Article(id=1239215316941729843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=1715616000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-14, onlineDate=1773381555066, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381555066, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381555066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381555066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=75, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215318514593867, articleId=1239215316941729843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Preparation and Thermal Storage Performance Optimization of PA/SEBS Composite-Shaped Phase Change Materials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the low thermal storage performance of solid-liquid phase change composites caused by the encapsulation composite effect, composite-shaped phase change materials based on paraffin (PA)/hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SEBS) were prepared using the melt-blending method. A porous mesh structure was designed to optimize the thermal storage performance of the materials through the modulation of process parameters. First, the optimal mass ratio of SEBS-encapsulated PA was determined to be 2∶8; at this ratio, the 80% PA/20% SEBS composite material was well-shaped, and the mass retention rate was maintained above 99%. Furthermore, the results of the orthogonal experiments showed that the process parameters significantly affected the encapsulation and thermal storage properties of the materials, and the extreme difference in the enthalpy of phase change of the nine groups of 80% PA/20% SEBS samples was as high as 28 J/g. Among them, the enthalpy of phase change was increased by 8% when the melting temperature was increased from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃. The results of the orthogonal experiments also showed that the phase change enthalpy of the 80% PA/20% SEBS composites increased by 8%. The optimized PA/SEBS melt blending process parameters were finally determined as: blending time of 2 h, temperature of 200 ℃, stirring rate of 100 r/min, and direct cooling to room temperature. Under this preparation process, the phase transition enthalpy of the composites reached 161.2 J/g with 99.3% crystallinity.

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Zhai Xiaoqiang, male, professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 86-21-34206296, E-mail: . Research fields: renewable energy conversion, storage and its efficient utilization in buildings, low-carbon intelligent energy system for green buildings, digital intelligence of building energy system.
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针对固-液相变复合材料因封装复合效应导致蓄热性能低的问题,基于熔融共混法制备了石蜡(PA)/氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)复合定型相变材料,通过调控工艺参数设计多孔网状结构,优化了材料蓄热性能。确定了SEBS封装PA的最佳质量配比为2∶8,80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料定型效果良好,质量维持率保持在99%以上。正交试验结果表明:工艺参数对材料的封装性能和蓄热性能影响显著,9组80%PA/20%SEBS样品相变焓的极差高达28 J/g。其中,熔融温度从150 ℃升至200 ℃时,相变焓值提升8%。最终确定了优化的PA/SEBS熔融共混工艺参数:共混时间为2 h、温度为200 ℃、搅拌速率为100 r/min、直接冷却至室温,该制备工艺下的复合材料相变焓值达到161.2 J/g(结晶度为99.3%)。

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翟晓强,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206296,E-mail:。研究方向:可再生能源转化、蓄存及其在建筑中的高效利用,绿色建筑低碳智慧能源系统,建筑能源系统的数智化。
