of the electrostatic measurement method for LH2, providing design guidance for exploring the electrostatic laws of LH2 and the boundary of safe flow velocity.

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Wang Lei, male, professor, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 86-18220550071, E-mail: . Research fields: space cryogenic propellant technology, liquid hydrogen and hydrogen safety technology.
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为研究液氢管道流动中引发的静电积聚问题，以液氢为实验工质，搭建了低温液氢管流静电积聚测试系统。通过真空绝热、绝缘连接、静电屏蔽等措施，采用泄漏电荷法，实现了低温下液氢流动荷电量的安全、准确测量；分析了雷诺数Re在2×105以下多个流动工况的电荷积聚特征。实验结果表明：电导率极低的液氢在管流过程中存在明显的流动荷电现象，测试中电荷积聚量呈线性增长趋势；在实验所涉及管长和Re范围下，平均电荷密度随速度的增大而降低，但降低速率逐渐减缓；随管径增大，管流平均电荷密度也降低。所搭建的低温液氢管流静电积聚测试系统为开展液氢静电测试提供了重要平台，该研究证明了液氢静电测量方法的可行性，为探明液氢静电规律与安全流速边界提供了设计指导。

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王磊，男，教授，西安交通大学制冷与低温工程系，18220550071，E-mail：。研究方向：航天低温推进剂技术，液氢与氢安全技术。
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误差温度传感器/K压力传感器/kPa质量流量计/（kg/h）静电计/（10-14 C）
us0.008 05.000 0.8101.00
ua0.001 00.010.000 21.00
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um0.009 55.100.950 01.41
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误差温度传感器/K压力传感器/kPa质量流量计/（kg/h）静电计/（10-14 C）
us0.008 05.000 0.8101.00
ua0.001 00.010.000 21.00
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液氢管流静电积聚规律的实验研究
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孙文豪 , 王磊 , 马原 , 刘柏文 , 厉彦忠
制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025,46(5): 24-31
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制冷学报 | 氢液化与低温储运 2025, 46(5): 24-31
液氢管流静电积聚规律的实验研究
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孙文豪, 王磊 , 马原, 刘柏文, 厉彦忠
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学制冷与低温工程系　西安　710049

通讯作者:

王磊，男，教授，西安交通大学制冷与低温工程系，18220550071，E-mail：。研究方向：航天低温推进剂技术，液氢与氢安全技术。
Experimental Study on Electrostatic Accumulation Mechanism in Liquid Hydrogen Pipe Flow
Wenhao Sun, Lei Wang , Yuan Ma, Bowen Liu, Yanzhong Li
Affiliations
  • Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.024
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摘要
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为研究液氢管道流动中引发的静电积聚问题，以液氢为实验工质，搭建了低温液氢管流静电积聚测试系统。通过真空绝热、绝缘连接、静电屏蔽等措施，采用泄漏电荷法，实现了低温下液氢流动荷电量的安全、准确测量；分析了雷诺数Re在2×105以下多个流动工况的电荷积聚特征。实验结果表明：电导率极低的液氢在管流过程中存在明显的流动荷电现象，测试中电荷积聚量呈线性增长趋势；在实验所涉及管长和Re范围下，平均电荷密度随速度的增大而降低，但降低速率逐渐减缓；随管径增大，管流平均电荷密度也降低。所搭建的低温液氢管流静电积聚测试系统为开展液氢静电测试提供了重要平台，该研究证明了液氢静电测量方法的可行性，为探明液氢静电规律与安全流速边界提供了设计指导。

流动荷电  /  静电积聚  /  低温流体  /  氢安全

To investigate electrostatic accumulation induced by cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) flow in pipelines, a test system was constructed with LH2 as the primary working medium. Using vacuum insulation, insulated connections, electrostatic shielding, and other measures, as well as the application of the leakage charge method, safe and accurate measurement of extremely low-level charge quantities generated by LH2 flow under cryogenic conditions was achieved. The charge accumulation characteristics under multiple flow conditions with Reynolds numbers (Re) below 2×105 were analyzed. The experimental results indicated that notable flow charging phenomena occurred during LH2 flow with extremely low electrical conductivity in pipelines. Furthermore, charge accumulation demonstrated a linear growth during the test period. Within the range of pipe lengths and Reynolds numbers covered by the experiment, the average charge density decreased with an increase in the flow velocity; however, the rate of decrease gradually diminished. The average charge density of flow decreased with increasing pipe diameter. The developed electrostatic accumulation test system for low-temperature LH2 pipe flow provided an important platform support for conducting LH2 electrostatic tests. This study validated the feasibility of the electrostatic measurement method for LH2, providing design guidance for exploring the electrostatic laws of LH2 and the boundary of safe flow velocity.

