Article(id=1239217290491785244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1718121600000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-12, acceptedDate=1724601600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-26, onlineDate=1773382025596, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1760544000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773382025596, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773382025596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382025596, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239217289715839002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773382025412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773382179485, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239217936007753992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239217289715839002, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239217290651168800, articleId=1239217290491785244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Simulation and Optimization of Refrigerant Side of Ice Mold Evaporator in Direct Cooling Ice Maker, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Quantitative research on the industrial application of direct cooling ice makers is limited, resulting in a lack of clarity in control mechanisms and inadequate heat transfer capability and uniformity in ice making. A mathematical model focusing on the refrigerant side of the ice mold evaporator was established, and a MATLAB simulation model was used to analyze the changes in heat transfer and flow parameters in the flow direction throughout the ice-making process, with comparisons drawn between the experimental data and the simulation results. The heat transfer rate before water icing was approximately 30% higher than that after water icing, and the refrigerant flow rates were significantly different. The heat flux in the superheat region decreased by 40.9% compared to that in the two-phase region, and reducing the superheat section can significantly enhance heat transfer and improve temperature uniformity. The thermal resistances of the water and ice sides accounted for 93.4% and 91.7% of the total resistance, respectively. Thus, the heat transfer of the water side or ice side should first be improved to optimize heat transfer. The simulation model can predict the change in the flow rate and simulate the superheat section, which provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and operation control of an ice-making machine and helps to improve the product performance and accelerate the ice-making process.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Zhao Hongxia, female, professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, 86-531-88399475, E-mail: . Research fields: theoretical analysis of new cycle of CO2 refrigeration heat pump, jet refrigeration technology, theoretical research of injectors.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bowen Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hongxia Zhao, Gongming Xin, Yiguang Cheng, Guangpeng Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239217302311334317, articleId=1239217290491785244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=直冷式制冰机冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧模拟与优化, columnId=0, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对直冷式制冰机在工业应用中的定量研究较少,存在调控机制不明晰,换热能力和制冰均匀性不足等问题,构建了冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧数学模型并利用MATLAB模拟仿真,对比实验数据和模拟结果,分析了换热和流动参数随流动过程和制冰时间的变化。结果表明:水结冰前换热速率比水结冰后高约30%,且制冷剂流量存在明显差异;过热前后热流密度降低40.9%,减少过热段可以显著增强换热,提高换热均匀性;过热前水侧和冰侧热阻分别占总热阻的93.4%和91.7%,换热优化时应优先提高水侧或冰侧换热。该模拟程序可以预测流量变化情况、模拟过热段长短,为制冰机的设计和运行控制提供了理论依据和实际指导,有助于提高产品性能并加速制冰过程。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵红霞,女,教授,山东大学能源与动力工程学院,0531-88399475,E-mail:。研究方向:CO2制冷热泵新循环理论分析,喷射式制冷技术,喷射器的理论研究。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vl7nfILofv9h56uPF84wGQ==, magXml=qyUn9K9H7CDLAJfpDwXTWw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JrLa52fJjxTQz9S8v9absw==, pdfFileSize=3925886, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=csWy6DCC9P3Nvjt9v1vB3A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Js+fQgs8HAprj1ANURqwlg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张博文, 张志强, 赵红霞, 辛公明, 程义广, 李广鹏)}, authors=[Author(id=1239217302864982481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217302974034391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217302864982481, language=EN, stringName=Bowen Zhang, firstName=Bowen, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303070503390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217302864982481, language=CN, stringName=张博文, firstName=博文, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302550409655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302558798265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302567186875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061)])]), Author(id=1239217303162778084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303250858475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303162778084, language=EN, stringName=Zhiqiang Zhang, firstName=Zhiqiang, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303343133168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303162778084, language=CN, stringName=张志强, firstName=志强, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302651072962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302655267266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302663655875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400)])]), Author(id=1239217303452185082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hongxia.zhao@sdu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303536071169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303452185082, language=EN, stringName=Hongxia Zhao, firstName=Hongxia, middleName=null, lastName=Zhao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303628345866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303452185082, language=CN, stringName=赵红霞, firstName=红霞, middleName=null, lastName=赵, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302550409655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302558798265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302567186875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061)])]), Author(id=1239217303724814866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303825478169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303724814866, language=EN, stringName=Gongming Xin, firstName=Gongming, middleName=null, lastName=Xin, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217303921947172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303724814866, language=CN, stringName=辛公明, firstName=公明, middleName=null, lastName=辛, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302550409655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302558798265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302567186875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061)])]), Author(id=1239217303997444650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304093913646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303997444650, language=EN, stringName=Yiguang Cheng, firstName=Yiguang, middleName=null, lastName=Cheng, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304190382643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217303997444650, language=CN, stringName=程义广, firstName=义广, middleName=null, lastName=程, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302651072962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302655267266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302663655875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400)])]), Author(id=1239217304286851643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304387514944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217304286851643, language=EN, stringName=Guangpeng Li, firstName=Guangpeng, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.College of Cold Chain Logistics and Supply Chain Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, Jinan, 250103, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239217304492372552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, authorId=1239217304286851643, language=CN, stringName=李广鹏, firstName=广鹏, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3山东商业职业技术学院冷链物流与供应链产业学院 济南 250103, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302751736265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302755930570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302751736265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Cold Chain Logistics and Supply Chain Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, Jinan, 250103, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302764319179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302751736265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3山东商业职业技术学院冷链物流与供应链产业学院 济南 250103)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1239217304706282069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=direct cooling ice maker), Keyword(id=1239217306207842912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=ice mold evaporator), Keyword(id=1239217306295923303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=refrigerant), Keyword(id=1239217306404975210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=直冷式制冰机), Keyword(id=1239217306505638511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=冰模蒸发器), Keyword(id=1239217306602107509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=制冷剂)], refs=[Reference(id=1239217311010321188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=209, pageEnd=220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=章学来, 甘伟, 郑钦月, journalName=热科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=章学来, 甘伟, 郑钦月, 等. 