Article(id=1239215309471675295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1713196800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-16, acceptedDate=1721232000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-18, onlineDate=1773381553285, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1755273600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773381553285, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773381553285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381553285, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239215308985136031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773381553169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773381893131, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239216734947824535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239215308985136031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239215309652030369, articleId=1239215309471675295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current greenhouse effect and the "dual-carbon" goal have set off a new wave of refrigerant substitution, requiring new refrigerants to achieve a comprehensive balance between environmental protection, safety and thermal properties. However, there are currently no ideal substitutes for these refrigerants. Most environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R290, R32, and R1234yf, which have low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP), are flammable and pose safety risks. Identifying suitable flame retardants for environmentally friendly flammable refrigerants has emerged as a crucial focus of current research on refrigerant alternatives. This article provides a recent overview of research progress on the compatibility of flame retardants with flammable refrigerants. The main focus was categorizing the various flame retardants and assessing their efficacy across different flammable substances. It also discusses their performance, effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, the article analyzes their potential applications and development trends and recommends flame retardants compatible with flammable substances.

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Zhuang Yuan, male, associate professor, School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 86-13920110876, E-mail: . Research fields: advanced composite combustion technology and reaction dynamics, high efficiency and environmentally friendly power technology, new energy science and advanced power system, mobile source pollutant control and prediction.
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当前由温室效应和“双碳”目标掀起的新一轮制冷剂替代浪潮,要求新型制冷剂需在环保性、安全性和热物性等方面达到综合平衡。然而目前尚不存在一种完美替代制冷剂,如备受关注的低ODP、GWP制冷剂R290、R32、R1234yf等大多均存在安全隐患。为这些环保可燃制冷剂寻找性能优良的匹配阻燃剂,已成为现阶段制冷剂替代研究的重要方向之一。总结了近年来可燃制冷剂匹配阻燃剂的研究进展,主要针对不同种类的阻燃剂,概述了其对不同的可燃工质的阻燃效果评价,从阻燃性能、阻燃效果、阻燃机理和环保性能等角度进行详细阐述,并分析了其应用前景和发展趋势,给出可燃工质匹配阻燃剂的选择建议。

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庄远,男,副教授,合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,13920110876,E-mail:。研究方向:先进复合燃烧技术与反应动力学、高效环保动力技术、新能源科学与先进动力系统、移动源污染物控制与预测。
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Fire Safety Journal, 2022, 131: 103620., articleTitle=Inhibition performance study of lubricating oil with 2-BTP on the combustion of R152a (1, 1-difluoroethane) and R1234yf (2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239232341386785533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215309471675295, awardId=52106005, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239232341466477318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215309471675295, awardId=52106005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52106005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239232342947066635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215309471675295, awardId=52076065, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076065), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239232343068701456, 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物质GWP100安全等级NBP/KTc/Kpc/MPa
CO21A1194.8304.17.4
N2A177.4126.23.4
R134a1 300A1246.7374.34.1
R1253 170A1225.1339.23.6
R227ea3 350A1256.8374.92.9
R245fa858B1288.3427.23.7
R1336mzz9A1306.6444.52.9
R1216<1A1242.8358.93.1
R1234yf<1A2L243.7367.93.4
R1234ze(E)<1A2L254.2382.53.6
R1233zd(E)1A1282.9439.63.6
), ArticleFig(id=1239232341080601328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239215309471675295, language=CN, label=表1, caption=常用和潜在阻燃剂的基础热物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质GWP100安全等级NBP/KTc/Kpc/MPa
CO21A1194.8304.17.4
N2A177.4126.23.4
R134a1 300A1246.7374.34.1
R1253 170A1225.1339.23.6
