Article(id=1239217291892675118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711641600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-29, revisedDate=1722787200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-05, acceptedDate=1722873600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-06, onlineDate=1773382025930, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382025930, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382025930, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382025930, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217292110778928, articleId=1239217291892675118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research to Optimize the Refrigerant Charge of the Natural Refrigerants R1270 and R290 in Heat-Pump Water Heaters and Their Performance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

R1270 and R290 are alternative refrigerants with great potential. In this study, the influence of the refrigerant charge on the performance of the heat-pump water heater with R1270 and R290, the temperature distribution of the heat transfer fluids in the condenser, and the feasibility of replacing R22 with natural refrigerants were investigated. The results indicate that the refrigerant charge has a considerable influence on the cycle performance and the temperature distribution of the heat-transfer fluids in both systems. At the same optimal charge (0.90 kg), the R1270 and R290 systems achieved a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.443 and 4.317, respectively. At different refrigerant charges, two heat transfer pinch points and two maximum heat transfer temperature differences occurred in the condensers of both systems, and the locations of the first pinch point and the second maximum temperature difference point showed similar migrations with changes in refrigerant charge. Compared with the R22 system, both the R1270 and R290 systems, at optimal charge, achieved significantly better COP and discharge temperatures, exhibited relatively equivalent discharge pressures, and their heating capacities increased by 7.05% and decreased by 10.65%, respectively. Hence, R1270 can be preferred over R290 for replacing R22 in a heat-pump water heater.

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Ju Fujun, male, Ph. D., lecturer, School of Smarts Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 86-371-62506808, E-mail: . Research fields: energy saving and intelligent of heat pump, efficient use of renewable energy and energy storage technology.
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R1270和R290均是氟利昂等传统工质的潜在替代工质。实验研究了名义工况下工质充注量对分别使用R1270和R290的热泵热水器系统性能和冷凝器中换热流体温度分布的影响以及自然工质替代R22的可行性。结果表明:充注量对两系统的循环性能和换热流体的温度分布均有显著影响;R1270系统和R290系统均在相同的最佳充注量(0.90 kg)下分别获得最大COP为4.443和4.317;不同充注量下两系统的冷凝器中均出现2个传热窄点和2个最大传热温差,且其第一传热窄点和第二最大传热温差的出现位置均随充注量的变化而出现相似的迁移;相比于R22系统,R1270系统和R290系统在最佳充注量下均获得明显占优的COP和排气温度以及基本相当的排气压力,且其制热量分别提升了7.05%和降低了10.65%,因此R1270比R290在热泵热水器中替代R22时优势更显著。

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巨福军,男,博士,讲师,中原工学院智慧能源与环境学院,0371-62506808,E-mail:。研究方向:热泵节能与智能化;可再生能源高效利用与储能技术。
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Keyword(id=1239217298943300380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=R290), Keyword(id=1239217299014603551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=充注量), Keyword(id=1239217299094295329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=温度分布)], refs=[Reference(id=1239217302814643110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=81, issue=null, pageStart=1530, pageEnd=1547, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=FUENTES E, ARCE L, SALOM J, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUENTES E, ARCE L, SALOM J. 