真空闪蒸制冰技术研究进展[J]. 热科学与技术, 2022, 21(3): 209-220., articleTitle=真空闪蒸制冰技术研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311090012969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=209, pageEnd=220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHANG Xuelai, GAN Wei, ZHENG Qinyue, journalName=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Xuelai, GAN Wei, ZHENG Qinyue, et al. Research progress of vacuum flash evaporative ice making technology[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2022, 21(3): 209-220.), articleTitle=Research progress of vacuum flash evaporative ice making technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311194870573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=48, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=彭兆睿, 郑秋云, 张信荣, journalName=节能与环保, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭兆睿, 郑秋云, 张信荣. CO2跨临界制冰——多温直冷制冰系统优化运行调控研究[J]. 节能与环保, 2023(7): 48-51., articleTitle=CO2跨临界制冰——多温直冷制冰系统优化运行调控研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311282950965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=48, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=PENG Zhaorui, ZHENG Qiuyun, ZHANG Xinrong, journalName=Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(PENG Zhaorui, ZHENG Qiuyun, ZHANG Xinrong. CO2 transcritical ice rink refrigeration cycle—study on the optimal operation of the multi-temperature direct-cooling ice rink refrigeration system[J]. Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection, 2023(7): 48-51.), articleTitle=CO2 transcritical ice rink refrigeration cycle—study on the optimal operation of the multi-temperature direct-cooling ice rink refrigeration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311362642748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=26, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=顾建中, journalName=制冷技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=顾建中. 我国制冰设备概述[J]. 制冷技术, 2005, 25(1): 26-30., articleTitle=我国制冰设备概述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311450723136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=26, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=GU Jianzhong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(GU Jianzhong. A brief introduction of ice-making equipment production in our country[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, 2005, 25(1): 26-30.), articleTitle=A brief introduction of ice-making equipment production in our country, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311538803524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=朱传芳, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱传芳. 海水制冰机制冰过程传热特性研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2010., articleTitle=海水制冰机制冰过程传热特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311647855437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ZHU Chuanfang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHU Chuanfang. Study on heat transfer characteristics of seawater ice maker during ice making[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2010.), articleTitle=Study on heat transfer characteristics of seawater ice maker during ice making, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311735935831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=甄仌, 杨红艳, 许莹莹, journalName=哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=甄仌, 杨红艳, 许莹莹, 等. 制取大型块状冰的制冷系统设计[J]. 哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 39(2): 187-191., articleTitle=制取大型块状冰的制冷系统设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311853376348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=ZHEN Bing, YANG Hongyan, XU Yingying, journalName=Journal of Harbin University of Commerce (Natural Sciences Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHEN Bing, YANG Hongyan, XU Yingying, et al. Design of refrigeration system for making large block ice[J]. Journal of Harbin University of Commerce (Natural Sciences Edition), 2023, 39(2): 187-191.), articleTitle=Design of refrigeration system for making large block ice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217311979205474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=60, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=杨钊勇, journalName=锅炉制造, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨钊勇. 片冰机蒸发器应力有限元分析及优化设计[J]. 锅炉制造, 2020(2): 60-62., articleTitle=片冰机蒸发器应力有限元分析及优化设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312084063082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=60, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=YANG Zhaoyong, journalName=Boiler Manufacturing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YANG Zhaoyong. Finite element analysis and optimization design of ice sheet machine evaporator[J]. Boiler Manufacturing, 2020(2): 60-62.), articleTitle=Finite element analysis and optimization design of ice sheet machine evaporator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312155366252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=297, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=SON C H, YOON J I, CHOI K H, journalName=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SON C H, YOON J I, CHOI K H, et al. Effects of seawater flow rate and evaporation temperature on performance of Sherbet type ice making machine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 297(1): 012069., articleTitle=Effects of seawater flow rate and evaporation temperature on performance of Sherbet type ice making machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312243446642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=张志强, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张志强. 一种供液均匀的直冷式制冰机: 214581962U[P]. 2021-11-02., articleTitle=一种供液均匀的直冷式制冰机, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312314749818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=ZHANG Zhiqiang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Zhiqiang. A straight-cooled ice maker with uniform liquid supply: 214581962U[P]. 2021-11-02.), articleTitle=A straight-cooled ice maker with uniform liquid supply, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312402830206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=杨鲁平, 莫朝庆, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨鲁平, 莫朝庆. 一种直冷式块冰机脱冰机构: 115773601A[P]. 2023-03-10., articleTitle=一种直冷式块冰机脱冰机构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312490910594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=YANG Luping, MO Chaoqing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YANG Luping, MO Chaoqing. The utility model relates to a deicing mechanism of a direct-cooling block ice machine: 115773601A[P]. 2023-03-10.), articleTitle=The utility model relates to a deicing mechanism of a direct-cooling block ice machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312578990984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=17, authorNames=霍广东, 金伟, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=霍广东, 金伟. 一种直冷式块冰机的制冷系统: 211739594U[P]. 2020-10-23., articleTitle=一种直冷式块冰机的制冷系统, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312688042897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=HUO Guangdong, JIN Wei, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(HUO Guangdong, JIN Wei. The invention relates to a refrigeration system of a direct-cooling ice block machine: 211739594U[P]. 