R227ea3 350A1256.8374.92.9
R245fa858B1288.3427.23.7
R1336mzz9A1306.6444.52.9
R1216<1A1242.8358.93.1
R1234yf<1A2L243.7367.93.4
R1234ze(E)<1A2L254.2382.53.6
R1233zd(E)1A1282.9439.63.6
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可燃低碳制冷剂匹配阻燃剂的研究及应用现状
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翟瑞 1 , 黎芷均 1 , 杨昭 2 , 庄远 1 , 叶斌 1 , 唐景春 1 , 赵红玲 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(4): 13-21
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(4): 13-21
可燃低碳制冷剂匹配阻燃剂的研究及应用现状
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翟瑞1, 黎芷均1, 杨昭2, 庄远1 , 叶斌1, 唐景春1, 赵红玲1
作者信息
  • 1合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院 合肥 230009
  • 2天津大学机械工程学院 天津 300072

通讯作者:

庄远,男,副教授,合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,13920110876,E-mail:。研究方向:先进复合燃烧技术与反应动力学、高效环保动力技术、新能源科学与先进动力系统、移动源污染物控制与预测。
Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants
Rui Zhai1, Zhijun Li1, Zhao Yang2, Yuan Zhuang1 , Bin Ye1, Jingchun Tang1, Hongling Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
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当前由温室效应和“双碳”目标掀起的新一轮制冷剂替代浪潮,要求新型制冷剂需在环保性、安全性和热物性等方面达到综合平衡。然而目前尚不存在一种完美替代制冷剂,如备受关注的低ODP、GWP制冷剂R290、R32、R1234yf等大多均存在安全隐患。为这些环保可燃制冷剂寻找性能优良的匹配阻燃剂,已成为现阶段制冷剂替代研究的重要方向之一。总结了近年来可燃制冷剂匹配阻燃剂的研究进展,主要针对不同种类的阻燃剂,概述了其对不同的可燃工质的阻燃效果评价,从阻燃性能、阻燃效果、阻燃机理和环保性能等角度进行详细阐述,并分析了其应用前景和发展趋势,给出可燃工质匹配阻燃剂的选择建议。

可燃制冷剂  /  阻燃剂  /  安全性  /  阻燃特性  /  研究现状

The current greenhouse effect and the "dual-carbon" goal have set off a new wave of refrigerant substitution, requiring new refrigerants to achieve a comprehensive balance between environmental protection, safety and thermal properties. However, there are currently no ideal substitutes for these refrigerants. Most environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R290, R32, and R1234yf, which have low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP), are flammable and pose safety risks. Identifying suitable flame retardants for environmentally friendly flammable refrigerants has emerged as a crucial focus of current research on refrigerant alternatives. This article provides a recent overview of research progress on the compatibility of flame retardants with flammable refrigerants. The main focus was categorizing the various flame retardants and assessing their efficacy across different flammable substances. It also discusses their performance, effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, the article analyzes their potential applications and development trends and recommends flame retardants compatible with flammable substances.

