Article(id=1239215316702654512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=1716480000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-24, acceptedDate=1722355200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-31, onlineDate=1773381555009, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381555009, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381555009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381555009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215318086774842, articleId=1239215316702654512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Study on Atomization Characteristics of Nozzles in Artificial Snow-Making Process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With global warming and the rapid growth of the ski industry, the demand for artificial snowmaking technology and improved snow quality has increased, both of which are closely linked to the atomization characteristics of snowmaking nozzles. In this study, the influences of different nozzle interferences and gas-liquid mass mixing ratios (gglr) on the droplet size distribution and collision mechanism in a spray field were investigated. The nozzle spacing (d) represents the degree of interference between the nozzles, whereas gglr signifies the varying degrees of mixing disturbance under identical nozzles. The velocity and size distribution of the droplets in the spray field were measured using a laser particle size measuring instrument and a high-speed camera, whereas the fragmentation and collision of the droplets in the spray field were analyzed based on the Weber number (We). The results indicated that the axial velocity of double nozzles exceeded that of single nozzles at varying spacing intervals. Specifically, when the nozzle spacing was 10 cm and 15 cm, the peak axial velocities were recorded as 5.6 m/s and 5.5 m/s, respectively. The droplet size underwent a non-monotonic variation with the axial distance because of the competition between fragmentation and coalescence, which initially decreased before increasing. The interaction between the spray fields of the two nozzles enhanced the droplet collision, resulting in a higher We number than the individual nozzles. Analysis of the flow field of double nozzles under different arrangement conditions revealed that a higher level of uniformity in particle size distribution was observed when gglr=0.10 and d=15 cm.

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Liu Bin, male, professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, 86-18920197448, E-mail: . Research fields: refrigeration and cryogenic engineering technology, heat and mass transfer.
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全球气候变暖及滑雪行业的蓬勃发展给人工造雪技术和造雪质量提出了更高要求,而人工造雪的质量与造雪喷嘴雾化特性密切相关。研究了不同喷嘴干涉作用和气液质量混合比(gglr)对喷雾场液滴粒径分布和碰撞机制的影响。其中,喷嘴间距(d)代表喷嘴间的干涉程度,gglr表示同一喷嘴下不同混合扰动程度。通过激光粒度测量仪和高速摄像机分别对喷雾场内液滴速度和粒径分布进行测量,并基于韦伯数(We)分析了喷雾场中液滴的破碎与碰撞。结果表明:不同间距下双喷嘴的流场轴向速度均大于单喷嘴的流场轴向速度,当d为10、15 cm时,轴向速度峰值分别为5.6、5.5 m/s。在液滴的破碎和聚并作用下,液滴粒径随着轴向距离增加,液滴尺寸先减小后增大。而双喷嘴喷雾场之间的干涉加剧了液滴的破碎碰撞,其We高于单喷嘴条件下We。分析不同布置条件下的双喷嘴流场发现,gglr=0.10、d=15 cm时粒径分布较均匀。

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刘斌,男,教授,天津商业大学机械工程学院,18920197448,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及低温工程技术,传热传质。
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Numerical simulation of droplet breakup regimes in secondary atomization[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2015, 36(4): 574-585.), articleTitle=Numerical simulation of droplet breakup regimes in secondary atomization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232348877804046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316702654512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=221, issue=null, pageStart=183, pageEnd=204, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=45, authorNames=ASHGRIZ N, POO J Y, journalName=Journal of Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ASHGRIZ N, POO J Y. Coalescence and separation in binary collisions of liquid drops[J]. 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parameters of experimental equipments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件型号设备参数精度
空气压缩机W-1.0/8排气压力:0.1~0.8 MPa0.1 MPa
