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Article(id=1239215315289175038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=1713974400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-25, acceptedDate=1716307200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-22, onlineDate=1773381554671, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381554671, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381554671, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381554671, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215315540832264, articleId=1239215315289175038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Numerical Study of Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of Vein Biomimetic Microchannel Heat Exchanger, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microchannel heat exchangers, including a bionic secondary branch (MHE-BS), complete vein bionic branch (MHE-CVB), and incomplete vein bionic branch (MHE-IVB), were designed based on the straight secondary branch (MHE-SS) inspired by the leaf vein structure of Parashorea chinensis. ANSYS FLUENT software was utilized to simulate the flow and temperature characteristics of 20 ℃ cooling water entering these heat exchanger structures under a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m2 at different inlet Reynolds numbers (Re=660.07, 990.10 and 1 320.13). The research findings indicate that multistage bionic channel structure can significantly enhance the overall heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, with MHE-CVB showing more than a 35% reduction in inlet and outlet pressure drop compared to MHE-SS under different working conditions. In addition, it showed an decrease in surface temperature by over 2 ℃ and a strengthening factor for comprehensive heat transfer performance exceeding 1.2.

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Li Hongyan, female, associate professor, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 86-18661739996, E-mail: . Research fields: strength analysis of mechanical structure.
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受望天树叶脉结构启发，在普通二级分支（MHE-SS）基础上设计了仿生二级分支（MHE-BS）、完全五级分支（MHE-CVB）和不完全五级分支（MHE-IVB）3种不同结构的微通道换热器。采用ANSYS FLUENT软件模拟20 ℃的冷却水在不同入口雷诺数（Re=660.07、990.10、1 320.13）下进入施加恒定热流密度50 kW/m2的4种换热器结构，对比分析了不同工况下的流动特性、温度特性和综合传热性能。研究表明：多级仿生通道结构能够显著提高换热器综合传热性能，在不同工况下MHE-CVB相比于MHE-SS进出口压降下降均超过35%、传热面温度下降均超过2 ℃、综合传热性能强化因子均大于1.2。

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李红艳，女，副教授，青岛科技大学机电工程学院，18661739996，E-mail：。研究方向：机械结构强度分析。
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次数多项式表达式R2
2y=3.12x2×10-2+0.537x0.995 12
3y=7.22x3×10-4+6.24x2×10-3+0.767x0.995 28
4y=-2.83x4×10-6+2.04x3×10-3-1.36x2×10-2+0.870x0.995 29