flow charging  /  electrostatic charge accumulation  /  cryogenic fluids  /  hydrogen safety
孙文豪, 王磊, 马原, 刘柏文, 厉彦忠. 液氢管流静电积聚规律的实验研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.024
Wenhao Sun, Lei Wang, Yuan Ma, Bowen Liu, Yanzhong Li. Experimental Study on Electrostatic Accumulation Mechanism in Liquid Hydrogen Pipe Flow[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.024
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电导率低的液态介质流动过程中，因与壁面摩擦、碰撞以及可能存在的化学反应等，发生管壁与流体之间的电荷转移，产生荷电现象[1]。随着流动过程持续，电荷分别在流体和金属壁上累积，以致产生较高静电位，可能造成安全隐患[2]。液氢作为一种高品质的能量载体，在航空航天领域应用潜力巨大[3]。作为一种沸点极低的低温流体，液氢黏度极小、电导率极低，在管路传输中因流动摩擦导致的电荷积聚问题更加突出[4-5]。面向减小输氢管路结构尺寸的需求，未来的航空航天要求实现高速输氢[6]。然而，液氢流动静电积聚的安全边界尚不明晰，盲目提高流速存在无法预估的安全隐患。为保障液氢安全高效应用，研究液氢流速对静电积聚规律的影响迫在眉睫。
针对管流荷电问题，1853年，H. Helmholtz[7]首次提出双电层理论以分析电荷在不同介质之间的转移与扩散传递机制。随后数十年，在众多学者努力下，双电层理论不断完善[8-10]，且获得了广泛认同。在管路输运、轮船运输和油料加注等过程中，因流动静电诱发的安全事故也多有报道[11]，而电导率是评估流动静电积聚问题发生与否的关键参数[12]。有机化学和石油工业的研究表明，电导率在10-17~10-13 S/m的流体可能面临潜在的静电风险[13]。液氢具有较宽的爆炸范围和更低的点火能[14]，开展实验研究面临极高风险。此外，低温下纯液氢流态的保持和极低电导率下静电电荷的准确测量均面临较大挑战，实验研究鲜有报道。1962年，L. Cassutt等[4]提到液氢电导率约在10-15 S/m以下，早期的液氢存储和传输实验发现，液氢管内流动所形成的最大电势差约为-1 V。1965年，W. Willis[13]通过精细化实验，给出了液氢电导率为外加电压函数的结论。经后续计算可知，液氢电导率量级在10-18 S/m。1987年，G. Touchard等[15-16]测量出液氢在毫米级金属毛细管内湍流流动时的电荷密度在1×10-7~3×10-7 C/m3，且流速和管径均对液氢流动荷电产生影响。2021年，J. Hall等[17]开展了液氢射流实验，在0.5 m长绝缘管内测量发现，绝大多数情况下，壁面泄漏电流小于5×10-8 A；当发生两相流时，电流可能突增，最大可达2.8×10-6 A。对比G. Touchard与J. Hall所报道液氢流动静电数据发现，数据之间的偏差极大，很难获得流速等对静电积聚清晰的规律。造成该现象的原因包括液氢静电信号微弱导致测量误差较大，液氢管流过程中相态的变化，以及可能的杂质干扰等。国内学者也开展了涉液氢静电的初步研究。董巨辉等[18-20]针对液氢输运和贮存的静电积聚特性展开了理论研究，但所采用模型不能完全揭示液氢管内流动荷电机理。刘均涛等[21]进行了液氢直接排空静电安全实验，在距离管道出口85 mm处测得了达8.5~12 kV静电位。李卓伦等[22-23]探讨了空气在液氢中凝固形成含氧颗粒后，荷载固空颗粒的液氢管内流动将大幅提高电荷量。Liu Bowen等[24-28]通过仿真和液氮流动荷电实验，讨论了液氢输运和储存中可能出现的静电积聚风险。
