Article(id=1239215310973227436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=1715529600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-13, acceptedDate=1718035200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-11, onlineDate=1773381553642, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381553642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381553642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381553642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=155, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215311140999604, articleId=1239215310973227436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Design and Simulation of Cryoablation Needle with Adjustable Throttle-Nozzle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In tumor cryoablation therapy, the effective improvement of the cooling rate of the freezing process is a research hotspot. In this study, a novel cryoablation needle with an adjustable throttle nozzle was designed. The external surface temperature of the needle could be reduced to -80 ℃ within just 4 s, while the traditional cryoablation needle with a fixed throttling nozzle requires 73 s. The three-dimensional heat transfer model simulation results show that the temperature around the cryoablation needle drops sharply to -150 ℃ within 120 s, and the fastest instantaneous cooling rate is 1 500-1 575 ℃/min, which achieves the purpose of rapid cooling. In addition, the -20 ℃ isotherm has a small variation range from 60 s to 120 s (increasing from 5 mm to 6.5 mm), and the temperature changes tend to be gentle after 120 s, and the tissue damage range increases to 9 mm, indicating that the tissue damage range increases significantly. Comprehensive studies have shown that the adjustable throttling nozzle cryoablation needle has a higher cooling rate and larger effective ablation range, which is of great significance for clinical cryoablation treatment.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Liu Baolin, male, professor, Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-21-55277768, E-mail: . Research fields: cryo-biomedical engineering.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chi Yang, Tao Song, Zhaohua Chang, Baolin Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239215315754734178, articleId=1239215310973227436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针的设计及模拟研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效提高在肿瘤冷冻消融治疗中冷冻过程的降温速率,设计了新型节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针,针杆外壁温度降至-80 ℃仅需4 s,而传统节流喷口固定式冷冻消融针则需要73 s。三维传热模型仿真结果表明:120 s内冷冻消融针周围温度急剧降至-150 ℃,瞬时最快降温速率为1 500~1 575 ℃/min,达到快速降温的目的;-20 ℃等温线在60~120 s内变化范围较小(5 mm增至6.5 mm),120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,组织损伤范围增至9 mm,表明组织损伤区域范围明显增加。综合研究表明:节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针具有更高的降温速率和更大的有效消融范围,对于冷冻消融临床治疗具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,021-55277768,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Jy3H3XOSS+ZXa3th9ITpdQ==, magXml=LdzugRsFZprXwPV6LVYhWw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4IQsAY23wduH3DqF+OCGCQ==, pdfFileSize=6781819, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wE4PO7HTgjOjIZ0L6jhXIA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EjHdafkuH+bRdikaWXeONQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=杨迟, 宋涛, 常兆华, 刘宝林)}, authors=[Author(id=1239232330678726927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239232330783584533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232330678726927, language=EN, stringName=Chi Yang, firstName=Chi, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239232330972328218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232330678726927, language=CN, stringName=杨迟, firstName=迟, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093
2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232330380931328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330393514242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330401902851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232330464817413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330473206022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330481594632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120)])]), Author(id=1239232331131711772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331228180768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331131711772, language=EN, stringName=Tao Song, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=Song, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331307872549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331131711772, language=CN, stringName=宋涛, firstName=涛, middleName=null, lastName=宋, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3上海建桥学院 上海 201306, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232330561286409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330569675018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330561286409, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330578063627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330561286409, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3上海建桥学院 上海 201306)])]), Author(id=1239232331395952937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331525976368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331395952937, language=EN, stringName=Zhaohua Chang, firstName=Zhaohua, middleName=null, lastName=Chang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331655999795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331395952937, language=CN, stringName=常兆华, firstName=兆华, middleName=null, lastName=常, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093
2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232330380931328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330393514242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330401902851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232330464817413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330473206022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330481594632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120)])]), Author(id=1239232331748274486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=blliuk@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331840549178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331748274486, language=EN, stringName=Baolin Liu, firstName=Baolin, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239232331941212479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, authorId=1239232331748274486, language=CN, stringName=刘宝林, firstName=宝林, middleName=null, lastName=刘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232330380931328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330393514242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330401902851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1239232332201259339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=tumor), Keyword(id=1239232332364837199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=cryoablation), Keyword(id=1239232332431946066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=cooling rate), Keyword(id=1239232333904146776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=bio-heat transfer model), Keyword(id=1239232334025781597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=肿瘤), Keyword(id=1239232334101279075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=冷冻消融), Keyword(id=1239232334180970857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=降温速率), Keyword(id=1239232334269051246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=生物传热模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1239232336601084415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=58, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=SABEL M S, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SABEL M S. Cryo-immunology: a review of the literature and proposed mechanisms for stimulatory versus suppressive immune responses[J]. Cryobiology, 2009, 58(1): 1-11., articleTitle=Cryo-immunology: a review of the literature and proposed mechanisms for stimulatory versus suppressive immune responses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232336680776195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1966, volume=3, issue=4, pageStart=372, pageEnd=378, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=GONDER M J, SOANES W A, SHULMAN S, journalName=Investigative Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONDER M J, SOANES W A, SHULMAN S. Cryosurgical treatment of the prostate[J]. Investigative Urology, 1966, 3(4): 372-378., articleTitle=Cryosurgical treatment of the prostate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232336798216715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=4, issue=4, pageStart=523, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=O'ROURKE A P, HAEMMERICH D, PRAKASH P, journalName=Expert Review of Medical Devices, refType=null, unstructuredReference=O'ROURKE A P, HAEMMERICH D, PRAKASH P, et al. Current status of liver tumor ablation devices[J]. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2007, 4(4): 523-537., articleTitle=Current status of liver tumor ablation devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232336877908497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=71, issue=2, pageStart=106, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=REWCASTLE J C, SANDISON G A, SALIKEN J C, journalName=Journal of Surgical Oncology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REWCASTLE J C, SANDISON G A, SALIKEN J C, et al. Considerations during clinical operation of two commercially available cryomachines[J]. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 1999, 71(2): 106-111., articleTitle=Considerations during clinical operation of two commercially available cryomachines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232336965988888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=199, pageEnd=208, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=CHU K F, DUPUY D E, journalName=Nature Reviews Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHU K F, DUPUY D E. Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2014, 14(3): 199-208., articleTitle=Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232338433995297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=171, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=GAGE A A, BAUST J, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAGE A A, BAUST J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery[J]. Cryobiology, 1998, 37(3): 171-186., articleTitle=Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232338593378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1963, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=347, pageEnd=369, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=MAZUR P, journalName=Journal of General Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZUR P. Kinetics of water loss from cells at subzero temperatures and the likelihood of intracellular freezing[J]. Journal of General Physiology, 1963, 47(2): 347-369., articleTitle=Kinetics of water loss from cells at subzero temperatures and the likelihood of intracellular freezing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232338719207985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1967, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=32, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=MAZUR P, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZUR P. Physical-chemical factors underlying cell injury in cryosurgical freezing in “Cryosurgery”[R]. US: Thomas. Springfield IL, 1967, 32: 32-51., articleTitle=Physical-chemical factors underlying cell injury in cryosurgical freezing in “Cryosurgery”, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232338857620026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=251, pageEnd=272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=MAZUR P, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZUR P. The role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates[J]. Cryobiology, 1977, 14(3): 251-272., articleTitle=The role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232338979254855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=143, pageEnd=175, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=MAZUR P, journalName=Organ Preservation for Transplantation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZUR P. Fundamental cryobiology and the preservation of organs by freezing[J]. Organ Preservation for Transplantation, 1981, 2: 143-175., articleTitle=Fundamental cryobiology and the preservation of organs by freezing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339092501073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=247, issue=3, pageStart=C125, pageEnd=C142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=MAZUR P, journalName=American Journal of Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAZUR P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications[J]. American Journal of Physiology, 1984, 247(3 Pt 1): C125-C142., articleTitle=Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339214135893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1966, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=MERYMAN H T, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MERYMAN H T. Review of biological freezing[J]. Cryobiology, 1966, 3: 1-144., articleTitle=Review of biological freezing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339293827676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=363, pageEnd=378, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=PEGG D E, journalName=Temperature and Animal Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PEGG D E. Mechanisms of freezing damage[J]. Temperature and Animal Cells, 1987, 3: 363-378., articleTitle=Mechanisms of freezing damage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339377713762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1962, volume=144, issue=3, pageStart=171, pageEnd=189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=SHERMAN J K, journalName=The Anatomical Record, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHERMAN J K. Survival of higher animal cells after the formation and dissolution of intracellular ice[J]. The Anatomical Record, 1962, 144(3): 171-189., articleTitle=Survival of higher animal cells after the formation and dissolution of intracellular ice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339490959979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=55, issue=3, pageStart=189, pageEnd=199, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=KLOSSNER D P, ROBILOTTO A T, CLARKE D M, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KLOSSNER D P, ROBILOTTO A T, CLARKE D M, et al. Cryosurgical technique: assessment of the fundamental variables using human prostate cancer model systems[J]. Cryobiology, 2007, 55(3): 189-199., articleTitle=Cryosurgical technique: assessment of the fundamental variables using human prostate cancer model systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339566457458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=35, issue=2, pageStart=95, pageEnd=100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=YU Qianfeng, YI Jingru, ZHAO Gang, journalName=Cryo Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Qianfeng, YI Jingru, ZHAO Gang, et al. Effect of vascular network and nanoparticles on heat transfer and intracellular ice formation in tumor tissues during cryosurgery[J]. Cryo Letters, 2014, 35(2): 95-100., articleTitle=Effect of vascular network and nanoparticles on heat transfer and intracellular ice formation in tumor tissues during cryosurgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339667120762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=53, issue=4, pageStart=323, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=GONZÁLEZ F J, journalName=Revista Mexicana de Física, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONZÁLEZ F J. Thermal simulation of breast tumors[J]. Revista Mexicana de Física, 2007, 53(4): 323., articleTitle=Thermal simulation of breast tumors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339784561281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=8, issue=2, pageStart=139, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=GONZÁLEZ F J, journalName=Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONZÁLEZ F J. Non-invasive estimation of the metabolic heat production of breast tumors using digital infrared imaging[J]. Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2011, 8(2): 139-148., articleTitle=Non-invasive estimation of the metabolic heat production of breast tumors using digital infrared imaging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339876835980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=79, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=YAN Jingfu, LIU Jing, journalName=Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN Jingfu, LIU Jing. Nanocryosurgery and its mechanisms for enhancing freezing efficiency of tumor tissues[J]. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2008, 4(1): 79-87., articleTitle=Nanocryosurgery and its mechanisms for enhancing freezing efficiency of tumor tissues, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232339969110674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=69, issue=3, pageStart=411, pageEnd=418, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=OKAJIMA J, KOMIYA A, MARUYAMA S, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OKAJIMA J, KOMIYA A, MARUYAMA S. 24-gauge ultrafine cryoprobe with diameter of 550 μm and its cooling performance[J]. Cryobiology, 2014, 69(3): 411-418., articleTitle=24-gauge ultrafine cryoprobe with diameter of 550 μm and its cooling performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340090745500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=372, pageEnd=379, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHAO Gang, GAO Dayong, journalName=Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Gang, GAO Dayong. Heating effect of thermally significant blood vessels in perfused tumor tissue during cryosurgery[J]. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2012, 12(1): 372-379., articleTitle=Heating effect of thermally significant blood vessels in perfused tumor tissue during cryosurgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340174631591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=113, issue=null, pageStart=47, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ZHANG Xin, CHAPAL HOSSAIN S M, ZHAO Gang, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Xin, CHAPAL HOSSAIN S M, ZHAO Gang, et al. Two-phase heat transfer model for multiprobe cryosurgery[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 113: 47-57., articleTitle=Two-phase heat transfer model for multiprobe cryosurgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340296266416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=90, issue=null, pageStart=296, pageEnd=304, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=WANG Zhen, ZHAO Gang, WANG Tao, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Zhen, ZHAO Gang, WANG Tao, et al. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the effects of fractal vascular trees on tissue temperature and intracelluar ice formation during combined cancer therapy of cryosurgery and hyperthermia[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 90: 296-304., articleTitle=Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the effects of fractal vascular trees on tissue temperature and intracelluar ice formation during combined cancer therapy of cryosurgery and hyperthermia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340375958199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1982, volume=19, issue=6, pageStart=656, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=GAGE A A, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAGE A A. Freezing tissue to maximize injury in cryosurgery[J]. Cryobiology, 1982, 19(6): 656., articleTitle=Freezing tissue to maximize injury in cryosurgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340451455677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=60, issue=2, pageStart=40, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=HOFFMANN N E, BISCHOF J C, journalName=Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOFFMANN N E, BISCHOF J C. The cryobiology of cryosurgical injury[J]. Urology, 2002, 60(2): 40-49., articleTitle=The cryobiology of cryosurgical injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340526953152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=54, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=VAN NIMWEGEN S A, L'EPLATTENIER H F, REM A I, journalName=Physics in Medicine and Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN NIMWEGEN S A, L'EPLATTENIER H F, REM A I, et al. Nd: YAG surgical laser effects in canine prostate tissue: temperature and damage distribution[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(1): 29-44., articleTitle=Nd: YAG surgical laser effects in canine prostate tissue: temperature and damage distribution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340631810765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=383, pageEnd=390, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=CHANG Z, FINKELSTEIN J J, MA H, journalName=Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG Z, FINKELSTEIN J J, MA H, et al. Development of a high-performance multiprobe cryosurgical device[J]. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 1994, 28(5): 383-390., articleTitle=Development of a high-performance multiprobe cryosurgical device, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340715696852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=530, pageEnd=533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=王辅明, 刘敬禹, 杨朝爱, journalName=介入放射学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王辅明, 刘敬禹, 杨朝爱, 等. 国产冷冻设备(靶向刀)治疗肝癌临床应用[J]. 介入放射学杂志, 2018, 27(6): 530-533., articleTitle=国产冷冻设备(靶向刀)治疗肝癌临床应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232340795388635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=530, pageEnd=533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=WANG Fuming, LIU Jingyu, YANG Chaoai, journalName=Journal of Interventional Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Fuming, LIU Jingyu, YANG Chaoai, et al. Clinical application of domestic cryoablation device in the treatment of liver carcinomas[J]. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2018, 27(6): 530-533.), articleTitle=Clinical application of domestic cryoablation device in the treatment of liver carcinomas, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232330380931328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330393514242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330401902851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330380931328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232330464817413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330473206022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330481594632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330464817413, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232330561286409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330569675018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330561286409, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232330578063627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, companyId=1239232330561286409, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3上海建桥学院 上海 201306)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239232334541681020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Design