), ArticleFig(id=1239232348609377219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315289175038, language=CN, label=表1, caption=粗二级脉多项式拟合函数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次数多项式表达式R2
2y=3.12x2×10-2+0.537x0.995 12
3y=7.22x3×10-4+6.24x2×10-3+0.767x0.995 28
4y=-2.83x4×10-6+2.04x3×10-3-1.36x2×10-2+0.870x0.995 29
), ArticleFig(id=1239232348701651911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315289175038, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The tertiary vein polynomial fitting function, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次数多项式表达式R2
2y=-6.23x2×10-2+0.559x0.940 86
3y=3.67x3×10-3-0.114x2+0.746x0.961 31
4y=-5.20x4×10-4-6.16x3×10-3-5.44x2×10-2+0.626x0.964 02
5y=2.11x5×10-4-4.55x4×10-3+3.68x3×10-2-0.206x2+0.822x0.965 68
), ArticleFig(id=1239232348806509516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315289175038, language=CN, label=表2, caption=三级脉多项式拟合函数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次数多项式表达式R2
2y=-6.23x2×10-2+0.559x0.940 86
3y=3.67x3×10-3-0.114x2+0.746x0.961 31
4y=-5.20x4×10-4-6.16x3×10-3-5.44x2×10-2+0.626x0.964 02
5y=2.11x5×10-4-4.55x4×10-3+3.68x3×10-2-0.206x2+0.822x0.965 68
), ArticleFig(id=1239232348911367122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315289175038, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The grid independence validation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号网格数/万Δp/Pa相对误差/%Nu相对误差/%
16907 635.670.394.2630.66
28137 660.530.064.2410.14
39337 662.570.034.2380.07
41 1027 665.25 4.235 
), ArticleFig(id=1239232349007836116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215315289175038, language=CN, label=表3, caption=网格独立性检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号网格数/万Δp/Pa相对误差/%Nu相对误差/%
16907 635.670.394.2630.66
28137 660.530.064.2410.14
39337 662.570.034.2380.07
41 1027 665.25 4.235 
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叶脉仿生微通道换热器流动与传热特性的数值研究
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张乾坤 , 李红艳 , 吕碧纯 , 郑运卓 , 吕继浩
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 52-60
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 52-60
叶脉仿生微通道换热器流动与传热特性的数值研究
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张乾坤, 李红艳 , 吕碧纯, 郑运卓, 吕继浩
作者信息
  • 青岛科技大学机电工程学院　青岛　266061

通讯作者:

李红艳，女，副教授，青岛科技大学机电工程学院，18661739996，E-mail：。研究方向：机械结构强度分析。
Numerical Study of Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of Vein Biomimetic Microchannel Heat Exchanger
Qiankun Zhang, Hongyan Li , Bichun Lü, Yunzhuo Zheng, Jihao Lü
Affiliations
  • College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.052
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摘要
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受望天树叶脉结构启发，在普通二级分支（MHE-SS）基础上设计了仿生二级分支（MHE-BS）、完全五级分支（MHE-CVB）和不完全五级分支（MHE-IVB）3种不同结构的微通道换热器。采用ANSYS FLUENT软件模拟20 ℃的冷却水在不同入口雷诺数（Re=660.07、990.10、1 320.13）下进入施加恒定热流密度50 kW/m2的4种换热器结构，对比分析了不同工况下的流动特性、温度特性和综合传热性能。研究表明：多级仿生通道结构能够显著提高换热器综合传热性能，在不同工况下MHE-CVB相比于MHE-SS进出口压降下降均超过35%、传热面温度下降均超过2 ℃、综合传热性能强化因子均大于1.2。