变频水泵IE2-90L-2压力区间:0~1.6 MPa0.1 MPa
气体涡街流量计LUGB-2415量程:5.5~50 m3/h1.5%
液体流量计MASSFLO MASS 6000量程:0~250 kg/h0.1%
激光粒度仪Spray link测量范围:0.1~2 080 μm0.5%
PIV测量系统Microvec V3激光波长:532 nm1.0%
高速相机IPX-4M152 048×2 048 pixels-15 fps
), ArticleFig(id=1239232341470662983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316702654512, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验设备关键参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件型号设备参数精度
空气压缩机W-1.0/8排气压力:0.1~0.8 MPa0.1 MPa
变频水泵IE2-90L-2压力区间:0~1.6 MPa0.1 MPa
气体涡街流量计LUGB-2415量程:5.5~50 m3/h1.5%
液体流量计MASSFLO MASS 6000量程:0~250 kg/h0.1%
激光粒度仪Spray link测量范围:0.1~2 080 μm0.5%
PIV测量系统Microvec V3激光波长:532 nm1.0%
高速相机IPX-4M152 048×2 048 pixels-15 fps
), ArticleFig(id=1239232342955446604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215316702654512, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Breakup regimes with different We (Oh<0.1)[31], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
We破碎模式形态
0~11震荡破碎
11~35袋状破碎
35~80多模式破碎
80~350剪切破碎
350<We爆炸破碎
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We破碎模式形态
0~11震荡破碎
11~35袋状破碎
35~80多模式破碎
80~350剪切破碎
350<We爆炸破碎
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人工造雪过程中喷嘴雾化特性的研究
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李睿 , 刘斌 , 胡恒祥 , 李卓睿 , 曾涛
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 87-96
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 87-96
人工造雪过程中喷嘴雾化特性的研究
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李睿, 刘斌 , 胡恒祥, 李卓睿, 曾涛
作者信息
  • 天津商业大学 天津市制冷技术重点实验室 农业农村部农产品低碳冷链重点实验室 天津 300134

通讯作者:

刘斌,男,教授,天津商业大学机械工程学院,18920197448,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及低温工程技术,传热传质。
Study on Atomization Characteristics of Nozzles in Artificial Snow-Making Process
Rui Li, Bin Liu , Hengxiang Hu, Zhuorui Li, Tao Zeng
Affiliations
  • Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Key Lab of Agricultural Products Low Carbon Cold Chain of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300134, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.087
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全球气候变暖及滑雪行业的蓬勃发展给人工造雪技术和造雪质量提出了更高要求,而人工造雪的质量与造雪喷嘴雾化特性密切相关。研究了不同喷嘴干涉作用和气液质量混合比(gglr)对喷雾场液滴粒径分布和碰撞机制的影响。其中,喷嘴间距(d)代表喷嘴间的干涉程度,gglr表示同一喷嘴下不同混合扰动程度。通过激光粒度测量仪和高速摄像机分别对喷雾场内液滴速度和粒径分布进行测量,并基于韦伯数(We)分析了喷雾场中液滴的破碎与碰撞。结果表明:不同间距下双喷嘴的流场轴向速度均大于单喷嘴的流场轴向速度,当d为10、15 cm时,轴向速度峰值分别为5.6、5.5 m/s。在液滴的破碎和聚并作用下,液滴粒径随着轴向距离增加,液滴尺寸先减小后增大。而双喷嘴喷雾场之间的干涉加剧了液滴的破碎碰撞,其We高于单喷嘴条件下We。分析不同布置条件下的双喷嘴流场发现,gglr=0.10、d=15 cm时粒径分布较均匀。

人工造雪  /  速度分布  /  粒径分布  /  喷嘴间距  /  气液混合比

With global warming and the rapid growth of the ski industry, the demand for artificial snowmaking technology and improved snow quality has increased, both of which are closely linked to the atomization characteristics of snowmaking nozzles. In this study, the influences of different nozzle interferences and gas-liquid mass mixing ratios (gglr) on the droplet size distribution and collision mechanism in a spray field were investigated. The nozzle spacing (d) represents the degree of interference between the nozzles, whereas gglr signifies the varying degrees of mixing disturbance under identical nozzles. The velocity and size distribution of the droplets in the spray field were measured using a laser particle size measuring instrument and a high-speed camera, whereas the fragmentation and collision of the droplets in the spray field were analyzed based on the Weber number (We). The results indicated that the axial velocity of double nozzles exceeded that of single nozzles at varying spacing intervals. Specifically, when the nozzle spacing was 10 cm and 15 cm, the peak axial velocities were recorded as 5.6 m/s and 5.5 m/s, respectively. The droplet size underwent a non-monotonic variation with the axial distance because of the competition between fragmentation and coalescence, which initially decreased before increasing. The interaction between the spray fields of the two nozzles enhanced the droplet collision, resulting in a higher We number than the individual nozzles. Analysis of the flow field of double nozzles under different arrangement conditions revealed that a higher level of uniformity in particle size distribution was observed when gglr=0.10 and d=15 cm.