综上所述，液氢极低温、易燃易爆、静电信号微弱等特性导致开展实验测试面临极大挑战和困难，国内外针对液氢流动静电积聚特性的实验研究相对较少，已有实验或因两相流的产生使测试结果出现较大偏差，或因管径和管长限制无法给出定量结论。国内学者多集中于仿真研究，以液氢工质开展管流静电积聚实验未见报道。为此，本文搭建了以液氢为工质的管流静电积聚测试系统，通过真空绝热、绝缘连接、静电屏蔽等手段实现了低温工况下液氢流动荷电极低量级电荷量的准确测量。通过本研究，丰富了低温液氢管流静电积聚实验数据库，证明了所采用测量方法的可行性，从而为开展相关研究提供了经验支撑。
1 实验系统与方法
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1.1 实验系统组成
液氢管流静电积聚测试系统如图1所示，系统实物如图2所示。整个实验系统包括液氢供应模块、测试管模块、静电测量模块、气化复温与排放模块。
实验前，采用西安交通大学低温氢能应用技术实验基地的低温制冷机实现高纯氢气的液化，并将液氢存储于低温杜瓦中。液化系统包括氢的正-仲转化模块，因此，可以认为所制备的液氢中仲氢含量超过95%。
实验中，采用高压氦气增压实现液氢向测试管路的供应。测试管为直径4 mm、管长1 m的不锈钢管，管壁粗糙度Ra=1.6 μm，其两端连接件均采用真空结构以抑制环境漏热；管路连接采用真空法兰以保证测试管段与上下游的绝热和电绝缘。为避免外界电磁干扰对测试管静电测量的影响，研制了铜网静电屏蔽罩包络测试管系统；静电测量则是将铜丝缠绕在测试管外表面，通过连接静电计进行数据采集。流出测试管道的液氢通过空浴式汽化器实现汽化复温，并采用气体流量计测量氢气流量，随后接入实验基地的氢气排放集管，通过排放塔排放。
1.2 静电测试方法
对于流动荷电而言，流体与壁面摩擦诱发电荷转移，造成靠近管壁处存在双电层。电荷产生后，双电层内的扩散层电荷在分子扩散和流动扰动作用下进入主流区，自由运动的电荷随着流体一起运动。具有一定速度的定向流动电荷群形成电流信号，称为冲流电流，表达式为：
式中：Is为冲流电流，A；u为轴向速度，m/s；ρq为电荷密度，C/m3；Ω为垂直于流动方向的流通面积，m2；ds为面积微元。理论上，在管内布置电极捕捉截面上所有的流动电信号可准确测量Is。然而，对于液氢这种极低电导率的液体而言，其传导电荷困难，且不易捕捉。同时，电极插入会对流场和电荷分布产生影响，且难以实现电极与金属壁面的电绝缘，故通常不直接测量流动过程中的冲流电流。
流动荷电测量方法根据测量信号的不同可分为3种：冲流电荷法、泄漏电流法和冲流电压法。Liu Bowen等[27]对3种方法的适用性和差异进行了对比分析，指出冲流电荷法是通过在管路出口设置收集电荷的法拉第筒实现静电测量，而液氢气化会造成电荷密度测量不准确；冲流电压法需要布置探针进入流体区，而液氢的真空绝热管路结构造成电极接口难以处理，且会引入局部漏热，可能改变氢的相态。综合考虑，本文采用泄漏电流法测量液氢管流静电。