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articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=图10, caption=9组质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品在70 ℃下的流变转换速率, figureFileSmall=j+5PcmjJqOIKn+42pXQkKA==, figureFileBig=IFheFYnlSLdrlTQ/cLx/mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349343371809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=DSC curves of 9 sets of mass fraction 80%PA/20%SEBS orthogonal experimental samples, figureFileSmall=6e9tvifwr/1HXzt8lYLiyw==, figureFileBig=1etN/V1gR/4FHue8j2eOMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349414674980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=图11, caption=9组质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品的DSC曲线, figureFileSmall=6e9tvifwr/1HXzt8lYLiyw==, figureFileBig=1etN/V1gR/4FHue8j2eOMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349494366758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Phase transition enthalpy and supercooling of 9 sets of mass fraction 80%PA/20%SEBS orthogonal experimental samples, figureFileSmall=pvlSejbPCUO/0ZLmRXoIlQ==, figureFileBig=eIQFIh3Yj/v6MWjgZaH63g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349603418665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=图12, caption=9组质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品的相变焓和过冷度, figureFileSmall=pvlSejbPCUO/0ZLmRXoIlQ==, figureFileBig=eIQFIh3Yj/v6MWjgZaH63g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349720859179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=SEM microstructures of PA/SEBS, figureFileSmall=NiptmxBu0hzA4z3rMFjLiA==, figureFileBig=LrpeFkoMeVGLXSqBFwc92Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349813133868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=图13, caption=PA/SEBS的SEM微观形貌结构, figureFileSmall=NiptmxBu0hzA4z3rMFjLiA==, figureFileBig=LrpeFkoMeVGLXSqBFwc92Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232349922185774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Comparison of properties of composites based on macroporous and mesoporous mesh structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多孔网状结构类型封装原理封装形式孔尺寸孔隙吸附性能PCM结晶性能CPCM蓄热性能多孔网状结构基底
介孔网状结构[24-27,29-31]将PCM吸附于孔道并填充全封装介孔(2~50 nm)较低SiO2、多孔碳材料、纳米颗粒
大孔网状结构[19-23,28,32]将PCM吸附于骨架表面并堆积半封装大孔(>50 nm)较高较高较高聚合物(HDPE、PP、PMMA、热塑性弹性体)
), ArticleFig(id=1239232350010266161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表1, caption=基于大孔和介孔网状结构的复合材料性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多孔网状结构类型封装原理封装形式孔尺寸孔隙吸附性能PCM结晶性能CPCM蓄热性能多孔网状结构基底
介孔网状结构[24-27,29-31]将PCM吸附于孔道并填充全封装介孔(2~50 nm)较低SiO2、多孔碳材料、纳米颗粒
大孔网状结构[19-23,28,32]将PCM吸附于骨架表面并堆积半封装大孔(>50 nm)较高较高较高聚合物(HDPE、PP、PMMA、热塑性弹性体)
), ArticleFig(id=1239232350131900980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=4-factor, 3-level orthogonal variable design for 80% PA/20% SEBS sample preparation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A
共混时间/h
B
温度/
C
搅拌速率/(r/min)
D
冷却速率/(℃/min)
11.0150702
21.51751004
32.0200150直接冷却至室温
), ArticleFig(id=1239232350207398455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表2, caption=针对80%PA/20%SEBS样品制备的4因素3水平正交变量设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A
共混时间/h
B
温度/
C
搅拌速率/(r/min)
D
冷却速率/(℃/min)
11.0150702
21.51751004
32.0200150直接冷却至室温
), ArticleFig(id=1239232350312256057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=4-factor, 3-level L9(34) orthogonal experimental protocol for 80%PA/20%SEBS sample reparation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A共混时间/hB温度/℃C搅拌速率/(r/min)D冷却速率/(℃/min)评价指标
111.0115017012 
221.52175210012 
332.03200315012 
432.01150210024 
511.02175315024相变焓
621.5320017024 
721.5115031503直接冷却至室温 
83221751703直接冷却至室温 
911320021003直接冷却至室温 
), ArticleFig(id=1239232350429696570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表3, caption=针对80%PA/20%SEBS样品制备的4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A共混时间/hB温度/℃C搅拌速率/(r/min)D冷却速率/(℃/min)评价指标
111.0115017012 
221.52175210012 
332.03200315012 
432.01150210024 
511.02175315024相变焓
621.5320017024 
721.5115031503直接冷却至室温 
83221751703直接冷却至室温 
911320021003直接冷却至室温 
), ArticleFig(id=1239232351914480190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Phase transition characteristic parameters of PA/SEBS with different mass fractions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料熔化温度/℃熔化峰值/℃熔化焓/(J/g)凝固温度/℃凝固峰值/℃凝固焓/(J/g)结晶度/%