artificial snow  /  velocity distribution  /  particle-size distribution  /  nozzle spacing  /  gas-liquid mass ratio
李睿, 刘斌, 胡恒祥, 李卓睿, 曾涛. 人工造雪过程中喷嘴雾化特性的研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 87 -96 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.087
Rui Li, Bin Liu, Hengxiang Hu, Zhuorui Li, Tao Zeng. Study on Atomization Characteristics of Nozzles in Artificial Snow-Making Process[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 87 -96 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.087
随着“带动3亿人参与冰雪运动”的目标成功实现,国内的冰雪运动呈现出“北冰南展西扩东进”的步伐,继冬奥会后亚冬会的成功申办再次将人们对于滑雪运动的热情推向高点,同时助推了滑雪行业发展的步伐[1]。但由于滑雪运动对于雪质要求较为苛刻,在地域和气候的限制下自然降雪周期及雪量无法满足滑雪运动需求[2],而人工造雪相比于自然降雪具有人为可控雪质和雪量的特点,同时可以根据地域及气候特点适当延长降雪周期[3],因此,采用人工造雪技术保障滑雪运动普及和行业发展是最优的选择[4]
在人工造雪过程中,液体被雾化成微小液滴向低温环境传递热量后形成微小冰晶[5]。液滴的粒径是影响该传热过程的重要因素,在相同环境下,液体雾化后粒径更小的液滴的传热面积更大,冷却降温时间更短,能快速冻结成核,雪晶有足够的生长时间,造雪质量较好[6]。因此,为了最大限度地提高人工造雪效率和造雪质量,采用能够尽可能减小液滴粒径的雾化技术是十分必要的。
目前,对雾化技术的研究主要集中在雾化特性如雾化液滴的一般形态、速度分布和雾化液滴的索特平均直径(Sauter mean diameter,SMD),以及不同的雾化器对微小液滴形成过程的影响等方面。M. Hondo[7]将造雪用水提前通过冷却塔进行降温,再将冷却后的造雪用水冷却与压缩空气进行混合,通过雾化得到80~130 μm微小液滴,这种降低造雪用水温度的方式增强了雾化效果,从而提高了造雪质量。吴艳丽等[8]研究了旋流喷嘴雾化液滴的发展与破碎过程,结果表明,在雾化稳定后,喷嘴流量随压力升高,液滴的SMD逐渐降低,雪质量明显提高。赵巍等[9]通过研究内混式喷嘴人工造雪过程中雪晶粒径分布发现,气水压力比为0.5 MPa:0.4 MPa时,内混式喷嘴有更好的雾化液滴效果,此时液滴体积较小且能快速冻结成核,粒径分布更均匀。Liu Bin等[10]研究了人工造雪过程中液滴冻结传热传质模型,发现造雪临界粒径随着环境温度和相对湿度的降低而增大,当液滴粒径小于造雪临界粒径时,在最高温度为3 ℃可以实现人工造雪。郝亚辉等[11]通过改变供气、供水压力来研究核子器的雾化规律,研究发现液滴的SMD随供气压力的增加呈指数减小,且其SMD随供水压力的增加呈指数增加,此外,随着气液压力比的增大,液滴粒径的变化率逐渐降低。S. Lee等[12]研究了提高喷射压力后的射流破碎过程,证实了喷射压力对液滴破碎的关键性作用,研究发现液滴粒径随喷射压力的增大呈先减小后逐渐趋于稳定的规律,表明随着喷射压力的增大,液滴破碎将达到极限。吴海峰等[13]研究了入口压力和喷嘴内壁面光洁度对旋流式喷嘴雾化效果的影响,研究发现液滴的雾化粒径随入口压力的增大而减小,粒径减小的主要原因是流体速度增加,液膜不稳定性增强,增强了液滴的二次破碎。