flammable refrigerants  /  flame retardants  /  safety  /  flame retarding properties  /  research status
翟瑞, 黎芷均, 杨昭, 庄远, 叶斌, 唐景春, 赵红玲. 可燃低碳制冷剂匹配阻燃剂的研究及应用现状. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
Rui Zhai, Zhijun Li, Zhao Yang, Yuan Zhuang, Bin Ye, Jingchun Tang, Hongling Zhao. Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
2016年联合国通过《基加利修正案》,将高温室效应潜能值的HFCs纳入《蒙特利尔议定书》的管控范围,逐步消减包括R32、R125、R134a、R143a、R152a、R227ea、R245fa和R23等18种氢氟烃(HFCs)。2020年9月我国确定提出了在2030年达到碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和的目标。由此也掀起制冷行业新一轮的高温室效应工质的替代浪潮。新一代制冷剂要求零ODP(臭氧损耗潜值,ozone depletion potential)和低GWP(全球变暖潜值,Global Warming Potential),同时在环保性、安全性、系统适用性、能效等方面达到一个综合优良平衡的效果。新一代候选制冷剂主要有:HCs[1]、低GWP的HFCs[2]、包括HCFOs和HFOs[3]等不饱和烯烃类工质、无机化合物及上述物质的混合物等。然而大多数HCs如R290、R600a等极易燃,HFCs如R161、R32,HFOs如R1234yf、R1234ze(E)等也皆为可燃或弱可燃制冷剂,运用在制冷系统中存在一定安全隐患和风险。为解决这些环保工质的可燃性问题,引入匹配阻燃剂形成合适的混合制冷剂已成为主要的解决方案[4]
目前常用阻燃剂如表1所示,主要有天然阻燃剂CO2和N2,不可燃卤素化合物HFCs(R134a、R125、R227ea、R245fa等)、HFOs(HFO-1336mzz(Z)、R1216等)和HCFOs(R1233zd(E)等),以及一些潜在的阻燃物质。天然阻燃剂以物理阻燃作用为主,环保性能优越,但阻燃效果一般。HFCs阻燃剂的阻燃效果优良,但其GWP普遍偏高,使其二元混合制冷剂的GWP升高,故使用量应严格控制。HFOs、HCFOs阻燃剂为目前研究的热点,GWP偏低,且R1336 mzz系列、R1216等阻燃效果优良,作为环保制冷剂极具应用前景。潜在阻燃剂R1234yf、R1234ze(E)等虽为弱可燃物质,但也有一定阻燃潜力。总之,根据不同的应用场合,不同的制冷剂匹配合适的阻燃剂,达到热物理特性、环保性和系统循环特性等综合性能最优,是目前研究阻燃剂各类性质的最终目的。
常见的制冷剂天然阻燃物质主要有CO2和N2,如图1所示。CO2为天然物质,ODP=0、GWP=1、环境性能优越、无毒不可燃,且分子量小,单位制冷量大,故CO2可作为阻燃成分用于制冷系统。N2在常温常压下是无色无味的气体,化学性质极其稳定,很难与其他物质发生化学反应。CO2和N2气体可通过隔离、稀释可燃气体,使燃烧区的含氧量减少,并吸收一部分燃烧热,从而抑制燃烧。
目前CO2作为阻燃剂对可燃制冷剂HFOs、HCs、HFCs的可燃极限、燃烧速度等燃爆特性参数的研究表明,CO2具有一定的阻燃潜力。在对HFOs的阻燃方面,Tian Yue等[5]在20~50 ℃范围内测量了不同浓度(本文浓度均指体积分数)下CO2和N2对R1234yf的可燃极限,结果表明CO2可有效降低R1234yf的可燃范围,且对可燃上限(upper flammability limits,UFLs)的影响大于可燃下限(lower flammability limits,LFLs)。Zhao Zhen等[6]在23 ℃/50%RH条件下,对比了CO2、R1336 mzz(E)和R1233zd(E)这3种阻燃剂对R1234yf可燃极限的影响,结果表明,CO2的阻燃效果与R1233zd(E)相当,R1336 mzz(E)的阻燃效果最佳。此外,在复叠式制冷循环中,CO2可与HCs组成二元混合制冷剂获得低温和超低温,这是CO2另一个重要应用领域。纪佳欣等[7]对比测试了CO2和CF3 I对R290可燃极限的影响,结果表明,CF3 I、CO2的添加可有效降低R290发生爆炸的临界压力峰值和爆炸指数,且当R290/CO2组成的混合工质中R290占比小于0.12时,该混合工质的安全等级可被定义为A1类。