Article(id=1239215313535955919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1718121600000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-12, acceptedDate=1721232000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-18, onlineDate=1773381554253, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381554253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381554253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381554253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215313837945812, articleId=1239215313535955919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Influencing Factors of Flow Characteristics of Ice Slurry in the Flow Transition Zone of Horizontal Circular Tubes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Slurries containing a large number of suspended particles, such as ice slurries, have a strong correlation between internal flow patterns and resistance characteristics. The study of its flow characteristics is of great significance for ensuring safety, energy saving, and the prevention of blockages in slurry transportation systems. To ensure safe and energy-efficient operation of the slurry transport system and prevent blockages, this study experimentally investigated the flow characteristics of slurry in pipelines and its critical Reynolds number (Rec). The focus is on analyzing the flow behavior of the slurry in the transition region, as well as the effects of the ice packing factor (IPF), particle size, and pipe diameter on the slurry flow properties. The results show that the Rec increases with an increase in the IPF, while the Rec decreases with an increase in the pipe diameter and particle size. The flow regime transition of the slurry occurred within the Reynolds number (Re) range of approximately 1 700-2 600. In the transition region, the resistance coefficient of the slurry first increases and then decreases as the Re increases.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Wang Xiaochun, male, Ph. D., School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 86-18505127962, E-mail: . Research fields: flow characteristics of ice slurry.
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冰浆等含有大量悬浮颗粒的固-液两相浆体,在管道内的流动形态决定了其阻力特性。为确保浆体输运系统的安全、节能运行并预防堵塞,通过实验研究了浆体在管道内的流动特性及其临界雷诺数(Rec)。重点分析了过渡区内浆体的流动形态、固相含量、颗粒粒径和管径对浆体流动特性的影响。结果表明:固相含量的增加会使Rec增大,而管径和粒径的增加会导致Rec的降低;浆体的流态转变发生在雷诺数Re为1 700~2 600;当在过渡区间,浆体的阻力系数随Re的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王晓春,男,博士,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,18505127962,E-mail:。研究方向:冰浆流动特性。
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物质参数数值
水溶液温度/℃3
密度/(kg/m3999.964
黏度/(mPa·s)1.619
聚乙烯颗粒密度/(kg/m3922
粒径/mm0.3、0.4、0.5
潜热/(kJ/kg)110
比热容/[kJ/(kg·K)]2.4
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物质参数数值
水溶液温度/℃3
密度/(kg/m3999.964
黏度/(mPa·s)1.619
聚乙烯颗粒密度/(kg/m3922
粒径/mm0.3、0.4、0.5
潜热/(kJ/kg)110
比热容/[kJ/(kg·K)]2.4
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参数数值
固相含量CV/%5~20
粒径d/mm0.3、0.4、0.5
管径D/mm17、24、28
流速v/(m/s)0.05~1.80
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参数数值
固相含量CV/%5~20
粒径d/mm0.3、0.4、0.5
管径D/mm17、24、28
流速v/(m/s)0.05~1.80
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间接测量量相对误差/%
浆体密度ρm0.001
浆体动力黏度μm0.001
浆体雷诺数Re0.51
流速v0.51
阻力系数λ0.51
), ArticleFig(id=1239232347560792533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215313535955919, language=CN, label=表3, caption=相对误差汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