principle of the shaft part of the cryoablation needle with adjustable throttling-nozzle, figureFileSmall=UFZGo0YgD18ksFf1bARg7w==, figureFileBig=XrBikqbqXn699V0yGckUVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232334633955713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图1, caption=节流喷口可调节冷冻消融针针杆部分设计原理, figureFileSmall=UFZGo0YgD18ksFf1bARg7w==, figureFileBig=XrBikqbqXn699V0yGckUVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232334797533581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=3D simulation model, figureFileSmall=n1bMCKqhf3K6b35U/sfjzg==, figureFileBig=Drqv3NSyzyn8RSBEBxtPlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232334868836753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三维仿真模型, figureFileSmall=n1bMCKqhf3K6b35U/sfjzg==, figureFileBig=Drqv3NSyzyn8RSBEBxtPlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232334965305748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Temperature variation of the cryoablation needle surface in experiment and simulation models, figureFileSmall=W+wOFx5rELJXBvrw8yIHGQ==, figureFileBig=XuRd2KyV0rYQXSpT/h4qQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335057580443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实验与模拟模型的针杆外壁温度变化, figureFileSmall=W+wOFx5rELJXBvrw8yIHGQ==, figureFileBig=XuRd2KyV0rYQXSpT/h4qQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335175020959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Temperature of the cryoablation needle surface between the experimental group and the control group changed with time, figureFileSmall=/koNblOCnVJeYeotStKGKg==, figureFileBig=pnuPJ7QOIIOmrLzzLXd7gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335284072869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实验组与对照组的针杆外壁温度随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=/koNblOCnVJeYeotStKGKg==, figureFileBig=pnuPJ7QOIIOmrLzzLXd7gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335388930474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Iceball size between the experimental group and the control group changed with time, figureFileSmall=3IfChpQI34/vh4cXJCmHyQ==, figureFileBig=MvbQnBf760NX2/InN2NzdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335514759601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验组与对照组冰球大小随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=3IfChpQI34/vh4cXJCmHyQ==, figureFileBig=MvbQnBf760NX2/InN2NzdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335581868470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Temperature field distribution around the cryoablation needle at different time, figureFileSmall=yBy+7RZF6bNpyOqTEfHt0A==, figureFileBig=I1UYwaveYwjjaCI2rU/Qbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335648977343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同时刻冷冻消融针周围温度场分布, figureFileSmall=yBy+7RZF6bNpyOqTEfHt0A==, figureFileBig=I1UYwaveYwjjaCI2rU/Qbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335749640647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Isosurface distribution of -1 ℃, -8 ℃, -20 ℃ and -40 ℃ in 60 s, 120 s and 240 s, figureFileSmall=DwxlDlqLFklyO5m/7jZkkg==, figureFileBig=FJ8J4RlOvU4FGFu/oMOqvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335846109646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图7, caption=在60、120、240 s的-1、-8、-20、-40 ℃等值面分布情况, figureFileSmall=DwxlDlqLFklyO5m/7jZkkg==, figureFileBig=FJ8J4RlOvU4FGFu/oMOqvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232335938384341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Tissue damage at 60 s, 120 s, and 240 s, figureFileSmall=jtPOHjtqZ91uqjDb+53tRg==, figureFileBig=fGJV1K3IVZT0yI7lOEN4ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232336110350811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=图8, caption=在60、120、240 s的组织损伤情况, figureFileSmall=jtPOHjtqZ91uqjDb+53tRg==, figureFileBig=fGJV1K3IVZT0yI7lOEN4ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239232336190042594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Thermal physical properties of the biological tissue[16-24], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量含义数值
Tu/℃相变开始温度-1
Tf/℃相变结束温度-8
Ku/[W/(m·℃)]未冻结时导热系数0.42
Kf/[W/(m·℃)]冻结时导热系数1.56
cu/[J/(kg·℃)]未冻结时比热容3 689
cf/[J/(kg·℃)]冻结时比热容1 977
ρ/(kg/m3密度1 000
ω/(s-1血液灌注率0.002
Q/[(M·J)/kg]潜热250
Tb/℃温度37
Qmet/(W/m3代谢热0
), ArticleFig(id=1239232336278122981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=表1, caption=生物组织热物性参数值[16-24], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量含义数值
Tu/℃相变开始温度-1
Tf/℃相变结束温度-8
Ku/[W/(m·℃)]未冻结时导热系数0.42
Kf/[W/(m·℃)]冻结时导热系数1.56
cu/[J/(kg·℃)]未冻结时比热容3 689
cf/[J/(kg·℃)]冻结时比热容1 977
ρ/(kg/m3密度1 000
ω/(s-1血液灌注率0.002
Q/[(M·J)/kg]潜热250
Tb/℃温度37
Qmet/(W/m3代谢热0
), ArticleFig(id=1239232336357814766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Cooling time and cooling rate of the cryoablation needle surface in different groups changed with time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别25 ℃降到-80 ℃25 ℃降到-100 ℃25 ℃降到-130 ℃
模拟组4.2/1 5009/83418/517
实验组4/1 5758/93815/620
对照组73/8684/8998/95
), ArticleFig(id=1239232336437506546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215310973227436, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同组别的针杆外壁温度的降温用时和降温速率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别25 ℃降到-80 ℃25 ℃降到-100 ℃25 ℃降到-130 ℃
模拟组4.2/1 5009/83418/517
实验组4/1 5758/93815/620
对照组73/8684/8998/95
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针的设计及模拟研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨迟 1, 2 , 宋涛 3 , 常兆华 1, 2 , 刘宝林 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 149-155
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 149-155
节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针的设计及模拟研究
全屏
杨迟1, 2, 宋涛3, 常兆华1, 2, 刘宝林1
作者信息
  • 1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093
  • 2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120
  • 3上海建桥学院 上海 201306

通讯作者:

刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,021-55277768,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
Design and Simulation of Cryoablation Needle with Adjustable Throttle-Nozzle
Chi Yang1, 2, Tao Song3, Zhaohua Chang1, 2, Baolin Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
  • 2.AccuTarget MediPharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China
  • 3.Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149
文章导航
收藏切换

为有效提高在肿瘤冷冻消融治疗中冷冻过程的降温速率,设计了新型节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针,针杆外壁温度降至-80 ℃仅需4 s,而传统节流喷口固定式冷冻消融针则需要73 s。三维传热模型仿真结果表明:120 s内冷冻消融针周围温度急剧降至-150 ℃,瞬时最快降温速率为1 500~1 575 ℃/min,达到快速降温的目的;-20 ℃等温线在60~120 s内变化范围较小(5 mm增至6.5 mm),120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,组织损伤范围增至9 mm,表明组织损伤区域范围明显增加。综合研究表明:节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针具有更高的降温速率和更大的有效消融范围,对于冷冻消融临床治疗具有重要意义。

肿瘤  /  冷冻消融  /  降温速率  /  生物传热模型

In tumor cryoablation therapy, the effective improvement of the cooling rate of the freezing process is a research hotspot. In this study, a novel cryoablation needle with an adjustable throttle nozzle was designed. The external surface temperature of the needle could be reduced to -80 ℃ within just 4 s, while the traditional cryoablation needle with a fixed throttling nozzle requires 73 s. The three-dimensional heat transfer model simulation results show that the temperature around the cryoablation needle drops sharply to -150 ℃ within 120 s, and the fastest instantaneous cooling rate is 1 500-1 575 ℃/min, which achieves the purpose of rapid cooling. In addition, the -20 ℃ isotherm has a small variation range from 60 s to 120 s (increasing from 5 mm to 6.5 mm), and the temperature changes tend to be gentle after 120 s, and the tissue damage range increases to 9 mm, indicating that the tissue damage range increases significantly. Comprehensive studies have shown that the adjustable throttling nozzle cryoablation needle has a higher cooling rate and larger effective ablation range, which is of great significance for clinical cryoablation treatment.