实际操作中，电流的测量可通过静电计的电流档直接测量，也可通过收集壁面产生泄漏电流的电荷，观察电荷-时间曲线，由曲线斜率计算泄漏电流，从而得到冲流电流，该方法称为泄漏电荷法。以测试管沿中心轴线的截面为对象，固液界面起电和电荷传输过程如图3所示。因流动荷电，流体域与管壁分别携带等量异号电荷；当导电铜丝与外壁面接触后壁面电荷随即传导至静电计，可间接测量液氢中的电荷量。
测试管绝缘措施如图4所示，测试真空管段的内管和外管与前后端的连接分别采用聚四氟乙烯垫圈、橡胶垫圈以及聚四氟螺栓套圈等实现，并保证电绝缘。在测试段外管采集并测量泄漏电荷信号和电流信号，同时利用静电屏蔽罩隔绝外界电磁信号，即可实现液氢流动荷电产生的冲流电流测量。
实验中，电信号测量是通过高灵敏静电计实现。对于电流测量，静电计的最低分辨率达10-16 A，对于电荷测量，最低分辨率达10-14 C。在液氢实验前，首先采用液氮开展了系统调试，并对泄漏电流法与泄漏电荷法开展了对比分析，其信号曲线如图5所示。由图5（a）可知，对电流测量而言，测点分布散乱，流动荷电稳定后测量值在2×10-11~11×10-11 A波动，大部分数据集中在5×10-11~7×10-11 A，平均值为6.16×10-11 A，标准差为1.01×10-11 A。图5（b）所示为壁面泄漏电荷随时间的测量曲线，可以看出，电荷随着时间稳步上升，对信号曲线线性拟合，曲线斜率即为泄漏电流，其值为5.96×10-11 A。对比可知，电流测量与电荷测量所得泄漏电流值相差3.36%。鉴于直接测量电流信号波动较大，因此，液氢测量中采用泄漏电荷测量方法。
1.3 实验操作流程
液氢管流静电测试中，首先，利用液氮冷量将测试系统冷却至约80 K，预冷时间不低于24 h；随后，排出液氢罐内液氮，通入氢气对液氢储罐、管路等进行吹扫置换，吹扫时间不少于4 h；吹扫结束后，向液氢储罐注入液氢，罐内压力不超过0.15 MPa；当储罐内液氢液位超过90%后，停止液氢转注；接通测试系统，通过调节入口阀门调节液氢流量，记录流量稳定后测试管壁电荷积累随时间变化。
需要说明的是，在正式通入液氢前，需要对空载管道进行接地噪声电流测试，并在后续测试中减去该电流，噪声电流如图6所示。可以看出，该电荷随时间稳步上升，接地噪声电流Ig为4.28×10-12 A。在测试管道预冷后，通过调节液氢储罐压力，提供不同过冷状态的液氢以抑制液氢两相流的出现。每组实验中，观测汽化器后氢气流量计确定流量值，并判定流量是否稳定。当流量稳定后，通过静电计测量泄漏电荷，采集过程持续1 min。
改变液氢流量，待流量达到新的稳定后，开启下一个流速工况的泄漏电荷测量，直至所有工况完成。测试结束后，排放容器和管道内的液氢，通过氮气吹扫使系统复温至室温，实验结束。
1.4 不确定度分析
搭建的实验系统主要对温度、压力、流量及电荷进行测量。实验过程中，误差来源可分为原始数据的传感器误差us、采集信号仪器分辨率和响应时间等引入的采集误差ua，由于实验操作等原因引入的偶然误差ur。根据误差传递公式：
式中：um为被测物理量的综合误差。
实验中，测量仪表包括Cernox温度传感器、压力传感器、常温热式气体流量计和Keithley 6517B型静电计，对应的综合不确定度如表1所示。
2 实验结果与讨论
收起
2.1 数据有效性分析
因液氢管流速度安全边界尚不明确，液氢流动静电积聚实验本身具有较高的危险性；基于测试方法的需要，测试管道本身并不接地，使得静电放电成为可能；而实验本身所关注的静电问题即是引发液氢爆炸等高危事故的原因之一。因此，基于本实验平台，首先开展了液氮流动静电测试，以期验证实验方案的可行性，结果如图7所示，并与Liu Bowen等[27]开展的液氮流动静电实验结果进行了对比分析。图中，直径为2、5、10 mm管道测试结果为Liu Bowen等采用冲流电荷法所得结果；直径为4 mm管道测试结果为本实验采用泄漏电荷法所得结果。由图7可知，d=4 mm工况的曲线同其他3条曲线均能反映流速对荷电强度的影响，且电荷密度测试结果接近。此外，d=4 mm的测试结果处于d=2 mm和5 mm结果之间，可以认为以液氮为测试工质分别在2个测试平台上所得结果具有一致性，从而验证了本实验平台开展低温流体流动荷电测试方法和结果的可靠性。