2020-10-23.), articleTitle=The invention relates to a refrigeration system of a direct-cooling ice block machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312776123285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=39, issue=7, pageStart=937, pageEnd=944, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=19, authorNames=BALCILAR M, DALKILIC A S, AGRA O, journalName=International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BALCILAR M, DALKILIC A S, AGRA O, et al. A correlation development for predicting the pressure drop of various refrigerants during condensation and evaporation in horizontal smooth and micro-fin tubes[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 39(7): 937-944., articleTitle=A correlation development for predicting the pressure drop of various refrigerants during condensation and evaporation in horizontal smooth and micro-fin tubes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312860009370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=46, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=LOOK D C, journalName=Heat Transfer Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOOK D C. 1-D fin tip boundary condition corrections[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 1997, 18(2): 46-49., articleTitle=1-D fin tip boundary condition corrections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217312964866975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=151, issue=null, pageStart=519, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=CHEN Bolin, YANG T F, SAJJAD U, journalName=Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Bolin, YANG T F, SAJJAD U, et al. Deep learning-based assessment of saturated flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drop for evaporating flow[J]. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 2023, 151: 519-537., articleTitle=Deep learning-based assessment of saturated flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drop for evaporating flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313057141669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1982, volume=88, issue=null, pageStart=185, pageEnd=195, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=22, authorNames=SHAH M M, journalName=ASHRAE-Transactions, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAH M M. Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study[J]. ASHRAE-Transactions, 1982, 88: 185-195., articleTitle=Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313124250536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=23, authorNames=陶文铨, journalName=传热学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陶文铨. 传热学[M]. 5版. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313191359405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=TAO Wenquan, journalName=Heat transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(TAO Wenquan. Heat transfer[M]. 5th ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2019.), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313258468274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=105, issue=3, pageStart=658, pageEnd=660, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=25, authorNames=CAREY V P, journalName=Journal of Heat Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAREY V P. A heat transfer correlation for natural convection from a vertical surface in cold water[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1983, 105(3): 658-660., articleTitle=A heat transfer correlation for natural convection from a vertical surface in cold water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313354937271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=8, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=26, authorNames=高玉平, 邵双全, 司春强, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高玉平, 邵双全, 司春强, 等. R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性[J]. 制冷学报, 2018, 39(4): 8-12., articleTitle=R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313443017663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=8, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=27, authorNames=GAO Yuping, SHAO Shuangquan, SI Chunqiang, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(GAO Yuping, SHAO Shuangquan, SI Chunqiang, et al. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R717 flow boiling inside a horizontal small diameter plain tube[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 39(4): 8-12.), articleTitle=Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R717 flow boiling inside a horizontal small diameter plain tube, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313526903747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1970, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=383, pageEnd=393, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=28, authorNames=ROUHANI S Z, AXELSSON E, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROUHANI S Z, AXELSSON E. Calculation of void volume fraction in the subcooled and quality boiling regions[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1970, 13(2): 383-393., articleTitle=Calculation of void volume fraction in the subcooled and quality boiling regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313648538569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=29, authorNames=汪冰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪冰. 重力作用下组合弯管内气液两相流局部压降特性研究[D]. 芜湖: 安徽工程大学, 2023., articleTitle=重力作用下组合弯管内气液两相流局部压降特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217313753396175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=30, authorNames=WANG Bing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Bing. Study on local pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in combined elbow under gravity[D]. Wuhu: Anhui Polytechnic University, 2023.), articleTitle=Study on local pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in combined elbow under gravity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315225596884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=17, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=31, authorNames=韩晓霞, 南晓红, 刘咸定, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩晓霞, 南晓红, 刘咸定, 等. R290与R404A在水平管内沸腾换热的压降研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2006, 27(2): 17-20., articleTitle=R290与R404A在水平管内沸腾换热的压降研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315368203231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=17, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=32, authorNames=HAN Xiaoxia, NAN Xiaohong, LIU Xianding, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(HAN Xiaoxia, NAN Xiaohong, LIU Xianding, et al. In-tube evaporation pressure-drop characteristics of R290 and R404A[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2006, 27(2): 17-20.), articleTitle=In-tube evaporation pressure-drop characteristics of R290 and R404A, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239217315464672227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=1060, pageEnd=1072, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=33, authorNames=QUIBEN J M, THOME J R, journalName=International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QUIBEN J M, THOME J R. Flow pattern based two-phase frictional pressure drop model for horizontal tubes, part II: new phenomenological model[J]. International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, 2007, 28(5): 1060-1072., articleTitle=Flow pattern based two-phase frictional pressure drop model for horizontal tubes, part II: new phenomenological model, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239217302550409655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302558798265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302567186875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302550409655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239217302651072962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302655267266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302663655875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302651072962, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239217302751736265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302755930570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302751736265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Cold Chain Logistics and Supply Chain Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, Jinan, 250103, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239217302764319179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, companyId=1239217302751736265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3山东商业职业技术学院冷链物流与供应链产业学院 济南 250103)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239217306715353721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principle of direct cooling ice maker system, figureFileSmall=3+lYJ3VowXaRKlleE+qzpg==, figureFileBig=csWy6DCC9P3Nvjt9v1vB3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217306786656894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直冷式制冰机系统原理

1蒸发式冷凝器;2储液器;3干燥过滤器;4经济器;5膨胀阀;6冰模蒸发器;7气液分离器;8压缩机;9油分离器。