微通道换热器  /  仿生结构  /  流动传热  /  优化设计

Microchannel heat exchangers, including a bionic secondary branch (MHE-BS), complete vein bionic branch (MHE-CVB), and incomplete vein bionic branch (MHE-IVB), were designed based on the straight secondary branch (MHE-SS) inspired by the leaf vein structure of Parashorea chinensis. ANSYS FLUENT software was utilized to simulate the flow and temperature characteristics of 20 ℃ cooling water entering these heat exchanger structures under a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m2 at different inlet Reynolds numbers (Re=660.07, 990.10 and 1 320.13). The research findings indicate that multistage bionic channel structure can significantly enhance the overall heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, with MHE-CVB showing more than a 35% reduction in inlet and outlet pressure drop compared to MHE-SS under different working conditions. In addition, it showed an decrease in surface temperature by over 2 ℃ and a strengthening factor for comprehensive heat transfer performance exceeding 1.2.

microchannel heat exchanger  /  bionic structure  /  flow and heat transfer  /  optimal design
张乾坤, 李红艳, 吕碧纯, 郑运卓, 吕继浩. 叶脉仿生微通道换热器流动与传热特性的数值研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.052
Qiankun Zhang, Hongyan Li, Bichun Lü, Yunzhuo Zheng, Jihao Lü. Numerical Study of Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of Vein Biomimetic Microchannel Heat Exchanger[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.052
正文
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微通道换热器具有结构紧凑、传热效率高、温度均匀性好等特点，如今已被广泛应用于电子设备的散热[1-3]。然而，近年来随着微电子领域向集成化方向进一步发展，功率密度的提高导致热通量迅速增加，简单结构已无法满足电子设备的散热需求[4-5]。散热问题已然成为制约该领域发展的主要阻碍，亟需新的改进方案[6]。
仿生学为微通道换热器的结构优化提供了新的思路[7]。在数千万年的进化过程中，被子植物得益于静脉结构的多样性，使其在水分运输效率方面远高于其他现生和已灭绝的植物[8-9]。
Luo Yuanqiang等[10]基于耐热植物叶脉的微观结构设计了3种具有内壁增厚图案的单条微通道，并通过数值模拟研究了其传热与传质特性，结果表明叶脉结构启发微通道在牺牲少量传质能力的同时，能够以较小的体积提供优良的传热特性。Peng Yi等[11]基于真实叶脉网络，研究了二级脉的对称与非对称分布，以及三级脉密度对于微通道换热器流动与传热性能的影响，数值模拟结果表明，非对称二级脉和高密度三级脉有利于换热器综合性能的提高。Luo和Peng两人的研究充分考虑了真实植物的维管束特点与叶脉分级网络，但不同植物物种之间叶脉形态和结构具有高度多样性[12]，因此在仿生结构参照的植物物种选择上还有待深入考量。
叶片对环境变化的敏感性和可塑性高于其他器官，不同水热梯度下的植物叶片性状将产生较大差异[13-14]。中国云南南部的热带雨林主要是一种分布在热带季风气候下，在水分和热量上均到达了极限的热带雨林类型[15]。龙脑香科望天树（Parashorea chinensis）作为该地区的代表性植物[16]，其叶片的脉络结构极具借鉴价值。本文采用图像处理手段在标本叶片上取得数据点，将拟合得到二级脉和三级脉曲线的多项式函数应用于换热器模型的建立，并针对各级脉络发挥的作用进行研究。
1 换热器设计
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1.1 叶脉特征
望天树叶片主脉呈羽状。粗二级脉为简单弓形脉，脉间距规则，与中脉夹角稳定。间二级脉长度大于下端相邻二级脉的一半，基部脉形平行于粗二级脉。三级脉为对生贯穿脉，其基部与中脉垂直，向顶弯曲。四级脉呈不规则网状，五级脉自由分支[17]。图1所示为望天树叶片的叶脉特征。
1.2 拟合函数
采用Photoshop对望天树叶片标本图片进行处理，截取叶片中部位置高清晰度的粗二级脉图像，并通过刻度尺建立坐标系，以叶脉分支点作为坐标原点，分别以垂直和平行于一级脉方向建立x轴和y轴，最后运用MATLAB取得坐标点数据。为避免叶片变异带来的偏差，故选用大小、形状大致相同的5张标本图片拾取坐标点数据，并进行多项式拟合。拟合结果如表1所示。
由表1可知，当多项式次数大于3次方时，高次项系数骤然减小，反映拟合优度的重要指标决定系数R2提高也不显著。因此，本文采用三次多项式拟合函数构造仿生微通道的二级通道。图2（a）所示为选取的5组数据点与三次多项式拟合函数的图像。