综上所述,虽然许多研究者对于雾化过程中雾化液滴的大小和速度分布进行了广泛研究,但这些研究局限于受限空间内单喷嘴雾化方面。而人工造雪的液滴雾化过程通常涉及多个喷嘴,喷嘴之间干涉影响不可忽略,相邻喷嘴之间喷雾干涉交汇区会增加液滴碰撞的概率,液滴碰撞后的破碎和聚并影响了人工造雪过程中喷雾场中液滴粒径分布[14]。同时喷嘴的气液质量混合比(gglr)也会影响雾化液滴粒径分布。例如,当gglr较高时,液体可能更容易受到气体的扰动,促进液膜碎裂过程发生,最终导致液滴的尺寸变小[15-16]。但目前针对喷嘴间的干涉作用及喷嘴雾化液滴碰撞破碎对人工造雪的研究较少,因此基于多喷嘴的对称性,本文对两喷嘴间距和气液质量混合比对人工造雪喷雾场中液滴大小和速度分布的协同影响,以及喷雾场中液滴碰撞对粒径分布的影响进行了研究,旨在通过同时调整喷嘴间距和气液质量混合比获得适合人工造雪的粒径分布,为气液混合式人工造雪设计提供进一步的理论参考。
实验系统主要由3部分组成,如图1(a)所示,其中1~6为动力系统,主要包括水泵及空气压缩机等;7~9为喷雾场速度分布及形貌特性测量系统,又称PIV(particle image velocimetry)系统,主要由高速相机和光束发射器组成;10~11为喷雾场液滴粒径测量系统,主要由粒度仪激光发射端和接收端组成,表1所示为实验设备详细参数。实验采用内混式空气助力喷嘴,结构如图1(b)所示。水和气体由动力系统提供高压动力后进入喷嘴,经喷嘴雾化后形成喷雾场。在此基础上,通过激光粒度仪检测喷雾场的粒径分布,并通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)获得喷雾场的整体形貌和速度分布。实验系统实物如图2所示。
实验所处环境温度为2 ℃,相对湿度为25%。为研究气液质量混合比(gglr)和雾化系统喷嘴间距(d)对粒径分布的影响,设定gglr分别为0.05、0.10、0.15、0.2,d分别为10、15 cm。gglr定义为:
式中:qm,a为气体质量流量,kg/s;qm,l为液体质量流量,kg/s;在实验过程中,压缩空气压力范围为0.5~ 0.7 MPa,gglr的调节是通过控制气液管路阀门开度来实现的。气压的波动gglr会围绕设定值上下波动,波动范围为±0.01 MPa,满足实际造雪过程的要求。
在测量喷雾场的速度分布时,由计算机信号控制的激光器发出2束时间间隔为500 μs的激光,经过内部的偏光源镜头组到达流场中的待测面,即喷嘴轴线所在的水平面。高速相机架设在激光面垂直上方,拍摄间隔设置为500 μs,拍摄出2张流场平面中流动液雾的图像,通过计算机处理软件对前后拍摄的图像进行互相关统计分析算法处理得到相差500 μs同一液滴的位移,进一步得到喷雾场的速度分布特征。在此过程中,相邻时间间隔内流场的差异性可视为在湍流场下表现的波动,某一时刻的瞬态结果虽然能够反映喷雾场的瞬时波动,但不能反映稳定状态下整个喷雾场的速度分布。为了更准确地分析不同条件下的喷雾场速度分布,对瞬态数据进行了平均处理,从而确保喷雾场速度分布的实验结果与真实速度分布相对应。
在测量粒径分布时,为了获得整个喷雾场的粒度分布情况,测点布置如图3所示,在单喷嘴粒径测量中以喷嘴出口为中心,轴向方向每隔150 mm,径向方向每隔50 mm布置一个测点,双喷嘴粒径测量中以2个喷嘴间距中线处为中心,测点布置间隔与单喷嘴一致。将气液混合喷嘴固定在移动导轨上,调整导轨使激光发射路径与测量点一致,使粒径分析仪能够测量喷雾场中不同位置的粒径。粒度分析仪始终将喷嘴作为测量喷雾场的中心截面以便获得整个喷雾场的粒度分布情况。