Luo Zhenmin等[8]测量了CF3 I、CO2对R50最大爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率和火焰传播速度的影响,得到CF3 I的阻燃效果优于CO2,4%CF3 I对最大爆炸压力的抑制作用约为等量CO2的4.6倍,对爆炸压力上升率和火焰传播速度的抑制作用约为CO2的2.7倍。为了进一步降低HCs工质的可燃性,可引入多种阻燃剂强化抑制效果。如多元混合制冷剂CO2/R1270/R13I1、CO2/R1270/R134a、CO2/R290/R13I1等[9],均以自然工质为主体或全部为自然工质,具有零ODP和低GWP,循环性能优异。在对可燃HFCs阻燃方面,M. S. Sadaghiani等[10]测量了R134a、R125和CO2对可燃工质R32和R1234yf及二者混合物的最小点火能量和层流燃烧速度影响,结果发现CO2在降低可燃性的同时提高了最小点火能。
N2气体大都作为物理阻燃的对照组,类比其它阻燃剂的抑制效果。Feng Biao等[11]对比了CF3 I和N2对R1234yf的可燃性极限作用,结果表明,虽然N2的抑燃效果稍逊于传统卤素阻燃剂(R13I1、R134a和R227ea),但其物理阻燃作用不容忽视。此外,对比CO2和N2对同一可燃气体可燃极限的影响发现,CO2的物理阻燃效果更佳。这是由于除去物理阻燃效应,CO2可阻断可燃自由基的反应,故而其阻燃效果优于N2。S. Kondo等[12]测定了不同浓度下R600a与N2、CO2、CHCl4和R125等混合后的可燃极限。利用扩展的勒夏特列公式,分析了含N2和CO2混合物的可燃极限变化规律,为N2/可燃制冷剂二元混合物可燃极限预测提供了定量计算方法。
HFCs制冷剂通常被用于冰箱、汽车空调、小型空调、住房空调等设备,是CFCs和HCFCs的非消耗臭氧替代品。然而其温室效应较高,因此限制其广泛生产及使用成为必然。根据《蒙特利尔议定书-基加利修正案》要求,包括中国在内的发展中国家,在2024年要冻结HFCs生产和消费,并从2029年起产量开始削减。但部分HFCs制冷剂具有优异的阻燃效果,如R134a、R125、R227ea和R245fa等。它们作为少量阻燃添加剂与其它制冷剂形成多元化合物是HFCs物质今后应用的重点方向之一。
R134a无毒,安全类别为A1,ODP为0,GWP为1 300,单位容积制冷量较大,常用于汽车空调、工业制冷系统等。但由于其GWP相对较高将被逐步削减,故目前R134a更偏向于作为阻燃成分,与环保型制冷剂形成混合替代物。天然烃类制冷剂易燃,与R134a混合,既能降低烃类可燃性,也能降低R134a的GWP。Cai Dehua等[13]测定了烷烃类制冷剂R290和R600a与R134a在不同混合组分下的可燃极限,结果发现R134a对R290的可燃范围抑制作用优于R600a。Zhang Zhihao等[14]测试了R134a对R170、R1270及这2种烃类混合物可燃性极限的影响,得到当R134a的体积比大于0.75时,R134a对R1270和R170的抑制作用显著增强。但R134a的比例增加也会使混合物的GWP增大,因此实际应用中应综合考虑环保性和可燃性。R134a除了与天然烃类混合用于低温系统,也可与HFCs、HFOs类混合,用于热泵系统。陈琪等[15]测试了不同体积比时二元混合工质R1234yf/R134a的可燃极限,结果表明,随着R134a的比例增大,R1234yf/R134a的LFL有较大提高,说明在R1234yf中加入适量R134a,可使制冷剂安全性提高。谢品赞等[16]对比了R22、R134a和R125对R161的可燃极限、燃烧速度的抑制作用,结果表明,R22、R134a和R125均能缩小R161的可燃范围,降低R161的燃烧速度,但阻燃效果为R125>R22>R134a。
R125无色无毒不燃,安全类别为A1,ODP为0,GWP为3 170,常温下化学性质稳定,高温下可发生分解。R125是混合制冷剂R404A、R407C、R410A、R417A、R507的重要组成部分,其与R32混合成的R410A目前已被广泛应用于家用空调。此外,由阻燃成分R125与可燃工质R32、R161组成的三元混合工质[17],相较于R407C,具有更低的压比和功耗,更高的制冷量、性能系数和安全性。Zhong Li等[18]测试了R125对R290的层流燃烧速度、可燃下限和燃烧热的抑制作用,结果表明,在潮湿环境下,R125对R290的LFL抑制效果减弱。除了与常见的HFCs、HCs混合,二甲醚与R125的热力学性质较为接近,也是一种潜在的环保型替代制冷剂,故也可与R125组成混合工质。张可等[19]测试了二甲醚/R125混合气体的可燃极限,结果表明,加入R125后二甲醚的可燃性范围减小,但R125含量较低时对二甲醚的阻燃作用不显著。关于R125与可燃制冷剂混合后燃烧极限的计算方面,S. Kondo等[20]分析了甲烷、丙烷、丙烯、甲酸甲酯和R152a与R125混合的可燃极限。结果表明,R125对纯工质可燃极限的影响可用扩展的勒夏特列公式计算。这5种R125和可燃制冷剂的混合气体的可燃性极限计算方法与惰性气体CO2、N2和可燃制冷剂混合气体的可燃性极限计算方法是不同的,在公式中的参数值需改变。