限于换热器尺寸，需将所得三次多项式拟合函数进行整体缩放，缩放后函数如下：
采用同样方法，截取叶片中部位置高清晰度的三级脉图像，以叶脉分支点作为坐标原点，分别以垂直和平行于粗二级脉切线方向建立x轴和y轴，选取数据点并进行多项式拟合。多项式拟合表达式和拟合效果如表2和图2（b）所示。
由于三级脉形态特征差异较大，为谋求最佳拟合效果，采用决定系数R2最大的五次多项式拟合函数构造仿生微通道的三级脉。
同样将所得五次多项式拟合函数进行整体缩放，缩放后函数如下：
将式（1）和式（2）应用于微通道换热器物理模型的构建。
1.3 换热器物理模型
图3（a）所示为基于望天树粗二级脉设计的换热器（microchannel heat exchanger with bionic major secondary channels，MHE-BS）流道结构。MHE-BS中粗二级通道根据式（1）设计，其与一级通道的分支角约成40°，这与Peng Yi等[11]的研究结果相符合：一级通道与二级通道分支角成40°时微通道换热器性能最佳。因此，本文引入分支角成40°的具有平直二级通道的微通道换热器（microchannel heat exchangers with straight secondary channels，MHE-SS）作为对照，如图3（b）所示。所有通道深度均为0.25 mm。
图4（a）所示为基于望天树完整叶脉结构设计的换热器（microchannel heat exchanger with complete vein bionic channel，MHE-CVB）。间二级通道与粗二级通道平行，顶端与中间位置三级通道连通，宽度为0.2 mm；三级通道根据式（2）设计，连通两条二级通道，宽度为0.175 mm；四级和五级通道根据voronoi图原理[18]设计，宽度为0.15 mm。为研究仿生三级通道对换热器性能的影响，本文也设计了与之对照的换热器（microchannel heat exchanger with incomplete vein bionic channel，MHE-IVB）结构，相比于MHE-CVB，MHE-IVB在结构上采用平直三级通道取代了仿生三级通道，宽度为0.175 mm，如图4（b）所示。同样，所有通道深度均为0.25 mm。
2 数值分析
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2.1 数学模型与边界条件
采用三维固液共轭模型对换热器流动与传热特性进行数值模拟，同时进行如下假设：流体不可压缩，且性质不随温度变化；流体的流动与换热稳定；忽略接触热阻和黏性耗散的影响。连续性、动量和能量方程如下：
连续性方程：
动量方程：
能量方程：
式中：为流体速度，m/s；p为压力，Pa；T为温度，K；ρf为密度，kg/m3；cp为比定压热容，J/（kg·K）；μf为动力黏度，Pa·s；λf为导热系数，W/（m·K）。
设定初始边界条件如下：
1）速度入口：冷却水以均匀速度进入微通道，u=uin；固定入口水流温度为20 ℃，T=Tin=20 ℃；
2）压力出口：在微通道出口设置恒定大气压力，p=pout=0 Pa；
3）恒定热流密度加热：在微通道底部设置恒定热流密度，；
4）将流体与固体耦合的固体壁面设置为耦合边界条件，且无表面滑移。
应用ANSYS FLUENT求解器进行数值求解。采用SIMPLE方法对压力和速度的耦合进行求解，压力离散应用标准格式。采用二阶迎风格式对动量方程和能量方程进行求解。能量收敛准则设置为10-8，其余参数的收敛准则设置为10-6。
2.2 数据采集与计算
根据设置的初始条件计算入口雷诺数Re：
式中：uin为流体入口流速，m/s；Dh为水力直径，m。Dh由式（7）确定：
式中：H为入口段通道高度，m；W为入口段通道宽度，m。
通道内流体吸收的有效热流量Qeff和换热器的有效热流密度qeff如下：
式中：M为质量流量，kg/s；Tout为出口流体温度，K；Tin为入口流体温度，K；Ah为流体与固体的接触面积，m2。
换热器整体传热系数heff定义为：
式中：ΔTm为固体与流体的温差，K。
ΔTm由式（11）确定：
式中：Tsol和Tflu分别为固体和流体的平均温度，K。
努塞尔数Nu可由式（12）计算：
换热器的进出口压降Δp计算如下：
最后，为评价微通道换热器的传热与压降特性，定义综合传热性能的强化传热因子η[19]如下：
式中：Nu0和Δp0为参考微通道换热器的对应参数。当η>1时，表明当前换热器的综合传热性能优于参考换热器。
2.3 网格独立性检验
为验证网格数量对计算结果的独立性，通过进出口压降Δp和微通道内Nu进行了网格独立性研究。分别使用4种不同大小的网格对MHE-SS进行数值模拟并计算有关参数，当入口流速设置为1 m/s时，4种不同网格数量下的MHE-SS模拟结果如表3所示。
由表3可知，3号网格与计算精度最高的4号网格相比，Δp和Nu的相对误差均小于0.1%，表明3号网格已经满足模拟要求的精度和速度。因此，后续研究全部参考3号网格进行网格划分。
2.4 数值模型验证
为了验证计算结果的合理性，将MHE-SS和MHE-BS数值计算结果与理论计算结果进行了对比。根据Q=McpΔT可以计算出换热器进出口温差[19-21]。图5所示为在不同雷诺数下进出口温差的数值计算结果和理论结果。计算结果与理论结果吻合较好，最大相对误差小于1.65%，从而验证了数值结果的合理性与有效性。
3 结果与分析
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为模拟不同工况，设置了3组不同入口雷诺数Re=660.07、990.10、1 320.13作为初始条件，分别研究4种换热器结构在不同工况下的压降和温度差异。
3.1 压降性能分析
进出口压降Δp是评价换热器结构流动性能的重要参数。压降越低表示流体在换热器内的流阻越小，说明换热器能够消耗更少能量带走更多热量。