纯PA54.5162.49202.8456.1152.52192.26100
90%PA/10%SEBS53.8260.13169.4457.0554.95168.1293
85%PA/15%SEBS53.7960.02162.9657.5155.07159.6095
80%PA/20%SEBS53.7759.01158.7658.0255.28151.3298
77%PA/23%SEBS53.2158.71144.3657.554.61135.8492
74%PA/26%SEBS53.6058.96132.9657.0254.41121.2089
70%PA/30%SEBS54.4159.60114.7257.0254.40100.2081
67%PA/33%SEBS53.8158.80102.2456.2153.6195.5275
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352002560575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表4, caption=不同质量分数PA/SEBS的相变特性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料熔化温度/℃熔化峰值/℃熔化焓/(J/g)凝固温度/℃凝固峰值/℃凝固焓/(J/g)结晶度/%
纯PA54.5162.49202.8456.1152.52192.26100
90%PA/10%SEBS53.8260.13169.4457.0554.95168.1293
85%PA/15%SEBS53.7960.02162.9657.5155.07159.6095
80%PA/20%SEBS53.7759.01158.7658.0255.28151.3298
77%PA/23%SEBS53.2158.71144.3657.554.61135.8492
74%PA/26%SEBS53.6058.96132.9657.0254.41121.2089
70%PA/30%SEBS54.4159.60114.7257.0254.40100.2081
67%PA/33%SEBS53.8158.80102.2456.2153.6195.5275
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352099029569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Mass maintenance of 9 sets of mass fraction 80%PA/20%SEBS orthogonal experimental samples at 70 ℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品质量/gK/%
0 min30 min60 min90 min120 min
111.5611.5611.5511.5511.5599.9
27.977.977.977.977.9699.9
33.543.533.533.533.5399.7
48.158.158.148.148.1499.9
59.479.479.469.479.4699.9
68.918.918.908.908.9099.9
77.147.137.137.137.1399.9
810.4910.4910.4910.4910.49100.0
97.877.867.867.867.8599.7
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352208081475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表5, caption=9组质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品在70 ℃下的质量维持率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品质量/gK/%
0 min30 min60 min90 min120 min
111.5611.5611.5511.5511.5599.9
27.977.977.977.977.9699.9
33.543.533.533.533.5399.7
48.158.158.148.148.1499.9
59.479.479.469.479.4699.9
68.918.918.908.908.9099.9
77.147.137.137.137.1399.9
810.4910.4910.4910.4910.49100.0
97.877.867.867.867.8599.7
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352300356164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Phase transition characteristic parameters of 9 sets of mass fraction 80%PA/20%SEBS orthogonal experimental samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料熔化温度/℃熔化峰值/℃熔化焓/(J/g)凝固温度/℃凝固峰值/℃凝固焓/(J/g)结晶度/%
样品155.1261.12137.858.3154.82119.9184.9
样品253.2160.59150.758.1155.13136.2092.9
样品353.8159.45161.958.6156.91141.2499.8
样品453.3459.99148.858.1355.12141.7291.7
样品554.6260.89136.457.8154.28119.8884.1
样品653.8259.28149.058.0156.35135.0091.8
样品753.8160.41149.658.1255.38140.8892.2
样品855.2161.67145.459.0255.45131.0489.6
样品954.1259.32160.458.0356.68149.7698.9
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352363270725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表6, caption=9组质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品的相变特性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料熔化温度/℃熔化峰值/℃熔化焓/(J/g)凝固温度/℃凝固峰值/℃凝固焓/(J/g)结晶度/%
样品155.1261.12137.858.3154.82119.9184.9
样品253.2160.59150.758.1155.13136.2092.9
样品353.8159.45161.958.6156.91141.2499.8
样品453.3459.99148.858.1355.12141.7291.7
样品554.6260.89136.457.8154.28119.8884.1
样品653.8259.28149.058.0156.35135.0091.8
样品753.8160.41149.658.1255.38140.8892.2
样品855.2161.67145.459.0255.45131.0489.6
样品954.1259.32160.458.0356.68149.7698.9
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352455545415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Analysis of test results of orthogonal experiments with mass fraction 80%PA/20%SEBS, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本因素/实际变量评价指标
A共混时间/hB温度/℃C搅拌速率/(r/min)D冷却速率/(℃/min)相变焓/(J/g)
111.0115017012137.8
221.52175210012150.7
332.03200315012161.9
432.01150210024148.8
511.02175315024136.4
621.5320017024149.0