间接测量量相对误差/%
浆体密度ρm0.001
浆体动力黏度μm0.001
浆体雷诺数Re0.51
流速v0.51
阻力系数λ0.51
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粒径/mmIPF/%流变方程相关性
0.35τ=1.291 95×10-4γ1.779 690.999
10τ=3.349 81×10-4γ1.580 10.998
15τ=2.123 44×10-4γ1.684 810.997
20τ=2.208 31×10-4γ1.682 530.999
0.45τ=2.753 32×10-4γ1.647 230.998
10τ=2.336 45×10-4γ1.677 990.999
15τ=2.974 24×10-4γ1.632 290.997
20τ=6.497 79×10-4γ1.510 870.997
0.55τ=3.926 71×10-4γ1.589 670.998
10τ=3.789 08×10-4γ1.593 730.998
15τ=4.052 03×10-4γ1.591 960.997
20τ=8.334 91×10-4γ1.479 330.994
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粒径/mmIPF/%流变方程相关性
0.35τ=1.291 95×10-4γ1.779 690.999
10τ=3.349 81×10-4γ1.580 10.998
15τ=2.123 44×10-4γ1.684 810.997
20τ=2.208 31×10-4γ1.682 530.999
0.45τ=2.753 32×10-4γ1.647 230.998
10τ=2.336 45×10-4γ1.677 990.999
15τ=2.974 24×10-4γ1.632 290.997
20τ=6.497 79×10-4γ1.510 870.997
0.55τ=3.926 71×10-4γ1.589 670.998
10τ=3.789 08×10-4γ1.593 730.998
15τ=4.052 03×10-4γ1.591 960.997
20τ=8.334 91×10-4γ1.479 330.994
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冰浆在水平圆管过渡区内流动特性的影响因素
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郝达云 1 , 王悦 1 , 王晓春 1, 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 106-113
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 106-113
冰浆在水平圆管过渡区内流动特性的影响因素
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郝达云1, 王悦1, 王晓春1, 2
作者信息
  • 1苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院 苏州 215009
  • 2苏州科技大学天平学院 苏州 215009

通讯作者:

王晓春,男,博士,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,18505127962,E-mail:。研究方向:冰浆流动特性。
Influencing Factors of Flow Characteristics of Ice Slurry in the Flow Transition Zone of Horizontal Circular Tubes
Dayun Hao1, Yue Wang1, Xiaochun Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
  • 2.Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.106
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冰浆等含有大量悬浮颗粒的固-液两相浆体,在管道内的流动形态决定了其阻力特性。为确保浆体输运系统的安全、节能运行并预防堵塞,通过实验研究了浆体在管道内的流动特性及其临界雷诺数(Rec)。重点分析了过渡区内浆体的流动形态、固相含量、颗粒粒径和管径对浆体流动特性的影响。结果表明:固相含量的增加会使Rec增大,而管径和粒径的增加会导致Rec的降低;浆体的流态转变发生在雷诺数Re为1 700~2 600;当在过渡区间,浆体的阻力系数随Re的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。

冰浆  /  固-液两相流  /  流动特性  /  临界雷诺数  /  阻力系数

Slurries containing a large number of suspended particles, such as ice slurries, have a strong correlation between internal flow patterns and resistance characteristics. The study of its flow characteristics is of great significance for ensuring safety, energy saving, and the prevention of blockages in slurry transportation systems. To ensure safe and energy-efficient operation of the slurry transport system and prevent blockages, this study experimentally investigated the flow characteristics of slurry in pipelines and its critical Reynolds number (Rec). The focus is on analyzing the flow behavior of the slurry in the transition region, as well as the effects of the ice packing factor (IPF), particle size, and pipe diameter on the slurry flow properties. The results show that the Rec increases with an increase in the IPF, while the Rec decreases with an increase in the pipe diameter and particle size. The flow regime transition of the slurry occurred within the Reynolds number (Re) range of approximately 1 700-2 600. In the transition region, the resistance coefficient of the slurry first increases and then decreases as the Re increases.