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figureFileSmall=HApW5sQr0CrVmmcVjC6/xg==, figureFileBig=OxcERvOjp7XyOcOFY060Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217302466515845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=CN, label=图10, caption=最佳充注量下3种系统压比和排气温度的对比, figureFileSmall=HApW5sQr0CrVmmcVjC6/xg==, figureFileBig=OxcERvOjp7XyOcOFY060Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217302575567760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Structural parameters of heat exchangers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
换热器类型管长/m外管外径/mm外管壁厚/mm内管外径/mm内管壁厚/mm
套管蒸发器9.6221.012.700.75
套管冷凝器21.6161.59.520.80
), ArticleFig(id=1239217302676231064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217291892675118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=换热器结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
换热器类型管长/m外管外径/mm外管壁厚/mm内管外径/mm内管壁厚/mm
套管蒸发器9.6221.012.700.75
套管冷凝器21.6161.59.520.80
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热泵热水器中自然替代工质R1270和R290的充注量优选及性能研究
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巨福军 , 侯力豪 , 刘清磊 , 王浩然 , 肖成杰 , 范晓伟
制冷学报 | 2025,46(5): 69-76
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(5): 69-76
热泵热水器中自然替代工质R1270和R290的充注量优选及性能研究
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巨福军 , 侯力豪, 刘清磊, 王浩然, 肖成杰, 范晓伟
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  • 中原工学院智慧能源与环境学院 郑州 450007

通讯作者:

巨福军,男,博士,讲师,中原工学院智慧能源与环境学院,0371-62506808,E-mail:。研究方向:热泵节能与智能化;可再生能源高效利用与储能技术。
Research to Optimize the Refrigerant Charge of the Natural Refrigerants R1270 and R290 in Heat-Pump Water Heaters and Their Performance
Fujun Ju , Lihao Hou, Qinglei Liu, Haoran Wang, Chengjie Xiao, Xiaowei Fan
Affiliations
  • School of Smart Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.069
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R1270和R290均是氟利昂等传统工质的潜在替代工质。实验研究了名义工况下工质充注量对分别使用R1270和R290的热泵热水器系统性能和冷凝器中换热流体温度分布的影响以及自然工质替代R22的可行性。结果表明:充注量对两系统的循环性能和换热流体的温度分布均有显著影响;R1270系统和R290系统均在相同的最佳充注量(0.90 kg)下分别获得最大COP为4.443和4.317;不同充注量下两系统的冷凝器中均出现2个传热窄点和2个最大传热温差,且其第一传热窄点和第二最大传热温差的出现位置均随充注量的变化而出现相似的迁移;相比于R22系统,R1270系统和R290系统在最佳充注量下均获得明显占优的COP和排气温度以及基本相当的排气压力,且其制热量分别提升了7.05%和降低了10.65%,因此R1270比R290在热泵热水器中替代R22时优势更显著。

工质替代  /  R1270  /  R290  /  充注量  /  温度分布

R1270 and R290 are alternative refrigerants with great potential. In this study, the influence of the refrigerant charge on the performance of the heat-pump water heater with R1270 and R290, the temperature distribution of the heat transfer fluids in the condenser, and the feasibility of replacing R22 with natural refrigerants were investigated. The results indicate that the refrigerant charge has a considerable influence on the cycle performance and the temperature distribution of the heat-transfer fluids in both systems. At the same optimal charge (0.90 kg), the R1270 and R290 systems achieved a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.443 and 4.317, respectively. At different refrigerant charges, two heat transfer pinch points and two maximum heat transfer temperature differences occurred in the condensers of both systems, and the locations of the first pinch point and the second maximum temperature difference point showed similar migrations with changes in refrigerant charge. Compared with the R22 system, both the R1270 and R290 systems, at optimal charge, achieved significantly better COP and discharge temperatures, exhibited relatively equivalent discharge pressures, and their heating capacities increased by 7.05% and decreased by 10.65%, respectively. Hence, R1270 can be preferred over R290 for replacing R22 in a heat-pump water heater.