721.5115031503直接冷却至室温149.6
832.021751703直接冷却至室温145.4
911.0320021003直接冷却至室温160.4
K1434.6436.2432.2450.4 
K2449.4432.6460.0434.3 
K3456.1471.4448.0455.5 
R21.538.827.721.225.5
), ArticleFig(id=1239232352556208712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316941729843, language=CN, label=表7, caption=质量分数80%PA/20%SEBS的正交试验测试结果分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本因素/实际变量评价指标
A共混时间/hB温度/℃C搅拌速率/(r/min)D冷却速率/(℃/min)相变焓/(J/g)
111.0115017012137.8
221.52175210012150.7
332.03200315012161.9
432.01150210024148.8
511.02175315024136.4
621.5320017024149.0
721.5115031503直接冷却至室温149.6
832.021751703直接冷却至室温145.4
911.0320021003直接冷却至室温160.4
K1434.6436.2432.2450.4 
K2449.4432.6460.0434.3 
K3456.1471.4448.0455.5 
R21.538.827.721.225.5
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PA/SEBS复合定型相变材料制备与蓄热性能优化
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唐溯 1 , 郑子鏖 1 , 魏翰泽 1 , 郑春元 2 , 李斌 2 , 魏子清 1 , 翟晓强 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 75-86
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 75-86
PA/SEBS复合定型相变材料制备与蓄热性能优化
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唐溯1, 郑子鏖1, 魏翰泽1, 郑春元2, 李斌2, 魏子清1, 翟晓强1
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 2美的楼宇科技事业部 佛山 528000

通讯作者:

翟晓强,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206296,E-mail:。研究方向:可再生能源转化、蓄存及其在建筑中的高效利用,绿色建筑低碳智慧能源系统,建筑能源系统的数智化。
Preparation and Thermal Storage Performance Optimization of PA/SEBS Composite-Shaped Phase Change Materials
Su Tang1, Ziao Zheng1, Hanze Wei1, Chunyuan Zheng2, Bin Li2, Ziqing Wei1, Xiaoqiang Zhai1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
  • 2.Midea Building Technologies, Foshan, 528000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.075
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针对固-液相变复合材料因封装复合效应导致蓄热性能低的问题,基于熔融共混法制备了石蜡(PA)/氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)复合定型相变材料,通过调控工艺参数设计多孔网状结构,优化了材料蓄热性能。确定了SEBS封装PA的最佳质量配比为2∶8,80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料定型效果良好,质量维持率保持在99%以上。正交试验结果表明:工艺参数对材料的封装性能和蓄热性能影响显著,9组80%PA/20%SEBS样品相变焓的极差高达28 J/g。其中,熔融温度从150 ℃升至200 ℃时,相变焓值提升8%。最终确定了优化的PA/SEBS熔融共混工艺参数:共混时间为2 h、温度为200 ℃、搅拌速率为100 r/min、直接冷却至室温,该制备工艺下的复合材料相变焓值达到161.2 J/g(结晶度为99.3%)。

复合定型相变材料  /  多孔网状结构  /  蓄热性能  /  封装性能  /  正交试验

To address the low thermal storage performance of solid-liquid phase change composites caused by the encapsulation composite effect, composite-shaped phase change materials based on paraffin (PA)/hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SEBS) were prepared using the melt-blending method. A porous mesh structure was designed to optimize the thermal storage performance of the materials through the modulation of process parameters. First, the optimal mass ratio of SEBS-encapsulated PA was determined to be 2∶8; at this ratio, the 80% PA/20% SEBS composite material was well-shaped, and the mass retention rate was maintained above 99%. Furthermore, the results of the orthogonal experiments showed that the process parameters significantly affected the encapsulation and thermal storage properties of the materials, and the extreme difference in the enthalpy of phase change of the nine groups of 80% PA/20% SEBS samples was as high as 28 J/g. Among them, the enthalpy of phase change was increased by 8% when the melting temperature was increased from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃. The results of the orthogonal experiments also showed that the phase change enthalpy of the 80% PA/20% SEBS composites increased by 8%. The optimized PA/SEBS melt blending process parameters were finally determined as: blending time of 2 h, temperature of 200 ℃, stirring rate of 100 r/min, and direct cooling to room temperature. Under this preparation process, the phase transition enthalpy of the composites reached 161.2 J/g with 99.3% crystallinity.