图4所示为gglr为0.10时不同喷嘴布置条件下轴向速度分布,气体和液体的质量流量分别为0.17、1.64 g/s。由于在喷嘴出口处,液体被压缩气体挤压成环状液膜,此时喷雾还未形成,所以PIV系统捕捉不到喷雾粒子速度,因此取y=100 mm截面后数据来进行分析。由图4可知,单喷嘴喷雾场轴向速度在近喷嘴区域(y<300 mm)先逐渐增大,在喷雾发展区域(y=300~600)达到峰值3.980 m/s后,随着液滴飞行距离的增加,在末端(y>600 mm)逐渐减小。这是由于随着压缩气体降压膨胀喷出,液膜在高速气体的作用下初次雾化失稳破碎为不同尺寸的液滴,液滴沿主流方向加速运动,在气动力和表面张力的作用下二次破碎,因此在近喷嘴区域液滴轴向速度逐渐增加[17]。直到液滴喷雾发展区域,由于液滴飞行距离较长,液滴之间存在速度差,这使得液滴发生碰撞,这种碰撞使液滴动能发生交换,因此喷雾场轴向速度在此区域出现峰值[18]。在距离喷嘴较远的流场末端,喷嘴出口处气流影响变弱,在空气阻力作用下液滴动能减小,轴向速度降低。
对于双喷嘴喷雾场而言,其沿轴向距离增加轴向速度变化趋势与单喷嘴喷雾场大致相似。但由于喷雾场的相交,两喷雾场的干涉现象使得双喷嘴场的速度变化区域发生改变。在喷嘴出口处(y<200 mm)双喷嘴并无干涉现象,可视为2个单喷嘴喷雾场,因此轴向速度增加原因与单喷嘴相同。而随着喷雾发展(y=200~500 mm),双喷嘴喷雾场出现干涉重叠区域,且喷嘴间距为10、15 cm的轴向速度峰值出现在该区域,分别为5.6、5.5 m/s,在最大值发生后轴向速度逐渐减小。这是由于交汇区域内双喷嘴之间的干涉作用加剧了气流的扰动,使得液滴速度发生改变,且在喷雾场中线交汇区附近液滴数量较多,加剧了液滴碰撞的概率,从而导致液滴速度的变化。在喷雾场末端,干涉作用变弱,受空气阻力影响轴向速度降低。
通过对比单喷嘴和双喷嘴轴向速度可知,双喷嘴喷雾场轴向速度明显大于单喷嘴,且双喷嘴喷雾场均出现一定程度的喷雾场交汇区偏移,其速度的最大值并不完全对应于双喷场中线处(x=0 mm)。这主要是由于喷雾流场中高速气流的数量差异所致。双喷嘴喷雾场中高速气体量和强度高于单喷嘴喷雾场,更多的高速气体会对液滴施加更大的空气动力,从而导致它们更快地运动[19],而喷雾偏移是喷雾干涉交汇区域变化的主要原因,喷雾锥角发生偏移,导致干涉区域向左偏移,其轴向速度峰值向左偏移,且喷雾间干涉角随着喷嘴间距的增加而变大,其对应喷雾干涉区域面积变小,偏移更大[20]
在人工造雪过程中,雾化效果直接影响液滴粒径大小,喷雾场的液滴粒径分布不仅直接反映了喷嘴的雾化效果以及液滴的尺寸,同时也决定了造雪质量[21]。但对于双喷嘴喷雾场,喷雾干涉区域内的液滴碰撞对于粒径分布存在不可忽略的影响。因此,为得出无干涉现象时的喷雾场粒径分布,对不同gglr下单喷嘴喷雾场粒径分布进行了研究。
在单喷嘴条件下,由于本文主要关注不同gglr对于单喷嘴喷雾场粒径产生的影响,为减少外围不稳定逸散液滴对雾化场粒径的影响,选择喷雾场中线处(x=0 mm)不同y截面数据进行分析,图5所示为x= 0 mm处,不同gglr下单喷嘴沿喷雾方向液滴粒径分布。由图5可知,D10D50D90(表示累计粒度分布数达到10%、50%、90%时所对应的液滴粒径)和SMD随着gglr的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,当gglr= 0.10、0.15时液滴尺寸较小。