refrigerant replacement  /  R1270  /  R290  /  refrigerant charge  /  temperature distribution
巨福军, 侯力豪, 刘清磊, 王浩然, 肖成杰, 范晓伟. 热泵热水器中自然替代工质R1270和R290的充注量优选及性能研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 69 -76 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.069
Fujun Ju, Lihao Hou, Qinglei Liu, Haoran Wang, Chengjie Xiao, Xiaowei Fan. Research to Optimize the Refrigerant Charge of the Natural Refrigerants R1270 and R290 in Heat-Pump Water Heaters and Their Performance[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 69 -76 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.069
生活热水能耗在建筑能耗中占比相对较大,其中在民用建筑能耗中占比约为20%,而在商业建筑能耗中占比最高则可达40%[1]。与电热水装置、燃煤锅炉、燃气锅炉等相比,热泵热水器具有能源效率高、安全可靠等显著优势,已成为降低生活热水能耗和实现建筑领域“双碳”目标的主要技术选项[1-3]。然而,热泵热水器使用的R22、R134a等传统工质均具有较高的GWP(Global Warming Potential,全球变暖潜值),属于《基加利修正案》中明确规定的将要被限制使用或淘汰的工质。因此,寻找一种绿色高效的热泵热水器用替代工质是现阶段热泵领域的研究热点和刻不容缓的任务[4]。碳氢类工质(hydrocarbons,HCs)的GWP较低、热力学性能优异、价格低廉、易于获取,与矿物润滑油有极好的互溶性,其中R1270和R290具有较高的冷凝、沸腾传热系数和优异的系统循环特性,是替代HFCs的可靠方案[5-6]
国内外学者对HCs类工质作为替代工质在热泵和空调的可行性进行了大量研究。张耘等[7]实验评估了R290在低温热泵中替代R22的潜力,结果发现相同制热量下R290系统具有更高的COP(coefficient of performance,性能系数)。Shen Bo等[8]模拟研究发现在直热式热泵热水器中,R290较R134a所需的压缩机排量更小,且其充注量减少了50%。Fang Xing等[9]模拟研究发现以R1270和R290为工质的空调系统COP均大于R22。Chen Jianbo等[10]实验检验了空气源热泵系统中R1270和R290替代R22的可行性,发现R1270和R290具有更高的COP和制冷量,且R1270替代R22优势较为显著。
工质充注量是影响热泵系统性能的重要参数之一。M. Mehrabi等[11]理论评估了工质充注量对空气源热泵性能的影响,结果表明相比于工质过充,在欠充状态下工质对热泵的制热量(制冷量)和COP影响较大。R. Ghoubali等[12]通过R290蓄热式热泵热水器实验研究了工质充注量对过热度的影响,发现随着充注量的增加过热度先降低后趋于平稳。石含等[13]实验研究发现,R410A空气源热泵系统COP随工质充注量的增加呈先增后减的趋势。王栋等[14]实验研究发现存在最佳充注量使CO2水源热泵热水器COP达到最佳值,且在欠充状态下工质充注量对系统COP影响更显著。施永康等[15]实验研究发现R22静态加热式热泵热水器存在最佳制冷剂充注量,且过量充注导致COP变化显著。
综上所述,R1270和R290在空调和热泵系统中具有较好的替代性能,且充注量是影响其系统性能的重要因素,但针对R1270和R290在直热式热泵热水器中替代性能的评估工作尚有待开展。因此,本文基于搭建的直热式热泵热水器实验装置,实验研究了名义工况下充注量对R1270系统和R290系统的循环性能和冷凝器中换热流体温度分布的影响规律,并评估了R1270和R290在直热式热泵热水器中替代R22的潜力,以期为热泵热水器用绿色高效工质的优选和自然工质的推广应用提供一定参考。
