Article(id=1239215315834433560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1707494400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-10, revisedDate=1712073600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-03, acceptedDate=1717257600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-02, onlineDate=1773381554802, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381554802, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381554802, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381554802, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215316211920931, articleId=1239215315834433560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Comparison and Prospect of Magnetic Heat Pump Cycle and Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Room-temperature magnetic heat pumps, one of the main applications of the magnetocaloric effect near room temperature, offer high efficiency, environmental protection, low noise, and low vibrations. This study discusses the application potential of a cascade magnetic heat pump cycle with a large temperature span by comparing the theoretical magnetic heat pump and refrigeration cycles. The results show that meeting the kilowatt-level heating capacity and achieving a wide temperature span of approximately 30 K in an actual heating scenario poses challenges to room-temperature magnetic heat pumps. The differences in design and application between the room-temperature magnetic heat pump and the existing room-temperature magnetic refrigeration prototypes are discussed, with a focus on magnetocaloric material selection strategies and performance evaluation indices suited for large temperature spans. The comparative analysis of magnetic heat pumps and magnetic refrigeration in this study also helps researchers to clarify the key to the design and application of large temperature span magnetic heat pumps based on existing research on room-temperature magnetic refrigeration. It promotes the comprehension and application of room-temperature magnetic heat pumps.

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Wu Jianghong, female, professor, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 86-13580467927, E-mail: . Research fields: room temperature magnetic refrigeration, air-conditioning and thermal management of new energy vehicles, energy saving of heat pumps, and application of artificial intelligence in refrigeration system.
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室温磁热泵是磁热效应在室温附近的主要应用方向之一,具有高效、环保、低噪音、低振动的特点。通过磁热泵与磁制冷理论循环对比,验证复叠磁热泵循环在大温跨室温磁热泵上的应用潜力。研究结果表明:实际制热场景对千瓦级制热量和约30 K大温跨的双重要求是室温磁热泵应用的障碍,基于设计应用过程中室温磁热泵与现有室温磁制冷样机的差异,分析了针对大温跨室温磁热泵的磁热材料选择策略与性能评价指标,以帮助研究者明确在已有室温磁制冷的研究基础上,设计应用大温跨室温磁热泵的关键所在,促进对室温磁热泵循环的理解和应用研发。

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巫江虹,女,教授,华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,13580467927,E-mail:。研究方向:室温磁制冷、新能源汽车空调及热管理、热泵节能、人工智能在制冷系统的应用。
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Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2023.), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232345493009279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=玉米干燥技术规范:GB/T 21017—2021[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232345589478277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Technical specifications for maize drying: GB/T 21017—2021[S]. 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Fluid Machinery, 2011, 39(3): 71-74.), articleTitle=Principle and examples of thermodynamic perfectibility of refrigeration and heat pump production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239232340552118981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, awardId=52276008, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239232340636005070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, awardId=52276008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52276008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232331840549177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232331844743482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, companyId=1239232331840549177, language=EN, country=null, 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figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环形式换热器和泵的数量最大温跨最大制冷量最大制热量
并联制冷
并联制热
复叠制冷
复叠制热
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循环形式换热器和泵的数量最大温跨最大制冷量最大制热量
并联制冷
并联制热
复叠制冷
复叠制热
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工况回风干球温度/℃
室内侧室外侧
额定制冷2735
最大运行3243
最小运行、冻结、冻结滴水2121
凝露、凝结水排除2727
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工况回风干球温度/℃