这是因为当gglr较小时,气体压力较小、流量较小,从喷嘴喷出时气体膨胀引起的液膜破碎程度较弱,因此形成的液滴尺寸较大,此时喷嘴雾化能力较差。而随着gglr的增加,更高的气量增强了气体对液体的剪切和冲击作用,促进了液膜破碎,雾化效果增强。其次,气流速度的提高也增强了液滴二次破碎程度,使大尺寸液滴数量更少[22]。所以当gglr>0.05时,液滴尺寸随着gglr的增加而减小,雾化效果增强。但随着gglr的继续增加,粒径有增大的趋势,这与M. Mlkvik等[23]的研究有所差异,主要是液体及喷嘴类型不同导致。在本研究中,随着gglr的增加,气体占比过多,气液混合流中的气泡数量也随之增加。它们一般聚集到一起导致气液混合流的流动状态由泡状流过渡到段塞流[24]。虽然段塞流也在喷嘴出口处膨胀促进液体破碎,但gglr的增加会减少混合液体量和喷雾场中液滴数量,这种情况下进入混合腔内的液体非常少,只有少量的液体会从喷嘴中喷射出来。这种混合不良的现象会大幅降低雾化效果[25]。因此当gglr>0.1时液滴粒径有增大的趋势。
此外,可以发现随着轴向距离y的增加,SMD先减小后缓慢增大,gglr=0.10时下降最显著,在y=300 mm处达到最小值61.638 μm。这是由于液滴在飞行过程中二次破碎引起的。而在喷雾场末端区域(y>450 mm)较小速度的液滴相互碰撞,发生液滴聚并过程且形成较大的液滴,导致液滴粒径增大[18]。不同gglry=600 mm截面的D90均高于其他截面也证明了这一点。
雾化均匀度是雾化特性评价的一个重要指标,表示液滴尺寸的发散程度(即液滴从最小直径到最大直径的范围)。通常采用粒径相对尺寸范围(ΔS)来衡量雾化粒径分布均匀性[26],定义如式(2)所示:
在人工造雪过程中,ΔS越小,液滴粒径的分散性越小,液滴粒径分布的均匀性越好。其形成雪晶粒径分布更均匀,雪质更好[9]。而ΔS的方差越大表示喷雾场中ΔS的波动性较高,喷雾场内液滴粒径分布均匀性较差。图6所示为单喷嘴喷雾场液滴粒径分布的均匀性,由图6可知,ΔSgglr的变化表现出的差异性很大。当gglr=0.05、0.20时对应的ΔS较大且波动性较大,ΔS的平均值分别为3.96和4.29,方差值分别为4.97和5.29,其液滴粒径分布均匀性较差。而gglr=0.10、0.15时对应的ΔS和波动性较小,平均值分别为2.83和3.29,方差值分别为1.14和1.70,液滴粒径分布较均匀。
基于前文分析的单喷嘴喷雾场液滴大小与gglr的关系可知,当gglr为0.10~0.15时,单喷嘴喷雾场存在最均匀的粒径分布。在此基础上,结合不同喷嘴间距研究了较优喷嘴条件组合下双喷嘴喷雾场粒径分布。
图7所示为不同喷嘴布置条件下双喷嘴喷雾场液滴粒径分布。由图7可知,在y=150 mm截面处,d=15 cm喷雾场中线处(x=0 mm截面)SMD均大于d=10 cm,且液滴粒径沿径向距离x的变化趋势较其他距离处差距较大,在y=150 mm处,d= 10 cm时先增大后减小再逐渐增大,而d=15 cm时沿径向距离增加SMD先减小后增大,其他截面总体趋势相同却存在波动现象。这是由于间距改变引起了喷雾场相交区域的变化,当d=10 cm时双喷嘴喷雾场在112 mm处已经相交(图3),在y=150 mm处喷雾场受干涉作用,液滴尺寸改变。当d=15 cm时,y=150 mm处双喷嘴喷雾场还未相交,只是单面喷嘴边缘区域飞溅的较大尺寸液滴,其轴线处液滴粒径较大[27]。随着径向距离增加逐渐进入喷雾主流区域,因此粒径逐渐减小。而当d=10 cm时,y= 150 mm处双喷嘴喷雾场尽管已经发生干涉,液滴粒径较小,但距离喷雾场相交点较近,干涉区域较小,干涉区边缘粒径值增加。而对于其他截面,随着轴向距离增加(y=150~450 mm),喷雾场中线处截面粒径尺寸逐渐减小,其相同间距下径向粒径分布波动情况主要是由不同gglr引起,gglr的改变影响了气流速度,干涉区内气流扰动导致不同的液滴破碎碰撞情况,因此粒径分布值在径向上波动[28]。在喷雾场尾端区域y>450 mm,喷雾干涉所造成的影响变小,液滴粒径增加原因同单喷嘴。