2.2 典型工况
图8所示为液氢流量为3.59 kg/h时的泄漏电荷随时间的变化，对应液氢流速为1.26 m/s。测试表明，泄漏电流Il为2.98×10-12 A。考虑到接地噪声电流的影响，校正后真实泄漏电流为-1.30×10-12 A。
电荷密度：
式中：ρq，a为体积平均电荷密度，C/m3；ρ为液氢密度，kg/m3；qm为液氢质量流量，kg/h。
该工况下，液氢平均电荷密度为9.24×10-8 C/m3。该结果证明，液氢在流动荷电时显正电特性，即在不锈钢管中流动会在流体中积聚正电荷。图中曲线呈台阶式上升，这是因为所采用静电计显示分辨率为1×10-11 C，又由于液氢流动荷电强度极低，几秒时间内电荷积聚量小于仪器显示分辨率。根据电荷测量原理，在足够长时间内电荷变化量显著，该曲线变化不影响最终泄漏电流值和平均电荷密度的确定。
由图8可知，电荷量随时间近似线性增加，即泄漏电流相对稳定，这不仅与稳定的液氢流量供应相关，也说明在测试管长范围内，液氢与管道的固液界面处因流动产生了稳定的电荷转移。可以预测，随着时间持续，电荷仍将持续增加，但本实验无法判断液氢管流静电在壁面积累的阈值，电荷的持续增加仅是由于液氢的持续流入。此外，液氢黏度低，易达到湍流状态，流动对电荷分布扰动显著，若增加测试管长，其与管道的荷电阈值将增大，泄漏电流增大，也即曲线的斜率增大。Liu Bowen等[25]也展示了50 m管道中液氢管流静电冲流电流随流动距离的预测结果，指出当雷诺数Re不变时，随着管长增加，电流将逐渐增大并趋于饱和。该饱和值相较于1 m长管道的冲流电流增大了2个量级。
2.3 流速影响
改变液氢流量可得到不同流速下液氢泄漏电荷信号曲线，结果如图9所示。可以看出，液氢Re增至200 000时，所测平均电荷密度值由低Re时的约1.02×10-7 C/m3降至约0.40×10-7 C/m3，且降低速率逐渐减缓。这是因为测试管长为1 m，流动荷电处在初期发展阶段，增加流速会增加壁面起电速率和湍流扰动强度，所需的发展长度增加。因此，在特定流速下可能出现流速增大，电荷密度降低的现象。
电荷的运动可通过电流密度表征，包含对流项、扩散项和传导项。其表达式为：
式中：为电流密度，A/m2；、、分别为电流密度对流项、扩散项、传导项；为流体速度，m/s；D为扩散系数，m2/s；σ为电导率，S/m；φ为静电势，V。
考虑到液氢电导率极低，在测试段可忽略传导作用影响。从电荷输运过程中的对流和扩散2种竞争机制来看，Re增加，轴向对流作用将增强；同时，虽然壁面起电速率和主流区湍流强度亦增强，为强化电荷径向扩散作用提供了可能，但贴壁处极薄的双电层中由分子扩散作用主导的电荷迁移几乎不受流速增大影响，限制了电荷宏观尺度上的径向扩散。因此，液氢流速增大，相较于径向扩散作用而言，轴向的对流作用得到显著强化，从而使得相同时间内更多的电荷向下游迁移，进而导致上述实验结果。
实验中液氢最高流速约在10 m/s，更多的电荷被输运至下游。Liu Bowen等[24]仿真研究指出，苯的冲流电流饱和距离约在1 m，而液氢的冲流电流饱和距离达数十米，该差异来源于液氢的极低电导率和低黏度特性。液氢的饱和距离随流速的提高而进一步延长，且更高的流速对应更高的冲流电流饱和值，这与本实验在固定管径、管长下随Re增大，电荷密度降低的结果不矛盾。