室内侧室外侧
额定制冷2735
最大运行3243
最小运行、冻结、冻结滴水2121
凝露、凝结水排除2727
), ArticleFig(id=1239232340103328414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Temperature requirements of the cold and hot ends of magnetic refrigeration and magnetic heat pump systems in different application scenarios, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用场景热端温度/℃冷端温度/℃制热量/kW制冷量/kW
空调制冷(温带)>48[31]<16[31]2[29]~14[30]
空调制热(温带)>25[31]<-12[31]2[29]~14[30]
空气源式热泵热水器(普通型)>60[25]<-12[25]0.6[32]~5[33]
空气源式热泵热水器(低温型)>60[25]<-30[25]0.6[32]~5[33]
温带室内水温调节机(制冷)>48[24]<20[24]0.06[34]~12[24]
温带室内水温调节机(制热)>30[24]<-12[24]0.05[35]~12[24]
冷藏保温车(F类)>35[36]<-25[36]0.99[36]~5.47[36]
低温医用冷库(温带)>37[37]<-191[37]~-45[37]无明确要求
食用玉米干燥机(顺流连续式)>125[27]<25[27](测试)5.5[38]~111.1[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1239232340174631590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同应用场景下磁制冷与磁热泵系统的冷热端温度要求, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用场景热端温度/℃冷端温度/℃制热量/kW制冷量/kW
空调制冷(温带)>48[31]<16[31]2[29]~14[30]
空调制热(温带)>25[31]<-12[31]2[29]~14[30]
空气源式热泵热水器(普通型)>60[25]<-12[25]0.6[32]~5[33]
空气源式热泵热水器(低温型)>60[25]<-30[25]0.6[32]~5[33]
温带室内水温调节机(制冷)>48[24]<20[24]0.06[34]~12[24]
温带室内水温调节机(制热)>30[24]<-12[24]0.05[35]~12[24]
冷藏保温车(F类)>35[36]<-25[36]0.99[36]~5.47[36]
低温医用冷库(温带)>37[37]<-191[37]~-45[37]无明确要求
食用玉米干燥机(顺流连续式)>125[27]<25[27](测试)5.5[38]~111.1[38]
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分类名称作用机理
内不可逆寄生涡流外部能量在系统中的耗散
流体的黏性耗散外部能量在系统中的耗散
磁热材料的磁滞外部能量在系统中的耗散
磁热材料性能退化系统运行的不稳定因素
AMR内轴向热传导系统内部的不可逆换热
外不可逆AMR内换热流体流速分布不均系统运行的不稳定因素
磁场分布不均系统运行的不稳定因素
多个AMR间换热流体分配不均系统运行的不稳定因素
隔热损失系统与环境间不可逆换热
流路中的死体积系统内部的不可逆换热
), ArticleFig(id=1239232340388541113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315834433560, language=CN, label=表4, caption=磁热泵系统中不可逆因素的分类及其作用机理, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类名称作用机理
内不可逆寄生涡流外部能量在系统中的耗散
流体的黏性耗散外部能量在系统中的耗散
磁热材料的磁滞外部能量在系统中的耗散
磁热材料性能退化系统运行的不稳定因素
AMR内轴向热传导系统内部的不可逆换热
外不可逆AMR内换热流体流速分布不均系统运行的不稳定因素
磁场分布不均系统运行的不稳定因素
多个AMR间换热流体分配不均系统运行的不稳定因素
隔热损失系统与环境间不可逆换热
流路中的死体积系统内部的不可逆换热
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磁热泵循环与磁制冷循环的对比及展望
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许戈耀 1 , 张尧康 2 , 余浩贤 1 , 陈富城 1 , 胡旭龙 1 , 巫江虹 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 1-12
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 1-12
磁热泵循环与磁制冷循环的对比及展望
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许戈耀1, 张尧康2, 余浩贤1, 陈富城1, 胡旭龙1, 巫江虹1
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院 广州 510640
  • 2广东海洋大学海洋工程与能源学院 湛江 524088

通讯作者:

巫江虹,女,教授,华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,13580467927,E-mail:。研究方向:室温磁制冷、新能源汽车空调及热管理、热泵节能、人工智能在制冷系统的应用。
Comparison and Prospect of Magnetic Heat Pump Cycle and Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle
Geyao Xu1, Yaokang Zhang2, Haoxian Yu1, Fucheng Chen1, Xulong Hu1, Jianghong Wu1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
  • 2.College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.001
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室温磁热泵是磁热效应在室温附近的主要应用方向之一,具有高效、环保、低噪音、低振动的特点。通过磁热泵与磁制冷理论循环对比,验证复叠磁热泵循环在大温跨室温磁热泵上的应用潜力。研究结果表明:实际制热场景对千瓦级制热量和约30 K大温跨的双重要求是室温磁热泵应用的障碍,基于设计应用过程中室温磁热泵与现有室温磁制冷样机的差异,分析了针对大温跨室温磁热泵的磁热材料选择策略与性能评价指标,以帮助研究者明确在已有室温磁制冷的研究基础上,设计应用大温跨室温磁热泵的关键所在,促进对室温磁热泵循环的理解和应用研发。

磁热效应  /  磁制冷  /  磁热泵  /  复叠循环  /  磁热材料

Room-temperature magnetic heat pumps, one of the main applications of the magnetocaloric effect near room temperature, offer high efficiency, environmental protection, low noise, and low vibrations. This study discusses the application potential of a cascade magnetic heat pump cycle with a large temperature span by comparing the theoretical magnetic heat pump and refrigeration cycles. The results show that meeting the kilowatt-level heating capacity and achieving a wide temperature span of approximately 30 K in an actual heating scenario poses challenges to room-temperature magnetic heat pumps. The differences in design and application between the room-temperature magnetic heat pump and the existing room-temperature magnetic refrigeration prototypes are discussed, with a focus on magnetocaloric material selection strategies and performance evaluation indices suited for large temperature spans. The comparative analysis of magnetic heat pumps and magnetic refrigeration in this study also helps researchers to clarify the key to the design and application of large temperature span magnetic heat pumps based on existing research on room-temperature magnetic refrigeration. It promotes the comprehension and application of room-temperature magnetic heat pumps.