通过对比可知,当gglr=0.10,d=15 cm和gglr= 0.15,d=10 cm时液滴粒径分布相对更加均匀且液滴尺寸较小。但仅从SMD分布来看,对于均匀性的评估还取决于粒径相对尺寸范围(ΔS)。图8所示为双喷嘴喷雾场液滴粒径分布的均匀性。当gglr= 0.10,d=15 cm时,双喷嘴喷雾场ΔS平均值为2.52。此外,虽然喷雾场中线的ΔS在平均值附近波动,但总体上是稳定的,由于喷雾边缘处存在极不稳定的飞溅现象,所以其ΔS明显偏离平均值,绝对偏差为1.98,而整个喷雾场的相对尺寸范围的方差仅为0.46。而当gglr=0.15,d=15 cm时ΔS平均值为3.26,其最大绝对偏差为6.48,整个喷雾场的ΔS的方差为4.16,其液滴尺寸分布分散性较大。对比二者可知gglr=0.10,d=15 cm时,造雪喷雾场的液滴粒径分布更均匀。
液滴的破碎和碰撞是导致液滴速度和粒径分布变化的主要原因[29],本研究中对喷雾场速度分布和粒径分布的测量结果均表明人工造雪喷雾场中的液滴同时受到破碎和碰撞的影响。为此本文以较优布置条件下单喷嘴和双喷嘴喷雾场为例,对液滴的破碎与碰撞进行分析。由于在液滴的二次破碎过程中液滴的表面张力与空气动力起主导作用,因此可引入2个无量纲数韦伯数(We)和奥内佐格数(Oh)来估计液滴破碎程度。
式中:ρl为液体密度,kg/m3d为液滴直径,m;ud为流速差,m/s;σ为表面张力,N/m;μl为动力黏度,Pa·s。
Oh<0.1时,液体黏度对液体破碎的影响很小[30],通过计算,人工造雪喷雾的Oh<0.055 3,因此液体黏度的影响可以忽略。表2所示为Oh<1时不同We下液滴的破碎模式[31]
虽然液滴的破碎与碰撞在雾化中同时发生,但其中之一将占主导地位。为了预测两液滴的碰撞结果,研究者们根据碰撞参数(B)及We,绘制了液滴碰撞破碎示意图,如图9所示[31-33]
式中:b为横向位移,m;dSdL分别为发生碰撞的小液滴和大液滴的尺寸,m。
在单喷嘴喷雾场中并无喷雾场干涉效应,因此在单喷嘴条件下,液滴可视为在平行方向上移动,碰撞仅由速度差引起,碰撞参数B<0.3。当gglr=0.10时,单喷嘴We和SMD沿轴向的变化趋势如图10所示。由于喷雾出口处液膜速度无法捕捉,所以在研究时采取y=100 mm截面为起点。可以发现沿轴向距离We的变化趋势与单喷嘴速度分布相符合,液滴粒径先减小,在y=350 mm后增大。这是由于在y=100~ 350 mm处,一次雾化后较大尺寸的液滴继续运动,由于距离喷口较近,液滴速度较大并无速度差,因此We较高,在30~50区域内波动且液滴碰撞现象概率极低,对应液滴碰撞示意图可知,在B<0.3,处于该We范围的液滴发生自反分离,因此处于y=200~ 350 mm处尺寸较大的液滴很容易达到临界We而发生二次破碎,液滴尺寸减小。在喷雾场末端区域,液滴速度随着飞行距离的增大而降低,We随之降低,由图9可知,We<20时,二次破碎后的较小液滴即使发生碰撞也无法分离,反而发生聚合从而导致液滴尺寸变大,这也对应了上文中对于单喷嘴粒径分布研究的结果。