ice slurry  /  solid-liquid two-phase flow  /  flow characteristics  /  critical Reynolds number  /  resistance coefficient
郝达云, 王悦, 王晓春. 冰浆在水平圆管过渡区内流动特性的影响因素. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 106 -113 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.106
Dayun Hao, Yue Wang, Xiaochun Wang. Influencing Factors of Flow Characteristics of Ice Slurry in the Flow Transition Zone of Horizontal Circular Tubes[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 106 -113 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.106
在化工、矿业、能源和环保等多个领域,固液两相流水力管道输送系统得到了广泛应用[1-4]。在固液两相流水力管道输送系统中,冰浆因其具有可运输性、制冷效率高、储能密度高等[5-7]优点备受关注。一般冰浆含冰率(ice packing factor,IPF)大于5%时认为是非牛顿流体[8],其流态转变的临界雷诺数Rec与牛顿流体有所不同。Rec对浆体在管道流动有重要影响。在达到Rec时,浆体展现出最优的减阻性能[9-10]。而Rec受到多种因素的影响。F. C. Li等[11]对流经不同管径流体的减阻特性进行了研究,结果表明,相同质量分数的表面活性剂减阻流体的Rec随管径的增大而增大。闫雪等[12]类比流体力学中的层流和湍流,发现Rec的大小受颗粒物料类型的影响。Cai Shupeng等[13]发现最大减阻率对应的Rec随温度的升高而增大。田兴旺等[14]指出随着幂律指数的增加,幂律流体的Rec逐渐增大,但随着通道与颗粒直径比值的增大,Rec逐渐减小,最终趋于某一定值。按照浆体雷诺数Re的不同,可将圆管内浆体所处的区域分为层流区、过渡区和湍流区。目前,众多学者已对管内浆体的Rec和流动特性进行了深入研究,但主要集中于层流或湍流的研究[15-17],而对过渡区流动的研究相对较少,且关于浆体过渡区的流动机制也暂不明晰。当浆体各质点之间不再是简单的轴线运动,开始相互作用,出现小范围扰动,此时浆体的流动状态处于过渡区[18]。这种不稳定和混乱的流动可能使管道压力提高。
流动阻力特性是浆体进行管道输运设计的重要参数。研究发现,在一些速度范围内,浆体的流动阻力系数低于载流体的流动阻力系数[19]。Gao Penghui等[20]发现盐溶液浆体在管内流动的阻力系数总体处于随Re的升高而降低的状态。当浆体表现出非牛顿流体特征,即剪切应力与速度梯度不再成正比,其阻力特性相较于单相流更为复杂[21]。目前,主要有Bingham、Casson、Power Law、Herschele-Bulkley等[22]流变模型用于描述管道中固液两相流的非牛顿流体特性。梁运涛等[23]指出利用Bingham流体模型来描述低速工况下混合相流体的流变特性所获得的效果较为理想。有研究表明,Herschele-Bulkley与实验数据最为吻合,但其最大的误差也可能高达30%[24]。目前,各模型的适用条件还未得出统一的结论。
综上所述,本文对浆体在水平圆管内的过渡区域内的流动特性进行了研究,并分析过渡区内水平圆管浆体流动特性的影响因素。本实验工况与文献[25]相类似,因此选用Power Law模型来描述浆体的流变特性。以期为浆体输运系统应用和性能优化提供参考。
研究浆体流动特性的影响因素对于探究固液两相流体的安全输运至关重要,为此设计了固液两相流体流动特性测量实验平台,如图1所示。实验平台主要由3部分构成:载冷剂循环系统、压降测试系统和数据采集系统。低温恒温循环水槽为整个系统提供冷量,并通过换热套管连接循环管道的进出口,以便精确控制管道内流体的温度。该水槽能够持续提供稳定的低温环境,以确保冰浆的稳定性和流动性。在整个实验过程中,数据采集系统能够实时监测和记录各种物理参数,并将这些数据传送至计算机控制系进行分析和处理。在进行性能测试期间,储存罐内的冰浆由搅拌电机连续搅拌,以保证混合均匀。