图1所示,用于评估R1270和R290替代潜力的实验系统由热泵热水器和数据测量采集系统组成。热泵热水器主要包括旋转式热泵专用压缩机、冷凝器、蒸发器、节流装置、加热水箱和冷却水箱等。压缩机为排气量为63.3 L/min的R22转子式压缩机。冷凝器和蒸发器均为自制逆流套管式蛇形紫铜换热器,其结构参数如表1所示。冷凝器和蒸发器内换热流体的流道如图1所示。节流装置为耐压型手动节流阀;加热水箱和冷却水箱分别提供实验要求进口温度的热源和热汇。数据测试采集系统包括T型热电偶、Pt100、压力变送器、流量计、功率变送器,其详细测点分布见图1;T型热电偶被均匀布置在冷凝器和蒸发器的沿程以便获取换热流体的沿程温度变化。工质、热汇和热源的温度由T形热电偶(±0.3 ℃)和Pt100(±0.1 ℃)测量。工质压力由压力变送器(±0.04%)进行测量;工质流量、热汇流量和热源流量分别由质量流量计(±0.1%)、电磁流量计(±0.2%)和电磁流量计(±0.25%)测量。压缩机功耗由功率变送器(±0.5%)测量。
间接测量参数的计算如下:
式中:COP为系统制热性能系数;Wcm为压缩机功耗,kW;Qh为制热量,kW;cp为水的比定压热容,kJ/(kg·K);mhs为热汇质量流量,kg/s;thso为热汇出口温度,℃;thsi为热汇进口温度,℃;R为压比;pdis为排气压力,MPa;psuc为吸气压力,MPa。
由二次幂法计算可知,最佳充注量下,R1270系统的Qh、COP和压比的不确定度分别为0.71%、1.52%和0.14%,而R290系统相应参数的不确定度分别为0.71%、1.70%和0.16%。
根据GB/T 19409—2020[16]设定了名义工况下热泵热水器实验工况参数:热汇的进口和出口温度分别为15 ℃和55 ℃;热源进口温度和流量分别为20 ℃和0.178 kg/s。在充注量为0.6~1.1 kg范围内,实验研究了充注量对R1270系统和R290系统循环性能和冷凝器中沿程温度分布的影响,并综合评价了R1270和R290替代R22的可行性。
图2所示为充注量对COP和功耗的影响。由图2可知,两热泵系统的COP均随充注量的增加先迅速升高后缓慢下降,主要由于制热量和功耗的综合作用(图2图3),且在充注量不足时,随着充注量的增加,制热量的增加速度明显快于功耗,此时制热量对COP的影响占主导地位,而在过量充注时,制热量随着充注量增加的提升速度明显放缓,此时功耗成为影响COP变化的主导因素。R1270系统和R290系统均在最佳充注量0.90 kg下分别获得最大COP为4.443和4.317,且前者较后者提升了2.92%,因此R1270系统在系统能效方面具有一定优势。随着充注量的增多,R1270系统和R290系统的压缩机功耗均持续上升,主要归因于压缩机内可压缩工质量的增多;在相同充注量下,R1270系统的功耗均明显高于R290系统,主要由于R1270的临界温度(91.06 ℃)明显低于R290(96.74 ℃),导致在相同工况下R1270系统获得较高的吸气工质密度和工质流量。
图3所示为充注量对制热量和冷凝器出口工质过冷度的影响。由图3可知,R1270系统和R290系统的制热量均随充注量的增加先迅速后缓慢上升,主要原因是在充注量不足时,冷凝器未充分发挥其换热能力,工质的不断充入导致冷凝器的换热能力迅速升高和制热量的快速攀升,而当过量充注时,随着工质的不断充入,大量工质的不断积存导致换热器的有效传热面积减少和排气压力不断提升,二者综合作用下冷凝器的换热能力出现平缓提升,此时制热量呈缓慢升高趋势;最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统的制热量分别为5.026 kW和4.197 kW,且前者较后者提升了19.75%,因此R1270系统在制热能力方面优势显著。在相同充注量下,R1270系统的制热量均明显高于R290系统,主要因为较低的临界温度导致在相同工况下R1270系统具有较高的吸气压力(见图4)和吸气工质密度,进而获得较大的工质流量;随着充注量的增加,两系统的过冷度均先快速后平缓升高,主要原因是充注量的增加会导致大量工质堆积在冷凝器出口附近,相应造成排气压力的升高和冷凝器出口工质温度的降低,同时冷凝器的换热能力出现先快速后缓慢增强的变化导致冷凝器出口工质温度先快速后缓慢降低;R1270系统和R290系统在最佳充注量下的过冷度分别为31.37 ℃和33.54 ℃。