在双喷嘴布置条件下,喷雾交汇区域内液滴的碰撞对液滴粒径的减少具有重要作用。但实际造雪过程中,液滴之间的碰撞情况相当复杂,多液滴碰撞的情况也同样存在,碰撞参数B难以确定,但可以通过碰撞示意图结合We来预测干涉后的碰撞结果。当gglr=0.10,d=15 cm时,双喷嘴中线处(x=0 mm截面)We和SMD的变化如图11所示。可知随轴向距离增加We先增大再减小,而SMD沿轴向距离的增加呈现与We相反的趋势,这是由于在y=150 mm之前为喷雾未交汇区,其测量数据为两喷嘴径向边缘区逸散的较大尺寸的液滴,因此粒径值较大,We变化原因与单喷嘴相同,此时液滴破碎在近喷嘴区域仍占据主导地位。随着轴向距离的增大y=150~400 mm,We增加而SMD降低,且远大于单喷嘴喷雾场We。这是由于双喷嘴流场速度较大,不同于单喷嘴场中的液滴碰撞仅由速度差引起,双喷嘴间的干涉作用使气流扰动更大,干涉区域内液滴的碰撞占据主导地位,We>40。对应图9可知,当B>0.4时,We>40液滴碰撞后即会发生拉伸分离,该现象是导致液滴尺寸降低的主要原因。而当B较高时,液滴会发生碰撞后反弹的现象,导致液滴动量发生变化,这也是在喷雾干涉区域内We发生变化的原因之一。而在轴向距离y>450 mm时,液滴飞行过程中的能量损失使得液滴很难突破临界We,碰撞后难以分离,小液滴与其他液滴合并后形成更大的液滴,导致喷雾场末端区域液滴粒径增加,而合并后的大尺寸液滴又会受到更大的空气曳力,因此液滴流速和We减小。
本文通过PIV系统和粒径分布实验研究了不同喷嘴间距和gglr对人工造雪用气液混合式喷嘴喷雾场的速度和粒径影响,并分析了人工造雪喷雾场中液滴破碎碰撞作用对于速度和粒径分布的影响,得到如下结论:
1)双喷嘴喷雾场速度大于单喷嘴喷雾场速度,这主要由于双喷嘴喷雾场中的气体流量和气体流速远高于单喷嘴。且通过速度云图发现双喷雾场液滴速度梯度由于两喷嘴干涉的作用高于单喷嘴喷雾场速度梯度,双喷嘴速度峰值(5.6 m/s)远大于单喷嘴速度峰值(3.98 m/s)。
2)较高的gglr会促进液体的破碎,导致液滴更小,但需要注意高gglr的不良影响。例如混合液体体积的减少导致雾化产生的液滴数量减少,从而导致不良的雾化效果。在单喷嘴喷雾场中,粒径较优分布gglr为0.10、0.15。在此基础上得到gglr=0.10、d= 15 cm时双喷嘴喷雾场粒径分布最均匀。
3)通过We验证了喷嘴雾化过程中液滴破碎碰撞现象,在喷雾发展区域,液滴的二次破碎是导致粒径变化的主要因素,随y的增大,干涉区域We>50液滴的碰撞分离是导致粒径变化的主要原因。而在喷雾场末端区域,随着液滴速度减小,We<20难以突破临界We,液滴碰撞后聚合。
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.087
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
  • 修回日期:2024-05-24
  • 录用日期:2024-07-31
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    天津商业大学 天津市制冷技术重点实验室 农业农村部农产品低碳冷链重点实验室 天津 300134

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刘斌,男,教授,天津商业大学机械工程学院,18920197448,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及低温工程技术,传热传质。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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