冰浆是一种典型的颗粒系统固液多相流体,冰浆在管道中流动时,冰晶颗粒会发生团聚、Ostwald熟化、破碎等动力学行为。实际冰晶颗粒无法控制粒径大小,因此在实验中,使用了密度接近于冰晶颗粒的聚乙烯颗粒作为替代物,这样可以在理想条件下简化模型,从而将实验结果推广至更为复杂的冰浆应用中。另外使用兼具亲水和亲油特性的表面活性剂可以防止冰颗粒附着于容器壁上[26]。因此在实验中,考虑添加十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)以确保聚乙烯颗粒均匀分散,从而有效避免颗粒的聚集和黏附问题。表1所示为组成浆体的聚乙烯颗粒和水溶液的热物性参数。
首先将水注入储存罐并启动循环泵,确保水在环路中循环流动以清洗管道,打开排污口,将水排出。将135 L纯水和SDS注入储存罐,将转速调整至150 r/min,液体混合均匀以制备质量分数为0.1%的SDS溶液作为实验的液相工质。下一步进行排气操作,排气完全后,称取所需质量的聚乙烯颗粒作为固相工质,并从加料口倒入储存罐中。持续搅拌2~3 min,形成浆体溶液。通过调节流量阀,控制流速,并在可视化有机玻璃管中观察浆体的流动形态,记录流动压降的变化。实验工况如表2所示,更换不同粒径的聚乙烯颗粒和管道,重复上述所有步骤。在本研究中,IPF表示浆体的固相含量,指浆体中固相颗粒的体积分数。在显微镜观察下的3种不同粒径的聚乙烯颗粒如图2所示,可以观察到聚乙烯颗粒呈现出不同的形状,大多为椭圆或近似圆形。
浆体的表观黏度受各种因素的影响而变化[27]。因此,利用溶液的动力黏度计算浆体的Re。A. Kitanovski等[28]认为固相含量不超过62.5%时,浆体的动力黏度可用Thomas公式计算:
式中:μm为浆体的动力黏度,Pa·s;μl为载流体的动力黏度,Pa·s;Cv为固相颗粒的体积分数,%。
浆体密度:
式中:ρm为浆体密度,kg/m3ρl为载流体密度,kg/m3ρi为固相颗粒密度,kg/m3Cm为固相颗粒质量分数,%。
雷诺数:
式中:Re为浆体雷诺数;v为浆体速度,m/s;D为管道内径,m。
临界雷诺数Rec是指在流体力学中描述流动过程的一个无量纲数,定义了层流和湍流之间的过渡[29]。普通圆管中由压差驱动的液体流动,从层流到湍流的Rec在1 800~2 300[30]。而浆体的Rec多由观察其流动形态获得,因此并不是一个准确值。本实验通过改变流量使流态发生变化,观察到浆体在圆管中流动时的层流、湍流及其过渡过程。浆体在管内流动摩擦阻力系数λ由式(4)计算。牛顿流体在层流和湍流状态下的摩擦阻力系数(λlamλtur)分别通过式(5)和式(6)获得。
式中:λ为阻力系数;Δp为压降,Pa;L为测试管段的长度,m。
在水平管道内,浆体流动的壁面剪切应力τ和剪切速率γ关系式分别如下:
实验选用纯水流动,验证单相流体在管内的流动特性,通过载冷剂循环系统将水溶液控制在3 ℃,记录不同Re条件下,纯水在水平管内的流动压降,与理论压降值的对比如图3所示。由图3可知,理论压降曲线与实验之间的吻合度较高,最大相对偏差为5.40%,表明实验装置设计合理,且实验操作的准确性得到了保证。
通过对实验误差的分析和控制可以更好地评估实验结果的可靠性,并提高实验的准确性和可重复性,间接测量量相对误差汇总如表3所示。
在浆体中,颗粒与流体之间的相互作用会影响流动形态。在不同IPF和不同粒径下,其对应的临界雷诺数Rec可能会有所不同。如果需要稳定和安全的操作条件,则必须避免静止床或流化床的流动形态。根据浆体在不同IPF和粒径下的流动形态下,绘制了如图4所示的柱状图。由图4可知,浆体在管道中从静止床逐渐过渡至悬浮床时,其对应的Rec增加。这是由于IPF增加使颗粒之间相互作用加强,颗粒聚集或形成非均质悬浮床。
为了研究浆体的固相含量对过渡区流动特性的影响,对不同固相含量的浆体流过管径为28 mm的水平直管进行一系列实验,压降随雷诺数Re的变化如图5所示。由图5可知:1)随着IPF和Re的增加,浆体流动过程中的压降也逐渐增加。2)在层流区域内,压降增长速率缓慢,而在湍流区域内增长速率明显增加。在过渡区域内,增长速率出现不稳定。这是由于浆体逐渐从层流向湍流转变。当浆体转变为湍流时,层流的稳定性丧失,导致压降迅速增加。3)随着IPF的减小,浆体从层流转变为湍流的Rec越小,过渡区的范围也逐渐减小,直至不能被明显地观察到。在降低流动阻力的前提下,应通过减小IPF以减小过渡区范围,以确保固液两相混合浆体输运过程中的稳定性和效率。