, figureFileSmall=3+lYJ3VowXaRKlleE+qzpg==, figureFileBig=csWy6DCC9P3Nvjt9v1vB3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307042509453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Structure of ice mold evaporator, figureFileSmall=X+0mBu2j8qzFZCIK7OQqIA==, figureFileBig=iYMNIhiVnymdgAf4n8duCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307130589842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图2, caption=冰模蒸发器结构, figureFileSmall=X+0mBu2j8qzFZCIK7OQqIA==, figureFileBig=iYMNIhiVnymdgAf4n8duCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307206087318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heat transfer of ice mold of ice machine, figureFileSmall=cZtxZgQZoONV3DZHj4F+Mg==, figureFileBig=nbCoHlPNssDD3H/0Tvva/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307298362011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图3, caption=制冰机冰模传热示意图, figureFileSmall=cZtxZgQZoONV3DZHj4F+Mg==, figureFileBig=nbCoHlPNssDD3H/0Tvva/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307382248095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Program logic diagram, figureFileSmall=NiZyAN3zvzijgNqitZ1RhQ==, figureFileBig=CendNst1QyzSoJY7N/trEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307516465827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图4, caption=程序逻辑图, figureFileSmall=NiZyAN3zvzijgNqitZ1RhQ==, figureFileBig=CendNst1QyzSoJY7N/trEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307608740521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Distribution of measuring points, figureFileSmall=lq8j680SVsDHrp8FmwYRdA==, figureFileBig=4m5bn1VBJEBdKQN5Vm8s6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307701015211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图5, caption=测点分布位置, figureFileSmall=lq8j680SVsDHrp8FmwYRdA==, figureFileBig=4m5bn1VBJEBdKQN5Vm8s6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307780706992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of water/ice temperature and ice thickness, figureFileSmall=Ygt+wRSXKoPP6/67SGYaDg==, figureFileBig=L11uZdWkKyiJFsfZFG8B9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307852010164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图6, caption=水/冰温和结冰厚度分布, figureFileSmall=Ygt+wRSXKoPP6/67SGYaDg==, figureFileBig=L11uZdWkKyiJFsfZFG8B9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217307931701944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flow distribution profiles of refrigerant, figureFileSmall=nJnotOBp3fwYmyXy4V8xrA==, figureFileBig=xrbLYND0lbDL14Jb6p7AzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308061725375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图7, caption=制冷剂流量分布, figureFileSmall=nJnotOBp3fwYmyXy4V8xrA==, figureFileBig=xrbLYND0lbDL14Jb6p7AzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308158194373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Temperature distribution profiles of refrigerant at evaporator inlet, figureFileSmall=l1KCPq2d69Jw9LVr3EhJ6A==, figureFileBig=GJ3uqi0OnOFOaZT+SMBiJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308258857675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图8, caption=蒸发器入口制冷剂温度分布, figureFileSmall=l1KCPq2d69Jw9LVr3EhJ6A==, figureFileBig=GJ3uqi0OnOFOaZT+SMBiJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308372103892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of the calculated refrigerant temperature, pressure at evaporator outlet and experimental data, figureFileSmall=wPFX8HPMXUV8/dVkijHrXw==, figureFileBig=bzAU/MXlNfGhQut0j3evSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308468572891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图9, caption=计算蒸发器出口制冷剂温度、压力与实验数据对比, figureFileSmall=wPFX8HPMXUV8/dVkijHrXw==, figureFileBig=bzAU/MXlNfGhQut0j3evSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308556653277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of the calculated wall temperature of evaporate and experimental data, figureFileSmall=Bm/zyT4YpNEgNSMefJlU3Q==, figureFileBig=7zae9N7d+ylr6MsB3N0MYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308632150754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图10, caption=计算蒸发器壁面温度与实验数据对比, figureFileSmall=Bm/zyT4YpNEgNSMefJlU3Q==, figureFileBig=7zae9N7d+ylr6MsB3N0MYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308737008363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Thermal resistance variation across different computational units when t=300 min, figureFileSmall=GaTtkKwOMT3zNr0UxpRL7Q==, figureFileBig=A19MJmT/IaE1tfaSo7fJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308829283061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图11, caption=t=300 m in时刻不同计算单元下的热阻变化, figureFileSmall=GaTtkKwOMT3zNr0UxpRL7Q==, figureFileBig=A19MJmT/IaE1tfaSo7fJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217308917363449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Heat transfer, refrigerant temperature, and dryness variation with computational units when t=300 min, figureFileSmall=yYvHwpx0CVfwQdgOjYzywQ==, figureFileBig=mZXrOQ35MHWe9BSHPFOH9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217309030609666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图12, caption=t=300m in时刻单元换热量、制冷剂温度及干度随计算单元的变化, figureFileSmall=yYvHwpx0CVfwQdgOjYzywQ==, figureFileBig=mZXrOQ35MHWe9BSHPFOH9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217309156438794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Heat transfer, refrigerant temperature, and dryness variation with computational units when t=420 min, figureFileSmall=UdyAdwcewMVqyZZm3J5KtA==, figureFileBig=YcBq9hKLhfotFXAZxyoznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217309332599571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=图13, caption=t=420 m in时单元换热量、制冷剂温度及干度随计算单元的变化, figureFileSmall=UdyAdwcewMVqyZZm3J5KtA==, figureFileBig=YcBq9hKLhfotFXAZxyoznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239217310783828762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Dimension parameters of ice mold evaporator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
冰模蒸发器整体尺寸/(m×m×m)9.15×26.25×126
椭圆管长半轴/m0.016
椭圆管短半轴/m0.011
椭圆管壁厚/m0.003
隔间尺寸(长×宽×高)/(m×m×m)0.38×0.175×0.92
), ArticleFig(id=1239217310884492065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239217290491785244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=冰模蒸发器尺寸参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
冰模蒸发器整体尺寸/(m×m×m)9.15×26.25×126
椭圆管长半轴/m0.016
椭圆管短半轴/m0.011
椭圆管壁厚/m0.003
隔间尺寸(长×宽×高)/(m×m×m)0.38×0.175×0.92
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
直冷式制冰机冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧模拟与优化
收藏切换
PDF下载
张博文 1 , 张志强 2 , 赵红霞 1 , 辛公明 1 , 程义广 2 , 李广鹏 3
制冷学报 | 2025,46(5): 86-95
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 2025, 46(5): 86-95
直冷式制冰机冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧模拟与优化
全屏
张博文1, 张志强2, 赵红霞1 , 辛公明1, 程义广2, 李广鹏3
作者信息
  • 1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061
  • 2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400
  • 3山东商业职业技术学院冷链物流与供应链产业学院 济南 250103

通讯作者:

赵红霞,女,教授,山东大学能源与动力工程学院,0531-88399475,E-mail:。研究方向:CO2制冷热泵新循环理论分析,喷射式制冷技术,喷射器的理论研究。
Simulation and Optimization of Refrigerant Side of Ice Mold Evaporator in Direct Cooling Ice Maker
Bowen Zhang1, Zhiqiang Zhang2, Hongxia Zhao1 , Gongming Xin1, Yiguang Cheng2, Guangpeng Li3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
  • 2.Shandong Baocheng Refrigerating Equipment Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, 252400, China
  • 3.College of Cold Chain Logistics and Supply Chain Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, Jinan, 250103, China
出版时间: 2025-10-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086
文章导航
收藏切换

针对直冷式制冰机在工业应用中的定量研究较少,存在调控机制不明晰,换热能力和制冰均匀性不足等问题,构建了冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧数学模型并利用MATLAB模拟仿真,对比实验数据和模拟结果,分析了换热和流动参数随流动过程和制冰时间的变化。结果表明:水结冰前换热速率比水结冰后高约30%,且制冷剂流量存在明显差异;过热前后热流密度降低40.9%,减少过热段可以显著增强换热,提高换热均匀性;过热前水侧和冰侧热阻分别占总热阻的93.4%和91.7%,换热优化时应优先提高水侧或冰侧换热。该模拟程序可以预测流量变化情况、模拟过热段长短,为制冰机的设计和运行控制提供了理论依据和实际指导,有助于提高产品性能并加速制冰过程。

直冷式制冰机  /  冰模蒸发器  /  制冷剂

Quantitative research on the industrial application of direct cooling ice makers is limited, resulting in a lack of clarity in control mechanisms and inadequate heat transfer capability and uniformity in ice making. A mathematical model focusing on the refrigerant side of the ice mold evaporator was established, and a MATLAB simulation model was used to analyze the changes in heat transfer and flow parameters in the flow direction throughout the ice-making process, with comparisons drawn between the experimental data and the simulation results. The heat transfer rate before water icing was approximately 30% higher than that after water icing, and the refrigerant flow rates were significantly different. The heat flux in the superheat region decreased by 40.9% compared to that in the two-phase region, and reducing the superheat section can significantly enhance heat transfer and improve temperature uniformity. The thermal resistances of the water and ice sides accounted for 93.4% and 91.7% of the total resistance, respectively. Thus, the heat transfer of the water side or ice side should first be improved to optimize heat transfer. The simulation model can predict the change in the flow rate and simulate the superheat section, which provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and operation control of an ice-making machine and helps to improve the product performance and accelerate the ice-making process.