composite shaped phase change materials  /  porous mesh structure  /  thermal storage properties  /  encapsulation properties  /  orthogonal experiments
唐溯, 郑子鏖, 魏翰泽, 郑春元, 李斌, 魏子清, 翟晓强. PA/SEBS复合定型相变材料制备与蓄热性能优化. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 75 -86 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.075
Su Tang, Ziao Zheng, Hanze Wei, Chunyuan Zheng, Bin Li, Ziqing Wei, Xiaoqiang Zhai. Preparation and Thermal Storage Performance Optimization of PA/SEBS Composite-Shaped Phase Change Materials[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 75 -86 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.075
全球能源危机背景下,高效的储能装置与系统对于缩小能源供需缺口、提升能源效率至关重要[1]。相变材料(phase change materials,PCM)是在相变过程中能够在相对恒温状态下吸收或释放大量潜热的物质,以高潜热、低热回收温差,以及可重复利用等优势[2-4],作为储能介质被广泛应用于各个热存储和热管理领域,包括热泵系统、建筑围护结构、汽车热管理系统和太阳能热系统等[5-8]。根据化学成分,常见的相变材料可分为无机物(盐[9-10]、盐水合物[11-12])和有机物(脂肪酸[13]、醇[14]、烷烃[15])2种[16]。相比于无机相变材料,有机相变材料通常具备低腐蚀性和无过冷度等优点[17],其中,石蜡由于价格低廉且具有良好的热物性(高潜热和低过冷度)被广泛应用[18]。对于储能材料而言,封装性能是材料技术应用的基础,蓄热性能决定了换热能力,该2项性能是最基础与最关键的性能。
主流制备工艺通常采用多孔网状结构封装相变材料,保证其不泄漏,同时通过多孔支撑材料最大程度地吸附相变材料,使得复合相变材料(composite phase change materials,CPCM)兼具良好的蓄热性能。优良的多孔网状结构主要包括大孔材料(聚合物[19-23])和介孔材料(二氧化硅[24-25],纳米颗粒[26-27])2大类。Tang Jia等[28]用分层多孔聚合物HPP封装了质量分数为75%的十八醇,相变焓高达169.2 J/g;R. A. Mitran等[24]用介孔二氧化硅封装了质量分数为83%的月桂酸,相变焓高达124 J/g;W. Aftab等[29]总结了多种纳米多孔材料可以解决相变材料的泄漏问题,且越小的孔隙能通过更强的毛细力有效封装相变材料[30];Wang Chongyun等[26]用多种纳米级和微米级的多孔碳有效封装了质量分数为90%的聚乙二醇。相比于基于大孔网络的半封装形式,基于介孔网络的全封装形式能够通过更强的吸附性能封装质量占比更高的相变材料。
然而,基于介孔网络的全封装形式下,复合相变材料的相变焓远低于理论焓值(纯PCM相变焓×质量占比),这主要是由于介孔孔径小,PCM难以有序排列形成结晶度,如图1所示。Gao Hongyi等[31]总结了以介孔材料为基底的复合相变材料的相变焓值仅处于理论值的40%~75%范围内。而Tang Jia等[32]用经化学方式调控的聚合物大孔网络结构封装质量分数为85%聚乙二醇,并形成了高结晶度,复合材料实际焓值(164.9 J/g)接近理论焓值(168.9 J/g)。Wang Chongyun等[26]通过对比纳米级和微米级碳材料封装PCM后的蓄热性能,也发现用微米级的大孔材料封装PCM更有利于减少封装复合效应[31]下的焓损失。因此,为了保证储能相变材料的封装性能和热性能,基于大孔网络的半封装形式成为更优选择。
综上所述,通过多孔网状结构在宏观层面有效封装相变材料的研究已经较为成熟,但从微观机理出发,通过设计基底的多孔网状结构,以优化复合相变材料热性能的研究仍然较为缺乏。