magnetocaloric effect  /  magnetic refrigeration  /  magnetic heat pump  /  cascade cycle  /  magnetocaloric material
许戈耀, 张尧康, 余浩贤, 陈富城, 胡旭龙, 巫江虹. 磁热泵循环与磁制冷循环的对比及展望. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.001
Geyao Xu, Yaokang Zhang, Haoxian Yu, Fucheng Chen, Xulong Hu, Jianghong Wu. Comparison and Prospect of Magnetic Heat Pump Cycle and Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.001
2021年4月16日,中国正式宣布接受《基加利修正案》,同年10月8日,中国生态环境部发布《中国受控消耗臭氧层物质清单》,开始按计划冻结并削减HFCs等非CO2温室气体的生产与使用。室温磁制冷技术作为目前磁热效应在室温附近最主要的应用方向之一,不需要加入HFCs等气态制冷剂,是基于固态材料的磁热效应的新型制冷技术,被国际公认是应对HFCs淘汰的重要研究方向。
同样作为磁热效应在室温附近的主要应用方向,室温磁热泵却很少受到研究者们的关注,目前仅有少量针对室温磁热泵的研究。2018年,H. Johra等[1]首次通过数值模拟论证了将其应用于小型住宅地热源磁热泵的可能性,当磁热泵提供2 600 W的加热量,磁热泵用于为客厅供暖时,系统平均季节COP(性能系数,coefficient of performance)为3.93。2023年,D. Pineda Quijano等[2]通过仿真证明通过合理选择与分配磁热材料层,也可使用多层MnFeP1-xSix作为磁热泵内的磁热材料。2021年,S. Dall'Olio等[3]首次通过实验研究了磁热泵样机的制热性能,该样机在热端温度为22 ℃,可在5.6 K温跨下,提供950W制热量。考虑到传热温差,该磁热泵系统仍难以达到普通室内采暖的性能需要。另一方面,目前磁制冷与磁热泵样机的主要性能评价指标是温跨、制冷量、制热量和COP,还不能合理体现样机温跨与制冷量间的相互关系及磁热循环的节能效果,无法充分展示磁热泵的节能潜力。
为发挥磁热泵的节能优势,促进对大温跨室温磁热泵的研究,本文分析复叠磁热泵循环的理论应用潜力,提出了复叠室温磁热泵的概念,实际制热场景对千瓦级制热量和约30 K大温跨的双重要求是室温磁热泵应用的障碍,研究了适合室温磁热泵的磁热材料选择策略与系统性能评价指标。最后,总结了在室温磁制冷的研究上研发大温跨室温磁热泵的解决方案。
主动回热式循环可按用途分为主动回热式磁热泵循环和主动回热式磁制冷循环。它们是在磁Brayton循环的基础上,结合主动式回热器(active magnetic regenerator,AMR)来增大温跨的循环。
主动回热式磁制冷循环的主要特点是其温跨越大,制冷量越小[4]。这与主动回热式磁制冷循环温跨建立过程中AMR的作用有关,为方便阐述,将AMR中的磁热材料沿轴向均等划分为5个单元,如图1所示,其中最接近冷端换热器的是第1单元,最接近热端换热器的是第5单元,每个单元的磁热材料均承担各自的磁热循环。
不同温跨下的主动回热式磁制冷循环如图2所示。最初,如图2(a)所示,主动回热式磁制冷循环的温跨为0,环境温度与冷端温度相等,5个磁热材料单元均在环境温度下加磁升温,再由换热流体将磁热材料冷却至环境温度;然后,磁热材料去磁,其温度低于环境温度,可从换热流体中吸收热量,热量大小等于5个磁热材料单元去磁产生的制冷量;若换热流体在流经冷端换热器时,可以从冷端环境吸收等量的热量,磁热材料就可以被换热流体加热至环境温度后再进行加磁过程;以上过程不断循环往复,维持着0温跨主动回热式磁制冷循环。