direct cooling ice maker  /  ice mold evaporator  /  refrigerant
张博文, 张志强, 赵红霞, 辛公明, 程义广, 李广鹏. 直冷式制冰机冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧模拟与优化. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086
Bowen Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hongxia Zhao, Gongming Xin, Yiguang Cheng, Guangpeng Li. Simulation and Optimization of Refrigerant Side of Ice Mold Evaporator in Direct Cooling Ice Maker[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (5) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086
制冰技术作为一项重要的冷冻技术,在工业、商业和家庭中应用广泛,随着科学技术的不断进步,环保意识的提高,现代制冰机在节能、环保和智能化方面有了长足的发展。采用高效制冷剂、优化制冷循环系统、智能控制技术等成为现代制冰机的发展趋势,同时各种新型制冰技术也在不断提出和发展中。变频调速技术、真空闪蒸制冰技术[1]、CO2跨临界制冰技术[2]等的应用,使制冰机在能耗和环保性能上均取得了巨大进步。因冰在餐饮、渔业、冷链物流、工业制冷、医药和化工以及温度控制和环境调节等多领域存在多方面用途,必须在不同的使用需求场景下采用不同类型的制冰机。目前国内主要的制冰设备制造厂的产品有盐水制冰机、管冰机、壳冰机、片冰机、板冰机等[3]
上述制冰机的不同形式在民用、商用等多领域不同场合得到了广泛应用。朱传芳[4]对制冰筒内进行数值模拟,研制了一种可以连续制冰的海水制冰机。甄仌等[5]建立了大型块状冰蒸发器的传热模型,为制冷系统优化设计提供了方法。杨钊勇[6]通过有限元模型分析片冰机蒸发器模型,得出增加导流环数量以满足蒸发器强度要求的结论。H. C. Son等[7]通过实验对小型船舶用双管换热器海水制冰机的性能参数进行分析,得出海水入口温度、体积流量、蒸发温度等与压缩机功耗、COP的关系。上述对制冰机的研究工作多数为中小型民用、商业制冰机。
但在工业领域,为满足商业和工业领域的需要,工业制冰机通常需要大容量和高效的制冷性能。由于制冰规模大、节约成本等要求,需要结构更加简单、制冰量大的设备。近年来,直冷式制冰机逐渐兴起。直冷式制冰机采用了规则排列的制冰模具,水从上方均匀注入,在模具内逐渐凝结成冰,脱冰时采用机械结构将冰块从底部排出。直冷式制冰机具有制冰速度快、结冰质量高、干净卫生、成本低等优点,适用于商业和家庭使用,已广泛应用于渔业、食品加工业、制药业和建筑业等,但在工业上并未大量应用。国外大多数工业制冰厂仍采取盐水制冰的方式,而我国一些厂家率先将直冷式制冰机用于工业制冰领域中,直冷式制冰机具有高制冰速度、大容量、性能稳定、耐久、便于自动化控制等优点。据统计,现每吨冰的产出总成本不超50元,完全可以推广应用至工业领域。
然而,由于直冷式制冰机在工业上推广的时间和范围不足,现存于该领域的研究较少,对直冷式制冰机在工业制冰领域的研究尚处于起步阶段。由于制冰规模大,存在制冰均匀性不足、冰模应力过大、换热量不匹配、节流阀难以控制、压缩机液击等一系列问题。现有的关于直冷式制冰机的研究多关注结构创新[8]、脱冰机制[9]等结构方面的定性优化以及制冷系统的设计[10],并未有关于某一部件内部的制冷剂流动与传热过程的相关研究。冰模蒸发器作为制冰机最重要的部件之一,是制冰的主要部件,制冷剂在蒸发器中流动,带走水的热量使其结冰,根据时间和空间尺度上流动及传热过程的不同,冰模蒸发器的运行特性对制冰速度、效率、均匀性、制冷剂充注量、压缩机能耗等关键数据影响很大,所以掌握冰模蒸发器内部的运行过程并对其进行优化极为重要。
本文将首先展示直冷式制冰机系统及实验过程,建立蒸发器数学模型,随后通过MATLAB软件进行编程计算,对冰模蒸发器的制冷剂侧进行模拟,并与实验数据进行对比,验证程序的有效性,其次得出制冷剂干度、温度、压力、系统传热量等参数随时间、空间的变化。最后对制冰过程进行优化,提升产品性能,帮助改进产品设计。
直冷式制冰机系统原理如图1所示,冷凝器采用高效板程多段分流排液蒸发式冷凝器,在冷凝过程中分段进行气液分离,显著降低冷凝温度。蒸发器采用两通道冰模蒸发器,制冷剂通道和融冰介质通道交替分布,同时考虑制冰、融冰、脱冰。此外,系统中还采用了经济器,将部分冷凝器所得的冷凝液体过冷,进一步提高系统容量和能效。
本文的主要研究对象为冰模蒸发器内部的制冷剂侧流动与传热过程,针对宝成制冰设备有限公司50 kg 20 t(每个制冰格内的冰块质量为50 kg,整个冰模蒸发器的总质量(所有冰块的质量)为20 t。)的冰模蒸发器机组展开实验。制冰机系统开机后,可分为制冰、融冰和脱冰3个阶段,本文仅对制冰阶段进行详细研究和模拟分析。实验过程中,在冰模蒸发器进口处布置温度测点,出口处布置温度和压力测点,在冰模蒸发器接近出口的壁面上布置温度测点,在制冰隔间内布置5个温度测点,以获取制冰前的水温及冰层生成后的冰层厚度。实验时,为避免环境温度的影响,在与外界环境接触的测点处加设了保温材料,实验数据通过安捷伦34972A仪器及手记等方式进行记录。