R227ea无毒不燃,安全类别为A1,ODP为0,GWP为3 350,具有良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性。R227ea常被用作灭火剂,同时也是一种良好的制冷剂阻燃剂。研究表明混合工质R227ea/R161[21]具有替代R407C、R22的潜在可行性。韩晓红等[22]测试了不同体积分数下R227ea/R161的燃烧极限,结果表明R227ea与R161的体积分数之比大于1时阻燃效果最佳。R227ea也常作为评估阻燃性能的对照组,Zhang Yong等[23]对比了R125和R227ea在20 ℃干燥空气中对NH3可燃极限的抑制作用。实验发现R125在燃烧下限点附近的抑制作用更强,而R227ea在燃烧上限点附近的抑制作用更强。从阻燃效果和环保性能综合评价,R227ea对NH3可燃性的抑制作用强于R125。Yang Zhao等[24]分别测试了R227ea、R125、R13I1对R32可燃极限的影响,结果表明阻燃效果为R13I1>R227ea>R125。Wu Xi等[25]测试了CO2、R227ea、R125和R134a对R1243zf的可燃性抑制,结果表明在这4种常见阻燃剂中,R227ea对R1243zf阻燃效果最好。Yang Zhao等[26]测试了R134a、R227ea与R290、R600a、R32、R152a等可燃制冷剂混合的可燃范围,提出了含有不可燃成分如R227ea等混合物的可燃极限计算模型,用于估算混合制冷剂的可燃极限。由图1可知,R227ea氟氢比大,且含有2个阻燃基团—CF3,热分解过程可产生大量含氟阻燃自由基参与反应,使其阻燃效果优于R134a和R125。
R245fa性质稳定且不可燃,安全类别为B1,ODP为0,GWP为858,标准沸点为15.3 ℃,具有挥发性,多应用于发泡剂、阻燃剂、有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)余热发电、高温热泵以及换热工质等领域[27]。王辉等[28]提出了一种新型混合工质R1270/DME/R245fa作为汽车空调R134a替代制冷剂,其中10%的R245fa作为阻燃添加剂。Xu Wenlin等[29]提出了天然烷烃R600a/R245fa混合制冷剂,应用于低温有机朗肯循环,提高ORC效率。除了与天然烷烃、烯烃混合,R245fa也可与HFCs、HFOs等混合,R245fa/R141b混合制冷剂不仅广泛应用于朗肯循环,还有望作为冷却循环工质,解决线性菲涅耳聚光光伏的散热问题[30]。在R245fa阻燃效果方面,Wu Xi等[31]对比了R245fa、R134a、R227ea对R142b的可燃极限的影响,结果表明阻燃效果为R227ea>R134a>R245fa。Yang Zhao等[32]测试了R245fa对R290、R600a、R152a的可燃极限影响,发现R245fa对HFCs类工质R152a的阻燃效果相对较好,对HCs类工质R290的阻燃效果较差,但阻燃效果均逊于R134a、R125、R227ea。由图1可知,一个R245fa分子只含有一个—CF3、两个—F,阻燃基团偏少,且—H偏多,—H加剧混合制冷剂分子热解,故R245fa阻燃效果不佳。虽然R245fa阻燃效果不如R134a、R125和R227ea,但R245fa的GWP为四者之中最低。而温室效应也是阻燃剂选择的重要参考标准之一,因此R245fa在环保性上具有一定的优势。
HFOs、HCFOs类工质的ODP为0,且具有独特的双键结构,释放到大气环境中后快速分解,大气寿命期仅为几周,因此GWP也极低,是HCFCs、HFCs制冷剂的理想替代品,目前具有良好的发展契机。HFOs类R1336 mzz(Z)、R1216和HCFOs类R1233zd等可燃性等级为A1,且分子结构含有—CF3、—F等阻燃基团,成为目前备受关注的环保阻燃剂。
HFO-1336 mzz系列无毒不可燃,安全类别为A1,ODP为0,GWP为9,具有较高的临界温度,且蒸气压力相对较低,具有较好的应用前景[33]。R1336 mzz系列可替代R245fa和R123,应用于ORC系统和高温热泵装置中。由图1可知,R1336 mzz(Z)分子中含有2个—CF3阻燃基团,故其也是一种极具潜力的阻燃物质。霍二光等[34]从微观角度分析了R1336 mzz(Z)的氧化分解机理,发现在有氧气存在的情况下,R1336 mzz(Z)更容易发生热分解,并产生—CF3和—F等阻燃基团。Wang Xingyu等[35]采用杯形燃烧器分析了HFO-1336 mzz(Z)对R290的灭火效果,发现R1336 mzz(Z)的灭火效果优于大多数HFCs灭火剂。同时从微观机理角度分析得到,R1336 mzz(Z)分解产物以氟烯烃为主,与氟烷烃相比,更容易与—H、—OH、—O等活性自由基发生加成反应,从而减缓链式反应,抑制火焰传播;另一方面,R1336 mzz(Z)热分解产生的大量阻燃基团,进一步消耗可燃活性自由基。Zhao Zhen等[6]测试了CO2、R1336 mzz(E)和R1233zd(E)作为阻燃剂对R1234yf可燃极限的影响,结果表明抑燃效果为R1336 mzz(E)>CO2>R1233zd(E)。现有研究表明R1336 mzz系列制冷剂的阻燃性能极佳,未来作为新型环保阻燃剂大有可为。