因此,本文通过调控工艺参数设计微观结构,优化定型相变材料的热物性能。采用SEBS(styrene ethylene butylene styrene)为支撑材料,大孔网状结构能够提供足够的空间促进PCM有序排列,从而保证其蓄热性能(结晶性能);采用石蜡(paraffin,PA)为相变材料,制备了PA/SEBS复合相变材料,其相变温度约为55 ℃,可广泛应用于热泵和太阳能热系统[5-8]。首先,通过宏观维度定性与定量的表征手段,确定了SEBS:PA的最佳质量配比;进一步地,通过正交试验,针对PA/SEBS复合材料的熔融制备工艺参数进行调控从而设计微观网状结构,强化了体系的蓄热性能,并确定了工艺的优化选参。
实验材料:石蜡(PA)来源于北京百灵威科技有限公司,液态为无色液体,固态为白色结晶;氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)来源于Sigma-Aldrich上海贸易有限公司,常温下为白色颗粒状固体。
实验仪器:精密天平(精度为0.1 mg)、搅拌器、油浴加热锅、烘箱等。
分析仪器与测试参数:采用DSC 2500型的差示扫描量热仪测试相变特性,测试0~70 ℃的温度区间,升降温速率为5 ℃/min;采用Nicolet 6700型的红外光谱仪测试材料成分;采用Gemini 300型的冷冻高分辨扫描电镜测试微观结构。
相比于原位聚合法[33]和溶液浇铸法[23]等制备工艺,熔融共混法具有工艺步骤少、操作简单的优良特性,大致分为熔融共混、倒入模具、冷却、成型脱模4个阶段。基于熔融共混法制备PA/SEBS复合定型相变材料样品,工艺流程如图2所示。为了使高分子基底最大程度地吸附相变材料,获得良好的封装性能和蓄热性能,设置7组对照实验确定SEBS:PA的最佳质量配比。其中,每组样品的总质量约18 g,PA的质量分数分别为67%、70%、74%、77%、80%、85%、90%。
制备过程的具体步骤:1)在熔融共混阶段,将一定质量的SEBS和PA混合,在油浴加热锅中恒温搅拌(200 ℃,2 h);2)当溶液体系充分混合后将其倒入模具;3)进入冷却阶段,将模具在烘箱中以一定速率冷却至室温;4)将模具拿出置于室温环境下,待样品成型后脱模。
熔融共混法制备PA/SEBS的过程为物理熔融相混的过程。由图3(a)所示红外光谱曲线可知,PA/SEBS二元复合材料的特征峰与SEBS、PA材料的特征峰相同,没有出现新峰。这表明SEBS和PA混合生成PA/SEBS的过程为物理过程,化学键并未发生改变。图3(b)~(d)所示分别为PA、SEBS和PA/SEBS的微观结构形貌,PA与SEBS通过高温熔融共混的物理方式相结合,其中SEBS高分子链在高温下发生物理交联行为,形成了微米级的大孔网络骨架结构,而PA被吸附在骨架表面并堆积。
调控制备工艺参数会直接影响复合材料的微观结构。不同制备温度或共混时间等会影响高分子链的排列行为,使其发生物理交联而形成不同的孔隙,进而影响PCM的填充量(封装性能)和结晶性能(蓄热性能),如图4所示。
为了进一步提升复合相变材料的热物性能,通过调控熔融共混工艺参数设计材料微观结构,设置以共混时间、温度、搅拌速率和冷却速率为变量的4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验,制备9组PA/SEBS复合材料样品,以相变焓为评价指标,获得优化工艺参数。正交变量设计和实验方案分别如表2表3所示。其中,每组样品的总质量约为18 g,PA的质量分数为80%。
封装性能是复合相变材料技术应用的基础,在宏观层面上通过定型效果和质量维持率2个指标分别定性和定量地衡量该性能,其中质量维持率K的计算如式(1)所示。将7组含不同质量分数的PA/SEBS样品放在滤纸上,并置于70 ℃(远高于PA相变温度)烘箱中恒温加热2 h观察渗漏情况。
式中:m0m1分别为复合材料加热前、后的质量,g。
图5进行定性分析可知,当PA质量分数提升至85%及以上时,复合材料出现明显的相变材料泄漏现象,定型效果不佳。结合图6可知,70 ℃烘箱中加热1 h起,85%PA/15%SEBS和90%PA/10%SEBS中的相变材料PA快速渗漏,K快速下滑至90%及以下。总结来看,PA质量分数在80%及以下时,PA/SEBS复合材料具有良好的封装性能,定型效果佳且K维持在99%以上。
相变特性主要包括相变过程的相变焓和相变温度,在实际应用中,材料的蓄热能力由相变焓决定,而应用场景则取决于相变温度的高低[38]。通过DSC测试获得复合材料的相变特性,图7所示为不同PA质量分数(67%~90%)PA/SEBS样品的DSC曲线。图8所示为不同质量分数PA/SEBS的相变焓和过冷度。