tumor  /  cryoablation  /  cooling rate  /  bio-heat transfer model
杨迟, 宋涛, 常兆华, 刘宝林. 节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针的设计及模拟研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 149 -155 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149
Chi Yang, Tao Song, Zhaohua Chang, Baolin Liu. Design and Simulation of Cryoablation Needle with Adjustable Throttle-Nozzle[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 149 -155 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149
使用冷冻疗法治疗骨折和伤口可追溯至公元前3 000年,但首次使用冷冻疗法治疗肿瘤是在19世纪40年代,James Arnott博士使用冰生理盐水治疗乳腺癌、宫颈癌和皮肤癌[1]。至20世纪60年代,首次开发出了基于液氮输送原理的冷冻治疗系统并将其应用于前列腺癌的治疗[2],但由于液氮类冷冻消融针的针杆较粗(3~8 mm)且手术效率低下(降温升温慢)[3-4],导致该项技术未大规模普及。直至20世纪90年代末,氩氦冷冻治疗系统通过美国食品药品监督管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)批准上市,该系统基于焦耳汤姆逊效应,采用超高压氩气作为制冷剂、高压氦气作为制热工质,在针头分别实现制冷和制热效应,该系统的冷冻消融针直径减小至1.5~1.7 mm,且降温速率和升温速率得到显著提升[4],随后冷冻消融开始在欧美国家快速发展。然而,氩氦冷冻消融技术在中国始终未广泛普及,原因是其使用的超高压氩气仅一线城市能有限供应,且氦气是国家战略储备资源,95%依赖进口,这导致2种气体均价格昂贵且无法及时供应。2014年,国产的氮气冷冻治疗系统获得国家药品监督管理局批准上市,该系统同样基于焦耳汤姆逊效应,采用常规工业氮气和氩气作为制冷剂以及电加热复温的方式,不仅解决了气源渠道和成本的问题,还保留了焦耳汤姆逊类产品针杆细(1.5 mm)、快速降温和快速复温等特点。如今,冷冻消融在肺、肝、肾、前列腺、骨与软组织等部位的癌症治疗中已得到广泛应用。
细胞的低温损伤机理主要包含溶液(胞外冰)损伤、胞内冰损伤、周边细胞凋亡、血管损伤和免疫调控5个方面[5-6]。其中,溶液损伤一般与慢速降温相关,优先形成的胞外冰晶会导致细胞脱水皱缩,若时间足够,增加的细胞内电解质浓度可以破坏细胞,但对细胞并不总是致命的。然而,在快速冷却速率下,细胞内的水没有足够时间离开细胞,进而更容易诱导细胞内冰晶的形成。一旦形成胞内冰,细胞必然死亡[5-14]
综上所述,通过快速降温诱导产生致命的胞内冰晶是冷冻消融使肿瘤产生不可逆坏死的关键一环。此外,由于冷冻消融单次冷冻循环时间越长、循环次数越多,肿瘤坏死越彻底[5-6,15],因此,冷冻消融手术一般需要30~120 min,这相对手术时间在5~20 min的微波消融和射频消融而言是一个天然劣势,这也是冷冻消融推广受限的原因之一,因此,加快降温速率对缩短冷冻消融的手术时间也有积极意义。
基于上述背景,本文创新性地设计并研发了一种节流喷口可调节的冷冻消融针,显著加快了冷冻消融针的降温速率。
节流喷口可调节的冷冻消融针的针杆部分设计原理如图1所示,图中节流毛细管、真空隔热层、针杆三者由内至外为同轴套接结构,针杆的远端(左侧端)和真空隔热层的远端之间为有效冷冻区,节流毛细管的远端为节流喷口,节流毛细管可沿轴向调节(虚线部分为可调节区域),节流喷口调节位置1位于靠近真空隔热层远端的内部,节流喷口调节位置2位于靠近针杆远端的内部。当节流喷口处于位置1时,高压氮气从节流毛细管由近及远流入,经节流喷口喷出后,基于焦耳汤姆逊效应,气体膨胀至低压空间产生制冷效应,实现氮气的液化,由于回气的方向为由远及近,因此喷出的制冷剂会就近折返,不会流入有效冷冻区内部,也就不会对外释放冷量,液氮经真空隔热层内部返回,巨大的潜热将冷冻消融针内部除有效冷冻区以外的输送管路全部进行了预冷却。随后调节喷口至位置2,液氮将直接作用于有效冷冻区,实现有效冷冻区及其周边介质(肿瘤组织)的快速降温。
实验组的节流喷口可调节式消融针和对照组的传统节流喷口固定式消融针均由上海导向医疗系统有限公司提供,二者基本尺寸一致:针杆直径为2 mm、针杆长度为150 mm、有效冷冻区长度为25 mm。实验组冷冻消融针的结构如图1所示,节流喷口位置可调节(位置1、位置2)。对照组冷冻消融针的节流喷口不可调节,喷口固定于位置2处。采用氮气(满瓶压力为14.5 MPa)作为制冷介质,工作压力为10 MPa。在2种冷冻消融针的针杆(有效冷冻区)外壁均焊接有一根测温热电偶线,测温位置在轴向基本与节流喷口2重合。使用安捷伦监测并记录2种冷冻消融针的针杆外壁温度随时间的变化。将2种冷冻消融针放入同一水容器中,水温为25 ℃,整个冷冻过程采用相机拍摄录像。