当冷端温度低于环境温度时,即形成有温跨的主动回热式磁制冷循环。如图2(b)和(c)所示,随着温跨的增大,冷端温度降低,回热器内部的温差增加,去磁降温后,回热器内温度低于冷端的磁热材料单元数从3个逐渐降为1个。最后当循环温跨达到最大时,回热器内只有极少甚至没有磁热材料可在去磁后达到比冷端更低的温度。图2(d)所示为5个单元磁热循环包络线组合而成的大温跨主动回热式磁制冷循环。
实际上,AMR内的磁热材料会自发形成温度梯度,相当于划分了无数个磁热材料单元,且各单元间的磁热循环还存在重叠部分[5-6]。随着循环的温跨增大,一方面去磁后温度低于冷端温度的单元在全部单元中数量占比会逐渐下降[6];另一方面,AMR内各磁热材料单元的工作温度会逐渐偏离其居里温度,减弱磁热材料的磁热效应[7-8],最终使整个主动回热式磁制冷循环的制冷量减少。
相对地,主动回热式磁热泵循环具有温跨越大,制热量越小的特点。这也与循环温跨建立过程中AMR的作用有关,即随着循环的温跨增大,去磁后温度高于热端温度的单元在全部单元中数量占比会不断下降,令整个主动回热式磁热泵循环的制热量减少。循环温跨建立的具体过程与主动回热式磁制冷循环相似,不再赘述。
图3所示,主动回热式磁热泵与磁制冷循环的存在两大差异:
1)从循环的回热过程来看,由于制冷与制热的应用场景不同,磁热泵循环的冷热端温度通常比磁制冷循环更高,温跨也更大,这必然导致2种循环样机中如磁热材料种类和运行频率等设计参数与运行参数有所不同。
2)从循环温跨的建立过程看,磁热泵和磁制冷样机将环境分别作为低温热源和高温热源,磁制冷循环产生的全部制冷量均来自磁热材料去磁时的磁热效应,而磁热泵循环产生的制热量则来自从冷端吸收的热量和磁热材料加磁时的磁热效应。根据热力学,磁热泵从环境吸热,并由磁热效应提升来自环境热量的品位,令热端温升的磁热泵循环效率比使冷端温降的磁制冷循环效率更高。
单个AMR的主动回热式循环样机,无负荷最大温跨一般为15~26 K[9-11],为了增大样机的制冷量和制热量,改善输出制冷量和制热量的连续性,可以把多个AMR并联或复叠起来[12-14],即并联循环和复叠循环。
并联循环T-S图如图4所示,并联循环包含多个相对独立的主动回热式循环,主动回热式循环作为子循环相互并联,单独1个子循环的温跨等于并联循环整体的温跨。而并联制冷循环的制冷量是各个子循环制冷量之和,所以并联制冷循环可在小温跨下输出较大制冷量。同理,并联制热循环也能在小温跨下输出较大制热量。
并联式室温磁制冷样机有多个AMR,这些AMR在样机运行过程中被划分为2组,通过对2组AMR交替地加去磁,使2组AMR中1组进行等磁场加热过程时,总有另1组AMR进行等磁场冷却过程,使冷端(热端)换热器的有效工作时间增加了1倍,有效提升了样机的制冷量。
复叠循环和并联循环相对,是把多个主动回热式循环作为子循环复叠起来。如图5所示,相互复叠的子循环中,工作温度相对较低的子循环被称为低温级循环,反之,则称为高温级循环。为便于陈述,可用级数来称呼各个子循环,级数越小则工作温度越低。通过换热器或换热流体直接混合的方式,低温级循环的热端作为高温级循环的冷端,最终形成的循环整体温跨是由多个子循环复叠而成,温跨较大。
复叠制冷循环中只有第1级循环可以向外输出制冷量,复叠制冷循环的制冷量为:
复叠制冷循环的能效比为:
而复叠制热循环只有级数最高的循环可以向外输出制热量,复叠制热循环的制热量为:
复叠制热循环的能效比为:
式中:QcQh为循环整体的制冷、制热量,W;COPc、COPh为制冷、制热循环能效比;Qc,1Qh,1为第1级循环制冷、制热量,W;Qc,nQh,n为第n级循环制冷、制热量,W;Wi为第i级循环输入功,W;n为子循环的个数。
当复叠制冷(制热)循环的制冷(热)量达到最大时,其温跨为0,各个AMR中的循环转变成如图2(a)所示的零温跨主动式回热循环,此时各回热器中磁热材料等磁场冷却和加热过程的熵变相等,且两过程间的温度差异也很小,可认为复叠制冷循环的最大制冷量与复叠制热循环的最大制热量相当。
但对比式(2)与式(4),复叠制冷循环中,各级循环输入功会导致循环整体的制冷量减少,但复叠制热循环却可以利用各级循环输入功来增大循环整体的制热量,使COPh明显大于COPc,且随着循环中子循环个数的增加,能效比的差距越大。说明从能效考虑复叠循环更适合制热。
将并联循环与复叠进行简单对比,复叠制冷循环的制冷量等于第1级循环的制冷量,而并联磁制冷循环的制冷量等于各个子循环的制冷量之和,复叠磁制冷循环的制冷量应当小于并联磁制冷循环的制冷量。类似地,复叠磁热泵循环的制热量应当小于并联磁热泵循环的制热量。但这种简单的对比忽略了并联循环与复叠循环中子循环各自温跨与制冷量(制热量)间的相互关系。实际上,受样机流路设计、磁场形状、磁热材料特性等因素的综合影响,当并联制冷循环样机和复叠制冷循环样机维持同样的较大温跨时,复叠制冷循环样机的制冷量更大[15],这也侧面说明了复叠制热循环的应用潜力。
考虑到理论上复叠循环应用在制热比制冷更有节能优势,本文基于复叠磁热泵循环,提出复叠式磁热泵的概念。相比并联磁热泵循环,复叠磁热泵循环可应用于更高的工作温度,且维持大温跨同时还能输出一定制热量,适合室内采暖、热水器等家用制热场景使用,可发挥复叠磁热泵循环的高能效特点,节省能源消耗,创造经济效益。
现有的室温磁制冷样机应用场景主要集中在空调制冷[16-18]与冷藏保鲜[19-21]2方面。2021年,M. Masche等[16]发表了一个室温磁制冷样机的设计过程和实验结果。该样机的最大温跨约为16 K,且在5.6 K温跨下,取得最大制冷量为815 W。作者们还对该样机的运行频率[17]、换热流体流速和流动时间[18]等操作参数进行实验研究,结果表明,根据实时用户需求的制冷量来调节样机的操作参数可以更有效地发挥室温磁制冷样机的节能特性。
2014年,包头稀土研究院[20]成功研制一台室温磁制冷样机。该样机冷端可装配92 L冷藏柜。室温为26~27 ℃,冷藏室温度可达8.3 ℃,满足冷藏标准要求,具备实用性。2015年1月,海尔集团[21]展示了一款室温磁制冷酒柜,可快速降温50 ℃以上,且能耗比传统蒸气压缩制冷冰箱显著减小。同年11月,德国Kisch International公司[22]展出了一台搭载磁制冷系统的医疗设备,如图6所示,该磁制冷系统具有高制冷能力,除医用冰箱外,还适用于酒柜及展示柜等商用制冷产品。
现有的室温磁热泵样机应用场合较少,集中在空调制冷室内采暖。2018年,H. Johra等[1,3]提出了一种地热源磁热泵系统来满足建筑物的供暖需求,如图7所示,地热源磁热泵系统不设置中间换热器和热储水箱。这种配置有可能减少热源和散热器之间的温差,简化管网,并减少热损失。
H. Johra等[1]首次通过数值模拟论证了将其应用于低能耗单户住宅的可能性,并得出磁热泵可以提供2 600W的加热功率,且磁热泵仅用于为客厅供暖时,系统平均季节COP为3.93。可当磁热泵用于为屋内多个房间供暖时,由于每个房间的采暖需求曲线不同,采用简单的启闭控制会导致系统平均季节COP降至1.83。此时,采用更灵活的控制方法可有效提高系统COP[23]。D. Pineda Quijano等[2]通过仿真证明,通过合理选择与分配磁热材料层,也可使用多层MnFeP1-x Six作为磁热泵内的磁热材料。2021年,S. Dall'Olio等[3]首次通过实验研究了磁热泵样机的制热性能,样机的最大运行频率达到3 Hz,磁场强度为1.44 T;同时从降低流动损失及提高传热效率角度优化了AMR的设计,并采用了单向流动设计。该样机在热端温度为22 ℃,可在5.6 K温跨下,提供950W制热量。