首先,对复合材料的相变焓进行分析。由图8可知,随着PA质量分数的减少,PA/SEBS复合材料的相变焓持续降低,这是由于聚合物基底SEBS在纯PA相变温度范围内无相变特性,仅PA为复合相变材料提供了相变焓。其中,PA质量分数为85%、90%的PA/SEBS较纯PA的相变焓降幅明显,结合前述其封装性能测试可知,这主要是由于SEBS聚合物基底难以承载85%及以上质量分数的PA,使得相变焓流失明显。
此外,PA/SEBS复合材料的相变焓值远小于理论焓值,通过式(2)计算复合材料结晶度η,则含质量分数90%~67%PA的7组PA/SEBS复合材料结晶度依次为93%、95%、98%、93%、89%、81%、76%,均小于100%。这是因为聚合物基底通过物理交联作用形成的骨架结构对PCM具有界面结合力的作用,如图1所示,因此靠近界面的PCM在吸附力作用下无法有序排列,使得整体结晶性能有所下降。从计算结果可知,在80%PA/20%SEBS的骨架结构中,PA能以较高的填充量和相对最高的结晶度具有较高的相变焓。
式中:ΔHm,PA/SEBS为PA/SEBS复合材料的熔化焓,J/g;ΔHm,PA为纯PA的熔化焓,J/g;ωPA为PA/SEBS复合材料中PA的质量分数,%。
其次,对复合材料的相变温度进行分析。表4所示为不同质量分数PA/SEBS的相变特性参数。由表4可知,相比于纯PA,PA/SEBS复合材料的熔化温度均有所下降,凝固温度均有所上升,使得过冷度(相变材料在冷却过程中实际开始结晶的温度与理论结晶温度之差)降低,过冷度ΔT的计算如式(3)所示。这是由于在骨架结构的界面结合力作用下,部分PA呈无序排列,这使其在熔化过程中更易趋向无序排列,在凝固过程中更难趋向有序排列。如图8所示,80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料过冷度最低,储放热温度匹配有利于提升热能利用效率。
式中:Tm为材料熔化峰值,℃;Tc为材料凝固峰值,℃。
综上,80%PA/20%SEBS复合相变材料兼具优良的封装性能和蓄热性能(高相变焓和低过冷度),即SEBS:PA的最佳质量配比为2∶8。
为进一步提高PA/SEBS复合材料的热物性能,利用调控工艺参数的物理手段,在微观层面设计SEBS聚合物基底的网络骨架结构。针对80%PA/20%SEBS材料调控制备工艺参数,通过L9(34)正交试验对比分析,研究不同工艺参数对材料封装性能和蓄热性能的影响。其中,封装性能通过定型效果和流变特性来表征。
首先,分析9组80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品的定型效果差异。将9组样品置于滤纸上,并放在70 ℃烘箱中加热2 h,观察其渗漏效果。由图9可知,不同熔融制备工艺参数下,9组80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料样品均具有良好的定型效果。结合表5可知,其质量维持率均处于99.5%以上的高水平。综上可知,9组正交试验样品定型效果均较为优秀,未呈现明显差异性。
其次,对9组正交试验样品的流变特性进行分析,通过流变转换速率y来表征,具体采用样品在流变过程中硬凝胶状态面积占比来衡量,计算方式如式(4)所示。由图9图10可知,在不同工艺参数的熔融共混制备方式下,9组80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料的流变特性呈现明显的差异性,从硬凝胶状态转变为软凝胶状态的速率明显不同。
式中:Shard为硬凝胶状态面积,m2(指图9中初始弹性较小的白色不透明状态,与其对应的为弹性较大的软凝胶状态,指图9中样品加热后转变的透明状态);S为样品总面积,m2
图10计算结果可知,流变转换速率最快的是样品3、6、9,其在70 ℃加热30 min后即完全转换为软凝胶状态;其次,样品2、4、7在加热60 min后,50%以上面积转换为软凝胶状态;最后,样品1、5、8在加热90 min后,50%以上面积转换为软凝胶状态。因此,不同制备工艺参数对复合相变材料的流变特性影响显著。
通过调控工艺参数设计PA/SEBS复合材料的微观结构,进而影响SEBS骨架结构中PA的结晶性能,优化相变焓并获得最佳工艺参数。