R1216具有一定毒性,安全类别A1[36],ODP为0,GWP为0.86,在23 ℃的干空气和相对湿度为50%的湿空气中均不可燃,是一种环保、颇具潜力的阻燃剂。Lü Zijian等[37]对比了R1216、R13I1、R134a、R1233zd(E)对R32的可燃性抑制情况,发现阻燃效果为R1216>R13I1>R134a>R1233zd(E),R1216阻燃效果最佳,少量的R1216即可使可燃浓度范围(指可燃物质与空气在一定浓度范围内均匀混合,形成预混气,遇着火源会发生爆炸的特定浓度区间)大幅降低。Fei Teng等[38]测试了R1216、R13I1对R152a燃烧速度的影响,发现当R13I1浓度为15.403%和R1216浓度为11.508%时,R152a的最大燃烧速度由21.163 cm/s分别降至7.805 cm/s和7.675 cm/s。且R1216添加量较少,燃烧速度也能大幅降低。这是由于R1216属于全卤代烃,氟氢比是HFOs类工质中最高的,含有—CF、—CF2和—CF3阻燃基团,故阻燃效果最佳。
R1233zd(E)无毒不可燃,安全类别为A1,ODP为0,GWP为1,具有较高的标准沸点和临界温度,环保性能突出。热物性与R245fa接近,在ORC系统中是R245fa的理想替代品[39],同时也可用于双变频离心冷水机组、低温热回收系统、高温热泵系统和热泵热水器。R1233zd(E)分子中含有由Cl、F元素构成的阻燃基团,也可作为阻燃剂使用。研究表明在高浓度下R1233zd(E)的阻燃效果和CO2相差较小[6],但少量的R1233zd(E)能同时提升LFL,降低UFL,缩小可燃浓度范围。故R1233zd(E)作为微量阻燃添加剂时对可燃工质的燃烧抑制效果更好。辛立勇等[40]从微观角度分析了R1233zd(E)的热稳定性及热解机理,进而寻找其阻燃机理。结果发现在R1233zd(E)的自身热解反应中,—CF3和—Cl为产生频率最高的基团,此为主要的阻燃基团,但由于R1233zd(E)含有2个H原子,同时也会提供一定的—H活性自由基,削弱了阻燃效果,这也是R1233zd(E)和CO2阻燃效果相差较小的原因之一。
上述大多数研究表明,混合物制冷剂的氟氢比是影响阻燃效率的重要因素,但并非唯一因素。如图2所示,对同一种制冷剂、不同阻燃剂,随着混合制冷剂的氟氢比增大,临界抑制比减小。但对同一阻燃剂、不同制冷剂,如图2中R134a/R32和R134a/R1243zf,虽然后者氟氢比偏大,但其临界抑制比较大。可见临界抑制比还与混合物分子式的C—H键含量、分子键断裂难易程度有关。R1243zf分子含有3个C—H键,而R32仅含有2个C—H键,故而R1243zf需要更多的阻燃基团,阻止链式反应。同时温度也是影响因素之一,不同温度下,混合物的临界抑制比也存在较大差异。
R1234yf的GWP小于1,安全等级为A2L,热物理特性与R134a相似,因此被作为当前汽车空调的主要替代方案。但R1234yf的热力学性质和输运性质并不理想,导致纯R1234yf很难广泛应用于制冷与空调系统中。R1234yf的可燃浓度范围(体积分数)是6.8%~12%[41],燃爆风险较低,且热解可产生阻燃基团—CF3,故R1234yf可作为潜在阻燃剂。研究表明R1234yf在与R32和R152a混合时,均表现出一定的阻燃潜质。石玉琦等[42]通过测试不同比例R1234yf和R32混合后的可燃极限,发现在R32中添加摩尔分数为10%的R1234yf时,混合物燃烧平衡温度可下降87.5 ℃。此外他们还对比了R1234yf、CO2对R32的燃烧速度影响,结果表明R1234yf对R32燃烧速度的抑制作用比等量的惰性气体CO2更明显[43]。Lü Zijian等[44]测试了R1234yf对R32、R152a的可燃性极限和燃烧速度的影响,结果表明,随着R1234yf的比例增大,2种混合物的可燃浓度范围和最大层流燃烧速度均减小。上述R1234yf对可燃工质可燃极限和燃烧速度影响的研究均表明R1234yf在特定场合下可作为阻燃剂使用。综合考虑其优异的环保特性和良好的系统循环特性,可考虑弱可燃制冷剂R1234yf在阻燃剂领域的进一步探索与推广。
R1234ze(E)的GWP小于1、安全等级为A2L。其物理性能也接近R134a,但R1234ze(E)的汽化潜热和容积制冷量不理想,限制了其作为纯制冷剂的推广与应用。虽然R1234ze(E)的可燃性等级为弱可燃,但常温下不可燃。研究表明仅当实验温度超过60 ℃时R1234ze(E)才具有可燃性[45],且R1234ze(E)具有含氟基团,故R1234ze(E)作为阻燃添加剂与可燃制冷剂混合形成性能更佳的不可燃制冷剂,是其发展应用的重要方向之一。研究表明R1234ze(E)的二元混合物R1234ze(E)/R32、R1234ze(E)/R152a、R1234ze(E)/R290、R1234ze(E)/R161可用作替代制冷剂,用于空调系统。在提高汽化潜热和比热容的同时,使得混合制冷剂的可燃性减弱,安全性得到显著提升[46]。同时有研究提出将R1234ze(E)和R152a以40%/60%混合[47]、R1234ze(E)、R134a和R32以17%/33%/50%混合[48]组成新的低GWP制冷剂,也可用于空调、水源热泵系统。在R1234ze(E)阻燃效果方面,Yang Zhao等[45]测试了R1234ze(E)对R152a、R161可燃极限的影响,结果表明R1234ze(E)对R161和R152a的火焰传播均有抑制作用,但在实验浓度范围内(R1234ze(E)(0~90%)/R161(100%~10%)、R1234ze(E)(0~89%)/R152a(100%~11%))不能使其完全不燃烧。综上,R1234ze(E)的阻燃效果虽然不如传统阻燃剂,但其环保性能优异、价格偏低,也是极具发展潜力的阻燃剂之一。