为了详细了解新型冷冻消融针对临床治疗的作用,本文使用仿真模拟的方法,对冷冻过程中冷冻消融针的周围温度场分布、等温面分布以及冷冻对组织损伤的程度进行研究。
该仿真研究以模拟生物组织为对象,设置组织长、宽、高均为100 mm的立方体,仿真模型如图2所示,其中有效冷冻区为长度25 mm、半径1 mm的圆柱,且针杆尖端为长度4 mm、半径1 mm的圆锥尖。
本文采用Pennes生物传热方程作为模型计算方程[16]
式中:cbc分别为血液和生物组织的比热容,J/(kg·℃);K为导热系数,W/(m·℃);ρbρ分别为血液和组织的密度,kg/m3ωb为血液灌注率,s-1Qmet为代谢热,J/kg;TbT分别为血液和组织的温度,℃;t为时间,s。
为了更好地进行仿真研究,进行如下假设:1)整个仿生组织是均匀的;2)整个冷冻过程中材料密度不变;3)相变在一定范围内发生。基于这3种假设,考虑到在冻结过程中有相变产生,因此本文利用显热容法研究冻结过程中导热系数与比热容随温度的变化:
式中:TuTf分别为组织相变开始温度和相变结束温度,℃;cfcu分别为组织冻结后和未冻结前比热容,J/(kg·℃);KfKu分别为组织冻结后和未冻结前的导热系数,W/(m·℃);Q1为组织的潜热,J/kg。
本研究采用的生物组织热物性参数值如表1所示。
研究表明,组织损伤发生在[-40 ℃,-20 ℃][6,24-25],其中,-20 ℃为组织开始损伤温度,-40 ℃为组织坏死温度。因此,在模型研究中采用-20 ℃和-40 ℃作为组织损伤的临界温度,组织损伤分析则采用Arrhenius方程[26]进行计算:
式中:α为速率常数;A为频率因子,s-1;dE为不可逆损伤反应的活化能,J/mol。
坏死组织占比θd
通过实验测得的针杆外壁温度与模拟温度进行对比来验证模型的有效性。选取质量分数为2%的明胶(明胶质量分数为2%~5%与生物组织相似[27])模拟生物组织进行实验,结果如图3所示,可以发现模拟结果与其实验结果趋势相同,温差数值小于3%,而本模型计算分析均以温度变化为基础,因此,可认为本研究相关模型参数和计算方法具有可靠性。
实验组与对照组的针杆外壁温度及降温速率的变化如图4表2所示,实验组的针杆外壁温度从25 ℃降至-80、-100、-130 ℃的降温速率达到620~1 575 ℃/min(模拟组为517~1 500 ℃/min),明显高于对照组的86~95 ℃/min,这对于冷冻消融治疗病灶组织而言具有重要意义,降温速率越快,诱发胞内冰的损伤越严重,病灶组织坏死越彻底。
图5所示为实验组与对照组在冷冻过程中冰球的变化,可以发现,在第1秒时,实验组针杆外壁周围已开始结冰,冰球短径为2.9 mm,而此时对照组未见冰形成。第30秒时,实验组冰球已经明显增大,冰球短径为10 mm,但对照组仍未见结冰。第180秒时,对照组发现可见冰球,冰球短径为9.4 mm,而实验组的冰球短径已达17.9 mm,显著大于对照组。结果表明,实验组的冷冻消融针具有较快的降温速率,有效冷冻区几乎瞬间出冰,降温速率明显更快,冰球生长速度也快,有望提高肿瘤的完全坏死率并缩短手术时间。
不同时段(60、120、240 s)的冷冻消融针周围温度场分布如图6所示,其中每张图的右上角为三维图的放大图,可以发现冷冻消融针周围的温度场呈对称分布。
对比图6(a)与(b)可知,120 s内温度场变化较为明显;由图6(c)可知,120~240 s时间段温度场分布变化较小,结果表明,120 s内冷冻消融针周围温度处于急剧下降阶段,对于病变组织的损伤具有关键作用;冷冻120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,表明该阶段温度变化处于动态平衡状态,具有扩大病变组织损伤范围的作用,对于较大的病变组织体而言具有极其重要的影响。
研究表明,组织在[-8 ℃,-1 ℃]区间内为组织发生相变区,当温度达到-20 ℃时组织开始损伤,当组织达到[-40 ℃,-35 ℃]时组织坏死[6,24],具体的组织坏死温度将根据组织的不同而有所差异。但对于临床治疗而言,仅掌握温度场分布的情况还很难对临床治疗过程作出精准预测。因此,本文进一步研究了节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针在冷冻过程的等值面为-1、-8、-20、-40 ℃的变化情况。
图7所示为不同时间段各个等值面变化情况。图7(a)为不同时间段各个等值面的三维分布图,其中每张图的左上角为等值面放大图;图7(b)为各个等值面的二维截面图,呈椭圆形状,图中带有刻度,可以定量计算出在不同时间段各个等值面的范围大小。