根据上述室温磁热泵的研究,热水器将是磁热泵的另一主要应用场景。不同出水温度下,磁热泵热水器有以下用途:
1)水温25~28 ℃[24]:恒温泳池、大型恒温鱼缸。
2)水温35~55 ℃[25-26]:洗浴用水、采暖用水。
3)水温60~90 ℃[27-28]:工业用水、农业用水。
对于不同应用场景下磁制冷和磁热泵系统的冷热端温度范围,可根据相关标准确定。以房间空调制冷举例,可参考表2中国家标准对温带气候下房间空调制冷运行的各类实验工况要求,各工况中室外侧回风干球温度最高为43 ℃,室内侧回风干球温度最低为21 ℃。考虑到至少5 ℃的传热温差,可以确定磁制冷样机的热端温度应高于48 ℃,冷端温度应低于16 ℃。另外,目前市场的房间空调器最小约为2 kW(小1匹)[29],最大不超过14 kW[30],对应其制冷量要求为2~14 kW。
综合现有国家标准与产品参数,更多应用场景下磁制冷与磁热泵系统的温跨、制冷量、制热量要求可参考表3。值得注意的是,表3中热端温度与冷端温度都考虑了5 ℃的传热温差,不同场合下具体设备的冷热端范围应按照实际设计要求的传热温差对其温度范围进行合理增减。
表3可知,大部分制热场景均要求系统温跨在30 ℃以上时能提供千瓦级制热量,参考H. Johra等[1]地热源磁热泵方案,使用稳定的地热源将系统温跨缩小至5~7 K后,现有室温磁热泵样机[3]千瓦级的制热量已能基本满足小型住宅的采暖需求。但考虑到对场地环境的特殊要求,地热源室温磁热泵仅在部分地区可用。
总体而言,目前限制室温磁热泵大规模应用的障碍是现有室温磁热泵样机无法满足实际场景对千瓦级制热量和约30 K大温跨的双重要求。对此,可以在维持大温跨的同时输出可观制热量的新型复叠磁热泵将有可能突破这一障碍,推动室温磁热泵的大规模应用。
磁热材料有3个关键的性能指标:居里温度TCurie、绝热温变ΔTad、等温熵变ΔSm。目前在室温范围常用的磁热材料主要有Gd及其合金[19,39-40]、LaFe13-x Six类化合物[41-42]和MnFeP1-x Asx类化合物[43-44]等,不同磁热材料有不同的居里温度,且均在居里温度下的磁热效应最强,绝热温变与等温熵变最大。在磁制冷样机的AMR内使用多层不同磁热材料,使其居里温度匹配AMR内各个循环单元的工作温度[45],可有效提升样机性能。
一般地,磁制冷和磁热泵系统中多层磁热材料的居里温度范围应能匹配系统的冷热端温度区间,这要求系统在选择磁热材料时应优先考虑其应用场景要求的温度范围,其次才考虑制冷量和制热量。综合考虑磁热材料的种类、层数及质量占比对磁制冷和磁热泵系统性能的影响,系统磁热材料的选择可大致分为以下4步:
1)确定系统的冷热端温度区间的温跨,系统温跨较小时,推荐使用一阶相变材料,提升系统的制冷量和制热量。
2)评估系统冷热端温度区间的波动大小,若波动范围较大,则推荐使用二阶相变材料,同时适当增加AMR内接近冷热端的材料层长度。
3)根据系统的冷热端温度区间的范围,将AMR内的磁热材料按居里温度划分为4~5层,若使用二阶相变材料,层数可适当减少[8]
4)通过数值仿真或实验方法,确定单个AMR产生的冷热端温度、制冷量、制热量能否满足系统性能需求。若单个AMR产生的冷热端温度不能满足系统需求,可适当增加AMR内中间材料层的长度,或按复叠循环原理,将系统温跨分配给多个AMR承担。若单个AMR产生的制冷量、制热量不能满足系统需求,应适量增加接近冷热端的材料层长度,或按照并联循环原理,用多个AMR来满足系统的制冷量、制热量需求。