图4所示为排气压力和吸气压力随充注量的变化。两系统的排气压力均随充注量的增加而平缓升高,主要原因为充注量的增加导致冷凝器中的工质不断积聚增多[12];在最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统的排气压力分别为2.054 5 MPa和1.761 2 MPa,且前者较后者升高了0.293 3 MPa;在充注量为0.60~1.10 kg时,R1270系统的排气压力较R290系统升高了0.283 2~0.310 4 MPa,主要由于R1270具有较低的标准沸点(-47.62 ℃);充注量对R1270系统和R290系统吸气压力的影响均较小,主要归因于相近的蒸发温度和蒸发器中相似的工质压降;在最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统的吸气压力分别为0.717 8 MPa和0.590 7 MPa,且前者较后者升高了0.127 1 MPa。
图5所示为压比和排气温度随充注量的变化。由图5可知,随着充注量的升高,两系统的压比均呈缓慢上升趋势,主要归因于平缓升高的排气压力和变化较小的吸气压力(见图4);R1270系统和R290系统在最佳充注量下的压比分别为2.86和2.98;两系统的排气温度均随充注量的升高而明显升高,其与压比的变化趋势一致,表明压比是影响排气温度变化的主要因素[17];在最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统排气温度分别为83.51 ℃和79.45 ℃,且前者较后者升高了4.06 ℃,意味着后者在生产高温热水方面稍具优势;在充注量为0.60~1.10 kg时,R1270系统的排气温度较R290系统升高了3.72~4.79 ℃。
图6所示为不同充注量下冷凝器中工质和热汇的沿程温度分布。充注量对两系统的工质和热汇的温度分布具有相似的影响规律;在不同充注量下,两系统的工质沿程温度曲线均包括过热段、冷凝段和过冷段;两系统的过冷段均随充注量的增加而明显增长,主要原因是工质在冷凝器中的不断堆积导致过冷度的升高(见图3);随着充注量的升高,R1270系统的工质和热汇温度曲线近似平行区域(简称:近似平行区域)对应的管长区间/区间长度分别为19.2~21.6 m/2.4 m、14.4~19.2 m/4.8 m和9.6~13.2 m/3.6 m,对应的传热温差区间分别为18.78~20.71 ℃、4.61~20.01 ℃和8.29~20.86 ℃;R290系统的相应区域对应的管长区间/区间长度分别为19.2~21.6 m/3.6 m、14.4~19.2 m/4.8 m、9.6~12.0 m/2.4 m,传热温差区间分别为12.21~21.67 ℃、0.81~19.35 ℃和9.01~21.64 ℃。在最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统的近似平行区域中均获得最大的区间长度4.8 m和最小的传热温差,有助于改善工质和热汇间的温度匹配。在充注量为0.70 kg下,R1270系统和R290系统的热汇均仅在饱和蒸气点区域出现缓慢升温段,而在其他充注量下,其热汇均在饱和蒸气点区域和冷凝出口区域出现缓慢升温段。饱和蒸气点区域出现热汇缓慢升温段的主要原因为较小的传热温差,但冷凝器出口区域出现该现象的主要原因是较小的传热系数和传热温差。
沿着工质的流动方向,按照传热窄点/最大传热温差出现的先后顺序将其分别称为第一传热窄点/最大传热温差和第二传热窄点/最大传热温差。图7所示为不同充注量下工质和热汇间的传热温差随冷凝器管长的变化。3种充注量下,两系统均在饱和蒸气点或向冷凝器出口偏移1.2~2.4 m附近出现第一传热窄点,并在冷凝器出口出现第二传热窄点,且第一传热窄点的出现位置均随充注量的增加向冷凝器进口迁移;3种充注量下,两系统均在冷凝器进口出现第一最大传热温差,并在饱和液体点向冷凝器出口偏移1.2~2.4 m附近出现第二最大传热温差,且第二最大传热温差的出现位置均随充注量的增加向冷凝器进口迁移。