多种阻燃剂按一定比例混合使用,提升二元混合阻燃剂性能,也是阻燃的新思路之一。吴曦等[49]通过测试3种二元阻燃剂(R134a、R227ea、R125两两组合)对可燃工质R1243zf的临界抑燃浓度和可燃浓度极限作用规律,发现二元混合阻燃剂R227ea/R125的阻燃效果最优。由于R227ea和R134a阻燃机理相似,故二者混合后阻燃效果提升较小。结果表明,二元混合物的氟氢比增量越大,阻燃效果提升越明显。使用二元混合阻燃剂,不仅能提高阻燃效果不佳的阻燃剂性能,还能降低一些阻燃效果优良但GWP偏高阻燃剂的温室效应参数,通过调整混合物比例,能兼顾提高混合物的环保性能和阻燃效果。
此外,除了阻燃剂与可燃制冷剂混合的直接阻燃方式,也可考虑一些间接的阻燃方法。例如在蒸气压缩式制冷系统中,向润滑油中添加阻燃物质,当系统内部泄漏时,高压作用下可燃制冷剂与部分润滑油同时泄漏并混合,来降低可燃工质的燃爆风险。有学者也开始对这类间接阻燃方法展开研究。Zhang Yong等[50]测试了在矿物油中添加氯化石蜡(CP-52)作为阻燃剂对R290的可燃性影响,结果表明矿物油与CP-52配合使用的润滑油能抑制R290的燃烧火焰。CP-52捕获—H自由基的能力与常规阻燃剂相似,同时其反应产物HCl能进一步促进活性自由基—H和—OH的消耗,故CP-52也是一种极具潜力的间接阻燃剂。Lü Zijian等[51]测试了含阻燃添加剂2-BTP的润滑油对R152a和R1234yf燃烧的阻燃性能,发现当POE油中的2-BTP质量分数为20%时,R152a的LFLs由4.8%增至5.0%,R1234yf的LFLs由7.2%增至10.3%,UFLs由13.0%降至10.3%。显然在润滑油中添加2-BTP后,R152a、R1234yf的可燃性均减弱,特别是对R1234yf的燃烧抑制效果更明显。此类间接阻燃剂,虽然阻燃效果稍逊于传统阻燃剂,但不会影响制冷剂工质的GWP、热力学性能、制冷性能等,使用起来更为便捷。采用间接阻燃剂,与可燃制冷剂和匹配润滑油配合使用,既不影响制冷剂热物性,也不影响循环系统性能,是一种便捷高效的阻燃方法。
本文针对不同类别的阻燃剂:传统阻燃剂(HFCs类、天然阻燃剂CO2和N2)、HCFOs阻燃剂以及其他对可燃性有影响的因素(R1234系列、混合阻燃剂、润滑油中添加阻燃物质等),从阻燃性能、阻燃效果、阻燃机理和环保性能等角度分析了其研究现状。目前传统阻燃剂HFCs类R134a、R125、R227ea、R245fa仍是主力,但其GWP偏高,故添加量受限,未来仅适合微量使用。无机阻燃化合物CO2和N2等阻燃效果一般,但经济环保,可作为备选阻燃剂。HCFOs类R1336系列、R1216等环保制冷剂阻燃效果明显,是目前阻燃剂的主要研究方向。HFOs类R1234系列制冷剂虽然具有弱可燃性,但环保性能突出,同时具有一定阻燃效果,是未来阻燃剂的重要研究方向之一。此外,二元混合阻燃剂和间接阻燃剂也具有发展潜力,可作为未来阻燃剂的研究方向之一。总体而言,随着当前可燃低碳制冷剂的推广,其匹配阻燃剂的方案仍未有定论,需综合考量环保性、兼容性、经济性和阻燃效率等因素。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52106005)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52076065)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2022M721059)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JZ2023HGTB0254)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-04-16
  • 录用日期:2024-07-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106005)
国家自然科学基金(52106005)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076065)
国家自然科学基金(52076065)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721059)
中国博士后科学基金(2022M721059)
Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities(JZ2023HGTB0254)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JZ2023HGTB0254)
作者信息
    1合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院 合肥 230009
    2天津大学机械工程学院 天津 300072

通讯作者:

庄远,男,副教授,合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,13920110876,E-mail:。研究方向:先进复合燃烧技术与反应动力学、高效环保动力技术、新能源科学与先进动力系统、移动源污染物控制与预测。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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