具体地,磁制冷与磁热泵系统应根据实际应用场景来调整磁热材料的选择策略。以空调制热这一经典场景为例:
2021年,A. T. D. Nakashima等[22]开发了基于磁制冷技术的冷藏酒柜样机,酒柜的场景要求磁制冷系统的热端温度接近293 K,冷端温度最低约283 K,具体值随酒的种类不同而改变,即冷端温度存在一定波动。该样机具体使用了Gd、Gd95.98 Y4.02、Gd97.34 Y2.66这3种二阶相变磁热材料,居里温度分别为290、283、277 K,材料层长度比例分别为74%、17%、9%。一方面,使用低居里温度的磁热材料可以在冷端产生更大的传热温差,减少酒柜冷却到指定温度的时间,且二阶相变材料性能受温度影响较小,无需材料的居里温度区间严格包含系统的冷热端温度区间,适合应用于冷却温度存在波动的酒柜;另一方面,热端磁热材料占比较多,使酒柜在固定的热端温度下维持较大的制冷量,确保酒柜制冷性能的稳定性。
同年,丹麦科技大学团队的S. Dall'Olio等[3]开发了用于空调制热的磁热泵样机,空调制热场景要求磁热泵的热端温度约为293 K,冷端温度最低约为266 K,具体值随当地环境温度存在一定波动。该样机计划使用居里温度从274.2 K至294.2 K均匀分布的10层一阶相变材料La(Fe,Mn,Si)13 Hy,且靠近冷热端的材料层填充量明显比中间层更多。对此,系统使用的一阶相变材料可能在小温跨下获得比使用二阶相变材料更大的制热量,减少空调加热到指定温度的时间。同时,冷热端材料层质量占比大,中间材料层的占比小,可以提升系统制热性能,提升系统的稳定性。
为便于在不同应用场景下选择磁热材料,图9列出了部分常用磁热材料的ΔSm-T曲线,并按照不同应用场景要求的温度区间对其进行简单划分,更多磁热材料的性能参数可参考相关文献[46-48]
现有磁制冷与磁热泵样机,最常用的性能评价指标有制热量Qh、制冷量Qc、样机温跨ΔTspan、能效比COP、热端温度Th、冷端温度Tc等,但对于磁热材料与工况均不同的样机,单独根据这些指标进行性能评价难以全面、客观地对样机性能进行对比与分析,引入㶲及㶲效率等指标可以更合理地对比不同样机性能。
对于磁制冷,主动回热式循环具有温跨越大制冷量越小的特点,即温跨与制冷量是存在相关性的。单独关注样机的无负荷最大温跨与0温跨最大制冷量,其实是忽视了温跨与制冷量之间的关系[4,55]。为了更精确地评价磁制冷样机的性能,可以引入的概念,将温跨与制冷量有机结合为冷量:
由于室温磁制冷系统的温跨与制冷量近乎呈线性关系,系统的冷量㶲与制冷量呈凸函数关系[4,44,56],如图9所示,即室温磁制冷系统存在某个中间工况可以向外输出最大冷量㶲。
类似的,对于磁热泵有热量㶲:
同样,系统的热量㶲也存在最大值。
第二定律效率η,又称作热力学完善度(thermodynamic perfectibility)常用于蒸气压缩式制冷机与热泵中,可以对比不同机组在不同工况下的性能优劣[57],相比仅靠COP来评价机组性能更加合理。它被定义为样机实际循环的COP与相同冷热源条件下卡诺循环COPcarnot的比值:
对于磁制冷系统,对应卡诺循环的Th等于Tamb,有第二定律效率的表达式:
对于磁热泵系统,对应卡诺循环的Tc等于Tamb,第二定律效率表达式为:
式中:ηⅡ,cηⅡ,h分别为制冷机、热泵的第二定律效率;W为实际功耗,W。
而磁制冷与磁热泵系统的㶲效率ηex被定义为系统输出㶲与输入㶲的比值:
对于磁制冷系统,Th=Tamb,此时ηex=ηⅡ,c;类似的,磁热泵中Tc=Tamb,也有ηex=ηⅡ,h;即无论磁制冷或磁热泵系统,恒有ηex=ηⅡ,c。它们均表征了系统运行时受不可逆因素影响的强弱,这些不可逆因素可大致分为内不可逆与外不可逆2类。具体地,它们通过4种机理影响系统性能:1)系统运行的不稳定因素;2)系统与环境间不可逆换热;3)系统内部的不可逆换热;4)外部能量在系统中的耗散。