图6所示为4种换热器在不同雷诺数下的进出口压降。在相同雷诺数下，结构相似的两换热器之间的压降差距不明显，但MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB相比MHE-BS和MHE-SS压降明显降低，尤其MHE-IVB，其相比于MHE-SS在3种Re下的压降分别下降41.56%、39.82%、38.05%。表明高级通道的存在有效疏导了水流，降低了流阻，减小了压降。值得注意的是，MHE-BS的压降始终大于MHE-SS，在3种Re下压降差距分别为284、342、359 Pa；MHE-CVB的压降也始终大于MHE-IVB，在3种Re下压降差距分别为172、568、1 124 Pa，两者的压降差距均有逐渐增大的趋势。这是由于流体在仿生通道中产生了二次流动，流体沿通道中心由内侧向外侧流动，这使得流体轴向流动的同时产生了径向流动，流体微元之间发生碰撞，流体微元与不同流速的流层之间产生附加切应力，因而造成附加摩擦损失和摩擦系数的增大。随着Re的增加，通道内流体流速的加快也使二次流的速度随之上升，二次流对通道的附加摩擦作用也逐渐加强，这也是两换热器压降差距随Re增加而扩大的原因。
图7所示为MHE-BS和MHE-SS在相同雷诺数（Re=990.10）时的流线图。由图7可知，在一级通道向二级通道分支处，MHE-BS相较于MHE-SS会形成更强烈的涡流。这是由于仿生二级通道在分支处实际具有更大的分支角引起的。涡流的增强能够有效破坏热边界层，有利于强化传热，但同时也会造成压力的损失。
图8所示为MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB在不同雷诺数下的流线图。MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB在压降方面得到了极大改善，这主要得益于高级通道对水流起到的疏导作用。当流体在狭窄的四级和五级通道内流动时，细长流道带来的压力损失将成为换热器压降升高的主要原因。间二级通道作为二级通道的补充，有效改善了二级通道区间内的流动情况，并且由于通道末端不与环形通道连通，而是通过三级通道实现回流，省略了压力损失最大的末端细长部分，因此相比完整的二级通道带来的压力损失更低。三级通道连通两条二级通道，改善了2条二级通道之间的水流只能通过四级和五级通道流动的局面，避免了流体绕过块状结构时产生的压力损失，由图8可知，平直三级通道内的水流流速更高，通畅性更好，这也是MHE-IVB相比于MHE-CVB具有更低压降的原因。
3.2 温度性能分析
图9所示为4种换热器在不同雷诺数下的传热面平均温度。可以看出，MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB相比于MHE-BS和MHE-SS传热面平均温度得到显著改善，降幅最大的MHE-CVB相比MHE-SS其传热面温度分别下降3.43、2.66、2.26 ℃，这是由于冷却流体在高级通道内流动时穿过更多的区域，增大了有效传热面积，并且在夹角处形成了更多的涡。此外，更高的Re意味着换热器内冷却流体流速更快，这有利于带走更多的热量，降低传热面温度。
图10所示为MHE-BS和MHE-SS在不同雷诺数下的中心面温度云图。通过对比可知，MHE-BS和MHE-SS在同一Re下表现出相同的温度性能，两换热器内水流平均温度相差不超过0.1 ℃，这主要是由于分支通道数量不足，水流无法充分流动，无法充分发挥换热器的换热能力。
图11所示为MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB在不同雷诺数下的中心面温度云图。相比于MHE-BS和MHE-SS，MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB内部具有更多的分支通道，能够使水流充分流动，各分支通道夹角处形成的涡流也有利于传热的增强。此外，当Re= 1 320.13时，MHE-CVB相比于MHE-IVB能够明显看到深蓝色低温区域由入口处向内扩展的范围更大，说明相比于平直三级通道，仿生三级通道能够将水流更通畅地输送至更远的位置，提高了温度均匀性，增强了传热性能。
3.3 综合性能分析
以MHE-SS为基准，图12所示为各换热器结构在不同雷诺数下综合传热性能的强化因子η对比结果。由图12可知，MHE-BS的综合传热性能比MHE-SS略低，这表明在只具有二级分支的条件下，仿生二级通道对于温度性能的提升不足以弥补其造成的压力损失，从而使得综合传热性能下降；MHE-CVB和MHE-IVB的综合传热性能相比于MHE-SS得到大幅提升，在不同入口Re下，η均不小于1.1，说明高级通道有助于水流的充分流动，在降低压降的同时提高了温度性能，而MHE-CVB比MHE-IVB的提升幅度更大，表明仿生三级通道相比于平直三级通道在传热方面带来的提升大于其在压降方面带来的牺牲，实际上，以MHE-IVB为基准，MHE-CVB在3种不同Re下的η分别为1.060、1.067、1.069，表明MHE-CVB在综合传热性能上的表现要显著优于MHE-IVB。
4 结论
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将望天树叶片结构应用于换热器，设计了一种新型仿生结构微通道，通过数值计算的方法研究了在层流状态下各级通道对微通道流动与传热性能的影响，得到如下结论：
1）仿生二级通道更容易在分支处形成更强烈的涡流，但对换热能力提升不明显，不足以弥补流动条件恶化带来的压力损失，导致综合传热性能反而略小于平直二级通道。
2）利用voronoi图原理生成的多边形空隙可以有效模拟叶片的网状四级和五级脉，四级和五级通道的存在极大改善了微通道换热器的热均匀性，显著提高了综合传热性能。
3）间二级脉与三级脉相互配合，形成了更大的流动回路，在保障换热均匀性的同时减小了流动阻力，降低了微通道内的压降，使换热器的综合换热效果达到最优。
4）仿生三级通道相比于平直三级通道虽然在压降方面有所欠缺，但在换热方面带来了极大提升，因此综合来看，前者对于换热器综合传热性能的改善是有利的。
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.052
  • 接收时间：2024-01-17
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-17
  • 修回日期：2024-04-25
  • 录用日期：2024-05-22
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    青岛科技大学机电工程学院　青岛　266061

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李红艳，女，副教授，青岛科技大学机电工程学院，18661739996，E-mail：。研究方向：机械结构强度分析。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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