图7(a)可知,各等温面包裹的区域近似为不同大小的椭球状,且呈对称分布。由图7(b)可知,-1、-8、-20、-40 ℃椭圆形短边半径,在第60秒时依次为9、6.5、5、3 mm;在第120秒时依次为12、9、6.5、5 mm;在第240秒时依次为15、12、9、6.5 mm。结果表明,通过对比,-20 ℃等温线在60~120 s内变化范围较小(5 mm增至6.5 mm),在120 s后变化范围较大(6.5 mm增至9 mm),进一步表明,120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,但组织致死区域范围明显增加。此外,与传统冷冻消融针相比,在相同时间内,新型冷冻消融针的各个等温线区域明显增加(传统冷冻消融针最大致死区域半径为3 mm椭球,而新型冷冻消融针的则为9 mm)。
研究温度场变化及等温线(等温面)的分布,只能通过理论损伤温度来间接预测组织的损伤情况。如需更加直观地了解组织损伤范围或损伤程度,需直接通过模拟研究组织的损伤情况。
在冷冻治疗中,判断治疗效果的最直接因素是观察组织损伤情况。为了进一步分析该冷冻消融针对组织治疗的作用,本文对冷冻过程中组织受损情况进行了研究。
图8所示为不同冷冻阶段的组织损伤情况,冷冻阶段为60、120、240 s的组织完全致死的椭球区域的短边半径依次为2、5、6.5 mm,结果表明,整个冷冻过程结束后,组织完全坏死区域类似椭球体,球短边半径为6.5 mm,长边直径近似为冷冻消融针有效冷冻区的长度。
通过对比图8(b)可知,60 s时组织完全坏死范围较小,但在120 s及240 s时组织完全坏死范围迅速扩大,结果表明,60 s时组织温度虽然达到-40 ℃以下,但该部分组织并非立即坏死,随着冷冻时间继续,组织坏死区域将会呈现爆发式增长,该现象表明,组织坏死不仅需要温度达到要求,达到温度后所持续的时间同样重要。
本文创新性地设计了节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针,降温速率达到620~1 575 ℃/min,显著优于传统冷冻消融技术,可实现快速降温功能。此外,以节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针为模型,建立了三维仿真模型,对比了实验与模拟的温度差异性,结果表明,模拟模型与实际无明显差异。
本模型对冷冻消融针冷冻过程周围温度场的分布、等值面的变换以及在冷冻过程中组织损伤程度3个方面进行了预测。温度场分布结果表明,120 s内冷冻消融针周围温度处于急剧下降阶段,对于病变组织的低温损伤具有关键作用;冷冻120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,表明该阶段温度变化处于动态平衡状态,具有扩大病变组织损伤范围的作用,对于较大的病变组织体而言具有极其重要的影响。
对于等值面(线)的研究结果表明,组织坏死温度边界,即-40 ℃等温线在120 s内变化范围较小(区域半径增长1.5 mm),在120 s后变化范围较大(区域半径增长3.5 mm),结合120 s前后的温度场分布分析,结果表明,120 s后温度变化趋于平缓,但组织致死温度区域范围明显增大。此外,与传统冷冻消融针相比,在相同时间内,节流喷口可调节式冷冻消融针的各个等温线区域明显增加,使得更大块组织的治疗成为可能。此外,组织损伤研究结果表明,组织致死区域为椭球体,且冷冻240 s后组织完全致死的椭球区域的短边半径为6.5 mm,可认为在短边半径为6.5 mm、长边为25 mm(冷冻消融针有效冷冻区长度)的椭球范围内的组织可以被完全杀死。
本研究还具有一定的局限性:首先,在实际的临床中,组织内部常伴有血管,且血管是以血管树的形式存在,而在本研究中忽略了血管对冷冻过程的影响;其次,组织的热物性参数如导热系数、比热容等均有可能在临床过程中发生轻微变化,而本研究提出了3个假设前提,便于模拟计算,因此若要更加精准地对冷冻过程进行预测,使本模型更好地指导临床手术,还需进一步研究。本研究模型较为简单,本文仅粗略地分析节流喷口可调节式对于异常组织的治疗效果,对临床具一定的指导意义,但在临床上具体详细的冷冻过程仍依赖于医生的临床经验进行判断。因此,为了更加精准地指导临床治疗,血液的流速、血管大小与血管冻结速率的关系,以及冷冻过程中血管的损伤需要进一步深入研究;最后,仅开展了实验室的测试研究,未来应通过动物实验的病理学对比研究证实该新型冷冻消融针具有更大的损伤范围。若动物实验证实有效,未来还应开展临床研究,综合对比手术时间、技术成功率和疗效。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
SABEL M S. Cryo-immunology: a review of the literature and proposed mechanisms for stimulatory versus suppressive immune responses[J]. Cryobiology, 2009, 58(1): 1-11.