由于应用目的的差异,不可逆因素磁制冷与磁热泵系统的影响也有所不同。这些不可逆因素对以制冷为目标的磁制冷系统只有负面作用。而对以制热为目标的磁热泵系统,却可通过合理的设计布置,利用第4类不可逆因素产生的耗散热来增大其温跨与制热量。如表4所示,仅有寄生涡流、流体黏性耗散、磁热材料的磁滞产生的耗散热可通过合理的结构设计、将泵放在流路高温侧、磁热材料不对称布置等方法被磁热泵利用,其它不可逆因素大都只能通过合理的结构设计和绝热措施避免其负面影响。
室温磁热泵作为磁热效应在室温附近的主要应用方向之一,与室温磁制冷相同,也具有高效、环保、低噪音、低振动的特点。相比室温磁热泵不输于室温磁制冷的巨大潜力,目前对室温磁热泵仅有少量的研究。
根据已有性能实验,虽然使用地热源磁热泵将系统温跨缩小至5~7 K后,现有室温磁热泵样机千瓦级的制热量已能基本满足小型住宅的采暖需求,但大部分制热场景普遍要求热泵系统温跨能在30 ℃以上时提供千瓦级的制热量,这是已有样机性能无法满足的要求,也是制约室温磁热泵大规模应用的障碍。
为了促进对大温跨室温磁热泵的研究,更好地发挥磁热泵的节能优势,本文基于复叠磁热泵循环的理论应用潜力,提出了复叠室温磁热泵的概念。且由于室温磁热泵与室温磁制冷的样机结构基本一致,设计并应用大温跨室温磁热泵样机时,完全可以借鉴室温磁制冷样机的相关研究,但有2个重要区别值得关注:
1)磁热材料的选择:从实际场景出发,综合考虑室温磁热泵系统冷热端温度区间的温跨、范围、波动大小、理论性能,合理选择磁热材料的种类、层数及相对质量占比。
2)引入㶲及㶲效率等指标可以更合理地对比不同样机性能,全面、客观地对样机不同工况下的运行情况进行对比与分析。
室温磁热泵具有广阔的应用前景,这既是将磁热效应大规模推广的重要机遇,也是室温磁热泵面临的巨大挑战。在现有室温磁制冷样机的研究基础上,除了共通的新型磁体、回热器、磁热材料的开发研究外,针对室温磁热泵本身的磁热材料选择和评价指标的选取,将是室温磁热泵区别于室温磁制冷的重要研究方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52276008)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.001
  • 接收时间:2024-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-10
  • 修回日期:2024-04-03
  • 录用日期:2024-06-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276008)
国家自然科学基金(52276008)
作者信息
    1华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院 广州 510640
    2广东海洋大学海洋工程与能源学院 湛江 524088

通讯作者:

巫江虹,女,教授,华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,13580467927,E-mail:。研究方向:室温磁制冷、新能源汽车空调及热管理、热泵节能、人工智能在制冷系统的应用。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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