2.4 国内外实验对比
除本文所开展的液氢流动荷电测试外，法国学者G. Touchard[16]基于1.16 mm和2 mm管径管路开展了液氢流动荷电实验。将国内外实验数据进行对比，如图10所示。可以看出，管径对电荷密度有重要影响，管径越小，电荷密度越高。管径增加使固液之间接触面积增大，但同时增大了液氢流量，单位流量液氢的接触面积下降。此外，增大管径提升了总的净电荷产生量，意味着电荷由近壁区扩散层内迁移至主流区域的路径变长，增大了电荷输运阻力。
在Touchard实验中，1.16 mm管径工况下随着Re增加电荷密度实验点相对分散；而2 mm管径工况下，随着Re增加，电荷密度略微上升，与本文实验电荷密度趋势存在差异。分析指出，Touchard实验中除了可能的两相流影响外，测试管道的荷电液氢收集也会产生额外电荷。
2.5 液氢与液氮工况对比
将液氢与液氮流动荷电测试结果进行对比，结果如图11所示。可以发现，液氮管流的泄漏电流为正，即液氮在不锈钢管中流动带负电。这是因为液氮分子间存在稳定的三键结构，导致其不易失去电子，当与管壁材料摩擦时，管壁材料的电子进入流体区，使流体显示负极性。此外，在相同流速范围内，液氢流动荷电的电荷密度在2×10-7 C/m3以下，而液氮的电荷密度在4×10-7 C/m3（取绝对值）以上，且随着流速增大，液氮的电荷密度变化更加显著。二者流动荷电强度的差异除与流体-壁面接触性质相关外，与二者电导率差异亦存在重要关系。液氢电导率为4.99×10-18 S/m，液氮电导率为2.07×10-17 S/m，二者相差4倍，更高的电导率使传导作用增强，增大了由扩散层脱离传递到主流区的电荷通量。
3 结论
收起
本文搭建了液氢管流静电积聚特性测试平台，采用泄漏电荷法测量了液氢流经管道的冲流电流，获得了不同流速下平均荷电密度的数据，得到如下结论：
1）液氢管路经静电屏蔽和噪声电流消除后，液氢流过管道会带正电，电荷密度约在10-8 C/m3量级。
2）在管径为4 mm、管长为1 m的测试管内，当Re<2×105时，液氢流动荷电的电荷密度随流速增大而减小；管路入口效应对液氢流动荷电发展存在影响，随着流速增大，电荷输运中对流作用相较于扩散作用将显著强化。
3）与国外开展的液氢流动荷电实验对比发现，液氢管流荷电的电荷密度随管径增大而减小。
4）对比液氢和液氮流动荷电结果发现，液氮荷电显示负极性，电荷密度在10-7 C/m3量级。
文献
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.024
  • 接收时间：2025-06-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-10-16
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  • 收稿日期：2025-06-09
  • 修回日期：2025-07-14
  • 录用日期：2025-07-14
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    西安交通大学制冷与低温工程系　西安　710049

通讯作者:

王磊，男，教授，西安交通大学制冷与低温工程系，18220550071，E-mail：。研究方向：航天低温推进剂技术，液氢与氢安全技术。
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