冰模蒸发器的尺寸如表1所示。冰模蒸发器结构如图2所示,冰模蒸发器由隔板和条板组成,整个蒸发器有14个冷却回路,每列条板为1个冷却回路。条板中设有椭圆管制冷剂通道,通道沿条板长度方向延伸至另一侧后,通过连接弯管连接下一通道,经过5次连接构成蛇形回路。隔板有序焊接在条板上,起到固定和构成隔间的作用,冰块在隔间中制成。整个冰模蒸发器的下部有挡板及保温材料,上部有盖子和保温材料,制冰前在隔间中注入水,考虑到水结冰的体积变化,不会将水充满隔间,在上部留有一定的冗余空间。
取传热过程中一个传热单元作为研究对象,建立冰模蒸发器中制冷剂和冰的传热模型,令条板表面不可视,只显示其制冷剂流道,由对称性,沿长度方向选取一个制冰隔间,以隔间的一半与制冷剂管道的一半为传热模型进行分析,传热示意图如图3所示,图中仅示意了真实结构的一部分,虚线与半个制冷剂管路所构成的即为传热模型。
为简化计算,模型进行如下假设:
1)制冷剂在隔间中的流动和传热是一维且连续的;
2)以直肋的方式计算管壁的导热;
3)由于只考虑制冷剂侧模拟,将隔间中水/冰的温度视作均匀,传热过程视为制冷剂与水或制冷剂与靠近壁面的冰层之间的传热;
4)由于一段制冷剂管路相对于整个制冷剂回路很短,将一段制冷剂管路中的各项热力参数视作不变,仅在下一计算段的入口发生变化。
根据热力学、传热学和流体力学基本公式,得到以下控制方程:
制冷剂侧能量平衡方程:
传热方程:
T3>273.15 K时,
T3≤273.15 K时,
干度计算方程:
冰模壁面温度求解方程:
压降方程:
由于制冷剂单相区压降很小,仅在出口段处于单相,只在制冷剂两相区考虑压降。[11]
在以上方程的基础上进行程序编写,输入初值后,可以对传热量、制冷剂侧温度、压力、干度、冰模壁面温度等进行求解,进而模拟制冷剂侧的流动与传热状态。
1)制冷剂侧热阻计算。
将制冷剂流道管壁视作直肋,管壁外侧不导热,因此将管壁外侧视作肋片中心,直肋肋效率ηf1计算式为[12]
肋面总效率η01的计算式为:
此处Ar1=0。
当制冷剂处于两相区时,制冷剂管内对流传热系数α1采用Shah公式[13-14]进行计算,当制冷剂处于过热段时,α1以Dittus-Boelter公式[15]计算。
制冷剂侧热阻R1的计算式为:
2)水侧热阻计算。
隔间中的水未结冰时,热阻以水侧热阻计算,条板外侧视作直肋,此处肋片的计算方式与制冷剂侧热阻计算中肋片的计算式相同,不同之处仅为将下标为1的参数变为下标为2的参数,需要重新定义的参数如下:
此处Ar2的数值为0。以水的自然对流进行计算[16],计算式如下:
水侧热阻R2的计算式为:
3)冰侧热阻计算。
隔间中的水结冰后,热阻以冰侧热阻计算,此时不考虑肋片,仅考虑固体导热,包括条板壁导热和冰导热。
冰侧热阻R3的计算式为:
4)压降计算。
总压降Δpt(Pa)由4部分组成,分别为静液柱压降Δpg(Pa)、局部阻力压降Δpξ(Pa)、加速压降Δpa(Pa)和摩擦压降Δpf(Pa)。[17]
本文的研究中,制冷剂采取下进上出的形式,仅在垂直方向制冷剂通道进行连接时产生静液柱压降,即只产生5次静液柱压降。每次产生的压降为:
ε1为采用S. Z. Rouhani等[18]的方法进行计算。
经计算,静液柱压降仅占摩擦压降的0.06%以下,这是由于在流经第1次产生重力压降处时,已有部分液相蒸发为气相,同时流道长度很长,摩擦压降很大,因此可以在计算中忽略静液柱压降。
局部阻力压降主要由连接弯头造成,共有5个180°连接弯头,单个弯头处的压降为:
ξ采用汪冰[19]的拟合公式进行计算。经计算,局部阻力压降仅占摩擦压降的0.13%以下,因此可以在计算中忽略局部阻力压降。
加速压降可由下式计算[20]
经计算,加速压降约占摩擦压降的5%~7%,将其考虑在压降计算中。
使用均相模型来预测两相流的摩擦压降[21],将管内两相流的物性参数换算为均匀参数,计算如下:
本文利用MATLAB软件进行程序编写,通过2.2节的计算式,采用分段计算的形式对冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧的传热和流动状态进行模拟。制冷剂进入蒸发器时处于两相区,随着在蒸发器中的流动,吸取热量逐渐汽化,干度增大,干度到达1后完全汽化,进入气相区。在两相区和气相区采取不同的计算式进行计算,将上一个隔间段的出口状态作为下一个隔间段的进口状态,迭代计算。程序逻辑图如图4所示。
对程序编写完成后,输入设计工况进行计算,下面是输入参数以及程序部分求解结果的展示,通过计算结果与实验数据的对比,以确定模拟结果和实验数据之间的一致性和相似性,可以证明程序编写在解决实际问题中的有效性。
输入参数主要有冰模中的水温或冰温、结冰厚度、压缩机中的制冷剂流量以及冰模蒸发器的进口制冷剂温度、干度。
结冰厚度根据实验测得的温度分布采取线性拟合法确定。温度测点分布如图5所示,在一个隔间中布置有5个测点,将5个测点的平均温度作为水温或冰温,其中,1点位于后侧面的中点,3点位于中间面的中点,5点位于左侧面的中点,2点在1、3两点的中点,4点在3、5点的中点。3、4、5点的温度是否小于0 ℃作为有无结冰的依据,当这3个的温度变化时视作开始结冰,开始结冰点的位置代表了冰层厚度,结冰点的时间对应的温度作为线性插值点,由3个线性插值点得出所有时刻的结冰厚度。
水温、冰温以及结冰厚度随时间的分布如图6所示。此处以及下文图中的误差棒表示基于3次重复实验的标准差,数据点为重复实验的均值。水/冰温的最大误差为2.13 ℃,拟合所得结冰厚度的最大误差为0.017 m,有一组数据提前进行结冰,均在误差允许范围内。误差的原因有外界环境温度波动引起的散热误差、热电偶测温误差、结冰过程的不稳定性误差等。