图6所示为颗粒粒径不同的浆体在固相含量不同时压降随Re的变化。在粒径为0.3 mm时,流态转变的Rec范围为1 800~2 400;而在粒径为0.4 mm和0.5 mm时,Rec的范围均为1 700~2 300。上述结果表明,随着颗粒粒径的增加,浆体的Rec逐渐减小。由图6(b)可知,较小的颗粒粒径有助于缩小过渡区的范围,这在某种程度上降低了浆体的混乱程度,从而使浆体的流动性质得到显著增强。
不同管径下压降随雷诺数Re的变化如图7所示。当管径为17 mm时,流态转变的Rec范围为2 100~2 600;管径为24 mm时,Rec的范围为2 000~2 500;管径为28 mm时,Rec的范围为1 700~2 400。相较于粒径对Rec的影响,浆体流态转变的Rec受管径的影响更为显著。在IPF一定的情况下,随着管径的逐渐减小,压降逐渐增大,且管径越小,压降增幅越大。这是因为较小的管径限制了流体的流动空间,增加了摩擦力,使流体更容易进入湍流状态,导致流态从层流向湍流的过渡“提前”。
阻力是固液两相流中最重要的力之一,为了描述浆体的流动阻力特性,使用摩擦阻力系数来评估流动性能。相关参数参考前文公式。
图8所示为不同管径条件下,浆体在水平管道内流动的摩擦阻力系数随雷诺数Re的变化。由图8可知,随着Re的增加,阻力系数λRe的增加整体呈降低趋势。在层流区域内,浆体流动呈现出固液两相分层流的特征,浮力相较于惯性力更为显著,更多的颗粒悬浮在管道上部,颗粒与上壁面碰撞频繁,故而浆体的阻力系数明显高于牛顿流体。在湍流区域内,浆体中的颗粒更容易分散和均匀分布,使浆体的流动特性更接近于牛顿流体。在过渡区域内,随着Re的增加,浆体流动逐渐从层流向湍流过渡。在这个过渡过程中,流动结构发生变化,颗粒分布和流体运动方式发生转变,导致阻力系数出现先增大后减小的变化趋势。这种不稳定的变化反映了浆体流动特性在过渡区域内的复杂性。
分析阻力系数的变化趋势后发现,无法将浆体作为牛顿流体去分析其流动特性。因此,需要采用适当的非牛顿模型来更准确地描述浆体的流动特性。本文将浆体视为拟塑性流体,拟采用Power Law模型来描浆体的流动特性:
式中:τW为壁面剪切应力,Pa;γ为壁面剪切速率,s-1np为流变指数(当n>1时,浆体呈现出剪切增稠的状态,属于胀塑性流体;当n=1时,浆体为牛顿流体;当n<1时,浆体呈现出剪切变稀的状态,属于假塑性流体。);Kp为稠度系数,mm2/s。
浆体的流变特性通常可以根据剪切应力与剪切速率的关系来判断。利用式(7)和式(8),得到如图9所示的关系。表4所示为浆体在不同IPF及颗粒粒径条件下,Power Law模拟拟合得到的流变方程。结果表明,模型对浆体的流变特性拟合相关性很高,均在0.99以上。
本文通过实验观察了浆体在管道中的流动形态,重点分析了临界雷诺数,用压降、阻力系数和流变模型来描述冰浆类浆体的流动特性。研究不同固相含量、颗粒粒径和管径对过渡区内浆体流动特性的影响,得到如下结论:
1)从层流向湍流过渡的Rec并不是常数,在不同固相含量(5%~20%)、颗粒粒径(0.3、0.4、0.5 mm)和管径(17、24、28 mm)的情况下,浆体流态转变的Rec介于1 700~2 600。
2)浆体流动压降对参数的灵敏程度为:管径>固相含量>颗粒粒径。在高Re状态下,固相含量对压降影响更显著。浆体的实际应用应尽可能缩短过渡区,以确保实现系统的最佳经济运行工况。
3)随着Re的增加,过渡区内浆体的阻力系数整体上呈先增大后减小的趋势。同时发现在大管径内,浆体混合更均匀,从而摩擦阻力系数更接近于单相牛顿流体。
4)使用Power Law模型对浆体的流变特性拟合,相关性均在0.99以上。
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.106
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-12
  • 录用日期:2024-07-18
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    1苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院 苏州 215009
    2苏州科技大学天平学院 苏州 215009

通讯作者:

王晓春,男,博士,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,18505127962,E-mail:。研究方向:冰浆流动特性。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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