[2]
GONDER M J, SOANES W A, SHULMAN S. Cryosurgical treatment of the prostate[J]. Investigative Urology, 1966, 3(4): 372-378.
[3]
O'ROURKE A P, HAEMMERICH D, PRAKASH P, et al. Current status of liver tumor ablation devices[J]. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2007, 4(4): 523-537.
[4]
REWCASTLE J C, SANDISON G A, SALIKEN J C, et al. Considerations during clinical operation of two commercially available cryomachines[J]. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 1999, 71(2): 106-111.
[5]
CHU K F, DUPUY D E. Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2014, 14(3): 199-208.
[6]
GAGE A A, BAUST J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery[J]. Cryobiology, 1998, 37(3): 171-186.
[7]
MAZUR P. Kinetics of water loss from cells at subzero temperatures and the likelihood of intracellular freezing[J]. Journal of General Physiology, 1963, 47(2): 347-369.
[8]
MAZUR P. Physical-chemical factors underlying cell injury in cryosurgical freezing in “Cryosurgery”[R]. US: Thomas. Springfield IL, 1967, 32: 32-51.
[9]
MAZUR P. The role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates[J]. Cryobiology, 1977, 14(3): 251-272.
[10]
MAZUR P. Fundamental cryobiology and the preservation of organs by freezing[J]. Organ Preservation for Transplantation, 1981, 2: 143-175.
[11]
MAZUR P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications[J]. American Journal of Physiology, 1984, 247(3 Pt 1): C125-C142.
[12]
MERYMAN H T. Review of biological freezing[J]. Cryobiology, 1966, 3: 1-144.
[13]
PEGG D E. Mechanisms of freezing damage[J]. Temperature and Animal Cells, 1987, 3: 363-378.
[14]
SHERMAN J K. Survival of higher animal cells after the formation and dissolution of intracellular ice[J]. The Anatomical Record, 1962, 144(3): 171-189.
[15]
KLOSSNER D P, ROBILOTTO A T, CLARKE D M, et al. Cryosurgical technique: assessment of the fundamental variables using human prostate cancer model systems[J]. Cryobiology, 2007, 55(3): 189-199.
[16]
YU Qianfeng, YI Jingru, ZHAO Gang, et al. Effect of vascular network and nanoparticles on heat transfer and intracellular ice formation in tumor tissues during cryosurgery[J]. Cryo Letters, 2014, 35(2): 95-100.
[17]
GONZÁLEZ F J. Thermal simulation of breast tumors[J]. Revista Mexicana de Física, 2007, 53(4): 323.
[18]
GONZÁLEZ F J. Non-invasive estimation of the metabolic heat production of breast tumors using digital infrared imaging[J]. Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2011, 8(2): 139-148.
[19]
YAN Jingfu, LIU Jing. Nanocryosurgery and its mechanisms for enhancing freezing efficiency of tumor tissues[J]. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2008, 4(1): 79-87.
[20]
OKAJIMA J, KOMIYA A, MARUYAMA S. 24-gauge ultrafine cryoprobe with diameter of 550 μm and its cooling performance[J]. Cryobiology, 2014, 69(3): 411-418.
[21]
ZHAO Gang, GAO Dayong. Heating effect of thermally significant blood vessels in perfused tumor tissue during cryosurgery[J]. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2012, 12(1): 372-379.
[22]
ZHANG Xin, CHAPAL HOSSAIN S M, ZHAO Gang, et al. Two-phase heat transfer model for multiprobe cryosurgery[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 113: 47-57.
[23]
WANG Zhen, ZHAO Gang, WANG Tao, et al. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the effects of fractal vascular trees on tissue temperature and intracelluar ice formation during combined cancer therapy of cryosurgery and hyperthermia[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 90: 296-304.
[24]
GAGE A A. Freezing tissue to maximize injury in cryosurgery[J]. Cryobiology, 1982, 19(6): 656.
[25]
HOFFMANN N E, BISCHOF J C. The cryobiology of cryosurgical injury[J]. Urology, 2002, 60(2): 40-49.
[26]
VAN NIMWEGEN S A, L'EPLATTENIER H F, REM A I, et al. Nd: YAG surgical laser effects in canine prostate tissue: temperature and damage distribution[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2009, 54(1): 29-44.
[27]
CHANG Z, FINKELSTEIN J J, MA H, et al. Development of a high-performance multiprobe cryosurgical device[J]. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 1994, 28(5): 383-390.
[28]
王辅明, 刘敬禹, 杨朝爱, 等. 国产冷冻设备(靶向刀)治疗肝癌临床应用[J]. 介入放射学杂志, 2018, 27(6): 530-533.
(WANG Fuming, LIU Jingyu, YANG Chaoai, et al. Clinical application of domestic cryoablation device in the treatment of liver carcinomas[J]. Journal of Interventional Radiology, 2018, 27(6): 530-533.)
2025年第46卷第4期
PDF下载
119
55
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-05-13
  • 录用日期:2024-06-11
基金
作者信息
    1上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093
    2上海导向医疗系统有限公司 上海 200120
    3上海建桥学院 上海 201306

通讯作者:

刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,021-55277768,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.149
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