采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对不同制备工艺参数下的9组80%PA/20%SEBS正交试验样品进行测试,DSC曲线如图11所示。从相变焓来看,如图12所示结果,不同熔融工艺制备参数下,80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料的相变焓值差异显著,结合表6计算,9组样品的熔化焓值极差达26 J/g,即纯PA熔化焓值的13%。其中,样品3、9熔化焓值显著较高,均超过160 J/g;样品2、4、6、7的熔化焓值约为150 J/g;样品1、5、8的熔化焓值逐步降至136 J/g。从表6的相变温度来看,与2.2节同理,相比于纯PA,80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料的熔化温度整体下降,凝固温度明显上升,过冷度得到优化。其中,样品3和9的过冷度明显较低,材料兼具良好的热性能和热能利用效率。
结合2.3节的分析可知,9组80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料的相变焓值和流变特性呈现一定的协同性,复合材料流变转换速率越慢,相变焓值大致呈下降趋势,说明流变转换速率慢(有序转为无序态慢)的复合材料内的PCM结晶性能较差。
采用正交试验分析方法,以相变焓作为评价指标,可实现2个目的:1)衡量不同工艺参数对复合材料相变焓影响的程度;2)获得优化工艺选参,提升相变焓。9组80%PA/20%SEBS样品的制备工艺参数与其对应相变焓的正交分析表如表7所示,附注为该表的使用方法。
首先,采用极差R进行显著性分析,衡量某因素对于相变焓的影响程度。由表7可知,各因素极差R的大小排序为:温度>>搅拌速率>共混时间>冷却速率。可见,温度提升对复合材料相变焓的提升作用尤为显著。当熔融温度从150 ℃升至200 ℃时,相变焓合计值提升9%。9组样品中,样本9的相变焓明显更高,结合图13的复合材料SEM微观结构可知,温度升高能够显著影响SEBS高分子链的物理交联行为,促进骨架结构中孔间隙变大而吸附更多PCM,使其结晶性能(蓄热性能)得到提升。
其次,通过Ki获得PA/SEBS熔融制备工艺的优化选参。由表7可知,4个因素及其对应的优化参数为:共混时间2 h、熔融温度200 ℃、搅拌速率100 r/min、直接冷却至室温(与样品9的工艺参数相似),该制备工艺下的复合材料相变焓值为161.2 J/g(结晶度99.3%)。
针对固-液相变复合材料因封装复合效应导致蓄热性能低的问题,本文从微观角度设计聚合物基底的多孔网络骨架结构,优化制备了PA/SEBS复合定型相变材料,显著提升了其蓄热性能。得到结论如下:
1)采用SEBS为高分子聚合物基底封装PA,确定了SEBS:PA的最佳质量配比为2∶8。80%PA/20%SEBS复合材料在烘箱中加热2 h的质量维持率达99%以上,熔化焓和结晶度达到158.76 J/g、98%,过冷度低至4 ℃。
2)通过调控工艺参数设计80%PA/20%SEBS的微观结构,显著提升了复合材料的蓄热性能。结果表明,升温对相变焓提升效果显著,熔融温度从150 ℃升至200 ℃后,复合材料的相变焓增幅达8%。微观测试结果表明,这主要是由于SEBS高分子链的物理交联行为受到升温影响而形成了更大孔隙,得以吸附更多的PA,从而具备更高的结晶性能。
3)通过正交试验分析方法,以提升相变焓为目的,确定了PA/SEBS熔融共混工艺的优化选参为:共混时间2 h、温度200 ℃、搅拌速率100 r/min、直接冷却至室温,该制备工艺下的复合材料相变焓值达到161.2 J/g(结晶度99.3%)。
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.075
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-04-18
  • 录用日期:2024-05-14
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    1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
    2美的楼宇科技事业部 佛山 528000

通讯作者:

翟晓强,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,021-34206296,E-mail:。研究方向:可再生能源转化、蓄存及其在建筑中的高效利用,绿色建筑低碳智慧能源系统,建筑能源系统的数智化。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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