制冷剂流量分布如图7所示。制冷剂流量为压缩机中的流量,14个冷却回路的制冷剂共同进入同一压缩机中。制冰机系统在启动过程中流量增大并产生波动,随后达到稳定状态,当冰模中的水开始结冰后,换热方式由水的自然对流变为冰层的导热,流量开始下降,随着冰层的增厚,流量进一步下降,最后制冰过程结束,流量降至最低。制冷剂流量的最大误差为2.34 t/h,出现在水结冰的初始状态,此处出现的较大误差是由于一组数据提前结冰,换热能力大幅下降造成流量降低。
冰模蒸发器的进口制冷剂干度设为0.33,即入口制冷剂有1/3为液态,2/3为气态,进口制冷剂温度分布如图8所示,同样经过了开机、水的自然对流、冰层导热、制冰结束4个阶段。开机阶段制冷剂进口温度下降,水的自然对流阶段温度保持稳定,进入冰层导热阶段后温度下降,随着冰层增厚温度进一步下降,制冰结束时温度回升。进口温度最大误差为7.25 ℃,主要误差存在于水结冰初期和制冰结束段,误差原因主要为不同组实验的结冰时间和制冰时间的差异。
可与实验数据对比的输出参数主要有:蒸发器出口制冷剂温度、压力及冰模蒸发器壁面温度。
图9所示为程序计算的蒸发器出口制冷剂温度、压力与实验数据的对比,程序求解所得出口温度和出口压力与实验数据吻合较好,出口温度的平均相对误差为2.57%,相对误差范围为0.16%~15.99%。出口压力的平均相对误差为4.42%,相对误差范围为0.29%~9.56%。在制冰机运行阶段,蒸发器出口温度和压力均呈下降趋势,在制冰结束时回升,由于结冰产生的换热能力波动,出口压力存在个别点的波动。
图10所示为计算的冰模蒸发器壁面温度与实验数据的对比。壁面温度的绝对误差为0.098~3.29 ℃,平均绝对误差为1.07 ℃,在t=420 min时绝对误差达到最大,此时处于制冰机冰层导热阶段。实际测量过程中,壁面温度测点位于蓄冰槽侧壁面上,所以壁面温度受到结冰过程的影响较大,相较出口温度和压力的波动较为明显。此外,在同一时刻下,壁面温度随流程的进行也会发生变化,随着制冷剂的过热,制冷剂侧热阻上升,壁面温度会更接近于水温或冰温,此处的计算壁面温度为接近蒸发器出口的壁面温度。
模拟求解结果与实验数据的相似性和一致性可以很好地证明程序的有效性,保证了其在实际应用中的可靠性和准确性,体现了该模拟程序应用于解决实际问题中的可行性。
3.2节的分析体现了程序模拟数据与实验数据的一致性,下面将进一步分析其他程序模拟数据,通过对不同输入工况下的过程参数分析,揭示运行过程中的性能特征和工作状态,以更全面地理解制冰机的运行过程,对机组的控制和调控机制提出优化建议,为实际应用提供可行的控制方案和调控策略,从而提高制冰机的性能和效率。
t=300 min,此时隔间中的水尚未结冰,对水侧和制冷剂侧的热阻进行分析。图11所示为不同计算单元下的热阻变化。由图11可知,制冷剂侧热阻总是小于水侧热阻,过热前,水侧热阻平均占总热阻的93.4%,所以增强换热的方法应集中于加强水侧换热。此外,当制冷剂达到过热段后,制冷剂侧热阻和水侧热阻均急剧增大,过热后的总热阻相较于过热前的前一计算单元增大61.5%,而两相区的总热阻仅增大41.6%。且后续随着过热段的持续,热阻进一步增大10.4%。因此,应尽量减少过热段的出现。当水结冰后,冰侧热阻相较水侧热阻更大,上述的加强换热方法同样适用。
图12所示为t=300 min时单元换热量、制冷剂温度及干度随计算单元的变化。随着流程的进行,制冷剂的蒸发温度本应不变,但在压降的作用下,制冷剂温度下降,制冷剂和水的温差增大,单元换热量在两相区共上升147.8%,干度上升速度变快,换热量增大过程中的波动是由于水侧热阻的波动。干度升至1.0后,制冷剂进入过热状态,过热后的单元换热量仅为过热前的59.1%,且随着过热段持续进一步降低了47.9%,换热量急剧下降。
图13所示为t=420 min时单元换热量、制冷剂温度及干度随计算单元的变化。此时隔间侧的换热方式由水的自然对流转变为冰层导热,冰侧热阻没有像水侧热阻一样的波动,制冷剂温度同样因为压降的存在而下降,单元换热量在两相区上升了57.8%,过热后的单元换热量为过热前的74.3%,随着过热段的持续进一步降低了32.2%。相较于t=300 min时,所有计算单元的换热量之和下降了55.2%。
为满足工业领域的大容量高效制冰需求,本文对结构简单、制冰量大的直冷式制冰机进行了研究。针对制冰均匀性不足、制冰时间长、节流阀调控机制不明晰等一系列问题,在实际机组的制冰过程中进行了实验数据采集,完成了冰模蒸发器数学模型的构建,通过MATLAB进行直冷式制冰机冰模蒸发器制冷剂侧传热和流动状态求解程序的编写,模拟制冰各阶段、流程各位置的制冷剂状态,结合实验数据得出以下优化制冰过程的结论:
1)结冰后冰的导热换热小于结冰前水的自然对流换热,制冷剂流量降为结冰前的42.3%,总换热量降为结冰前的61.4%。随着冰层的增厚,能承受的制冷剂流量进一步减小53.1%,总换热量减小49.3%。编写的模拟程序可以根据一定的输入工况求解出流量变化情况,在机组实际运行过程中可以参照该求解量进行节流阀的调节,以达到最佳的制冰效果。
2)在t=300 min时,过热后的总热阻相较过热前上升61.5%,单元换热量下降为过热前的59.1%,减少过热段可以起到减小热阻、增强换热、增强制冰均匀性的作用。在实际运行过程中,可以根据程序求解结果,对输入工况进行调节,在满足系统工况的条件下控制过热段长短。
3)水侧或冰侧的热阻大于制冷剂侧热阻,过热前,水侧热阻平均占总热阻的93.4%,冰侧热阻平均占总热阻的91.7%,在提升冰模换热器的换热能力时,应重点增强水侧或冰侧的换热,可以更有效地提高制冰机的性能和效率。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
章学来, 甘伟, 郑钦月, 等. 真空闪蒸制冰技术研究进展[J]. 热科学与技术, 2022, 21(3): 209-220.