R1270和R290具有零ODP(ozone depletion potential,臭氧损耗潜值)、低GWP和优良的热力学性质[18-19],因此被认为是R22的理性替代工质。本文将对R1270和R290在直热式热泵热水器中的替代性能进行综合评价。鉴于R1270和R290系统的最佳充注量均为R22系统(1.90 kg)的47.37%,R1270和R290的使用可实现减量充注,相应地降低工质生产、运输和回收等环节的间接温室效应。需要指出的是,R22系统的最佳充注量是由之前的实验研究[20]获得的。
图8所示为最佳充注量下3种系统的COP和制热量。在最佳充注量下,R1270系统和R290系统的COP分别较R22系统升高了5.04%和2.72%,因此R1270和R290在系统能效方面均表现出明显的替代优势,尤其是R1270相较于R22系统,R1270系统的制热量提升了7.05%,而R290系统的制热量则降低了10.65%,意味着R1270的替代使用有助于提升热泵系统的制热能力,而R290替代使用时需要更换较大排气量的压缩机以便获得相同的制热能力。
图9所示为最佳充注量下3种系统的排气压力和吸气压力。与R22系统相比,R1270系统的排气压力和吸气压力均略有升高,分别提升了0.112 5 MPa和0.114 7 MPa,而R290系统的排气压力和吸气压力则均略有下降,分别降低了0.180 8 MPa和0.012 4 MPa。由此可知,R1270和R290在R22系统中替代使用时不存在由运行压力带来的安全隐患。
图10所示为最佳充注量下3种系统的压比和排气温度。R1270系统获得了最小压比,R290系统次之,而R22系统则获得了最大压比;R1270系统和R290系统的排气温度较R22系统分别降低了11.87 ℃和16.93 ℃,意味着R1270系统和R290系统在制取更高温度的生活热水和延长压缩机使用寿命方面优势显著[21],尤其R290系统的优势更明显。
本文基于热泵热水器系统测试和分析了名义工况下充注量对R1270系统和R290系统的循环性能和冷凝器中换热流体温度分布的影响,并综合分析了R1270和R290替代R22的可行性,得到如下结论:
1)充注量对R1270系统和R290系统的COP、制热量和排气压力等循环性能均影响显著,且存在相同的最佳充注量0.90 kg使R1270系统和R290系统分别获得最大COP为4.443和4.317,其相应的制热量分别为5.026 kW和4.197 kW。
2)偏离最佳充注量会降低R1270系统和R290系统冷凝器内换热流体间的温度匹配水平;不同充注量下两系统的冷凝器中均出现2个传热窄点和2个最大传热温差,其中前者分别出现在饱和蒸气点或向冷凝器出口偏移1.2~2.4 m附近和冷凝器出口,后者分别出现在冷凝器进口和饱和液体点向冷凝器出口偏移1.2~2.4 m附近;两系统的第一传热窄点和第二最大传热温差的出现位置均随充注量的增加向冷凝器进口迁移。
3)最佳充注量下,相较于R22系统,R1270系统和R290系统的COP分别提升了5.04%和2.72%,制热量分别提升了7.05%和降低了10.65%,排气温度分别降低了11.87 ℃和16.93 ℃,并分别获得了基本相当的排气压力,因此R1270和R290在直热式热泵热水器中均具有明显的替代优势,尤其R1270。
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.069
  • 接收时间:2024-03-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-10-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-29
  • 修回日期:2024-08-05
  • 录用日期:2024-08-06
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    中原工学院智慧能源与环境学院 郑州 450007

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巨福军,男,博士,讲师,中原工学院智慧能源与环境学院,0371-62506808,E-mail:。研究方向:热泵节能与智能化;可再生能源高效利用与储能技术。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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