(ZHANG Xuelai, GAN Wei, ZHENG Qinyue, et al. Research progress of vacuum flash evaporative ice making technology[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2022, 21(3): 209-220.)
[2]
彭兆睿, 郑秋云, 张信荣. CO2跨临界制冰——多温直冷制冰系统优化运行调控研究[J]. 节能与环保, 2023(7): 48-51.
(PENG Zhaorui, ZHENG Qiuyun, ZHANG Xinrong. CO2 transcritical ice rink refrigeration cycle—study on the optimal operation of the multi-temperature direct-cooling ice rink refrigeration system[J]. Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection, 2023(7): 48-51.)
[3]
顾建中. 我国制冰设备概述[J]. 制冷技术, 2005, 25(1): 26-30.
(GU Jianzhong. A brief introduction of ice-making equipment production in our country[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, 2005, 25(1): 26-30.)
[4]
朱传芳. 海水制冰机制冰过程传热特性研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2010.
(ZHU Chuanfang. Study on heat transfer characteristics of seawater ice maker during ice making[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2010.)
[5]
甄仌, 杨红艳, 许莹莹, 等. 制取大型块状冰的制冷系统设计[J]. 哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 39(2): 187-191.
(ZHEN Bing, YANG Hongyan, XU Yingying, et al. Design of refrigeration system for making large block ice[J]. Journal of Harbin University of Commerce (Natural Sciences Edition), 2023, 39(2): 187-191.)
[6]
杨钊勇. 片冰机蒸发器应力有限元分析及优化设计[J]. 锅炉制造, 2020(2): 60-62.
(YANG Zhaoyong. Finite element analysis and optimization design of ice sheet machine evaporator[J]. Boiler Manufacturing, 2020(2): 60-62.)
[7]
SON C H, YOON J I, CHOI K H, et al. Effects of seawater flow rate and evaporation temperature on performance of Sherbet type ice making machine[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 297(1): 012069.
[8]
张志强. 一种供液均匀的直冷式制冰机: 214581962U[P]. 2021-11-02.
(ZHANG Zhiqiang. A straight-cooled ice maker with uniform liquid supply: 214581962U[P]. 2021-11-02.)
[9]
杨鲁平, 莫朝庆. 一种直冷式块冰机脱冰机构: 115773601A[P]. 2023-03-10.
(YANG Luping, MO Chaoqing. The utility model relates to a deicing mechanism of a direct-cooling block ice machine: 115773601A[P]. 2023-03-10.)
[10]
霍广东, 金伟. 一种直冷式块冰机的制冷系统: 211739594U[P]. 2020-10-23.
(HUO Guangdong, JIN Wei. The invention relates to a refrigeration system of a direct-cooling ice block machine: 211739594U[P]. 2020-10-23.)
[11]
BALCILAR M, DALKILIC A S, AGRA O, et al. A correlation development for predicting the pressure drop of various refrigerants during condensation and evaporation in horizontal smooth and micro-fin tubes[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 39(7): 937-944.
[12]
LOOK D C. 1-D fin tip boundary condition corrections[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 1997, 18(2): 46-49.
[13]
CHEN Bolin, YANG T F, SAJJAD U, et al. Deep learning-based assessment of saturated flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drop for evaporating flow[J]. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 2023, 151: 519-537.
[14]
SHAH M M. Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study[J]. ASHRAE-Transactions, 1982, 88: 185-195.
[15]
陶文铨. 传热学[M]. 5版. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2019.
(TAO Wenquan. Heat transfer[M]. 5th ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2019.)
[16]
CAREY V P. A heat transfer correlation for natural convection from a vertical surface in cold water[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1983, 105(3): 658-660.
[17]
高玉平, 邵双全, 司春强, 等. R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性[J]. 制冷学报, 2018, 39(4): 8-12.
(GAO Yuping, SHAO Shuangquan, SI Chunqiang, et al. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R717 flow boiling inside a horizontal small diameter plain tube[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 39(4): 8-12.)
[18]
ROUHANI S Z, AXELSSON E. Calculation of void volume fraction in the subcooled and quality boiling regions[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1970, 13(2): 383-393.
[19]
汪冰. 重力作用下组合弯管内气液两相流局部压降特性研究[D]. 芜湖: 安徽工程大学, 2023.
(WANG Bing. Study on local pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in combined elbow under gravity[D]. Wuhu: Anhui Polytechnic University, 2023.)
[20]
韩晓霞, 南晓红, 刘咸定, 等. R290与R404A在水平管内沸腾换热的压降研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2006, 27(2): 17-20.
(HAN Xiaoxia, NAN Xiaohong, LIU Xianding, et al. In-tube evaporation pressure-drop characteristics of R290 and R404A[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2006, 27(2): 17-20.)
[21]
QUIBEN J M, THOME J R. Flow pattern based two-phase frictional pressure drop model for horizontal tubes, part II: new phenomenological model[J]. International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, 2007, 28(5): 1060-1072.
2025年第46卷第5期
PDF下载
168
78
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-10-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-12
  • 录用日期:2024-08-26
基金
作者信息
    1山东大学能源与动力工程学院 济南 250061
    2山东宝成制冰设备有限公司 聊城 252400
    3山东商业职业技术学院冷链物流与供应链产业学院 济南 250103

通讯作者:

赵红霞,女,教授,山东大学能源与动力工程学院,0531-88399475,E-mail:。研究方向:CO2制冷热泵新循环理论分析,喷射式制冷技术,喷射器的理论研究。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.05.086
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